Biography of the Cheops pyramid. Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

During the construction of the most grandiose monument of antiquity, the Pyramid of Cheops, more than one year was spent and a huge number of slaves were involved, many of whom died at the construction site. This was the opinion of the ancient Greeks, among them Herodotus, one of the first historians who described this grandiose structure in detail.

But modern scientists do not agree with this opinion and argue: many free Egyptians wanted to work on construction sites - when agricultural work ended, it was an excellent opportunity to earn extra money (here they provided food, clothing and housing).

For any Egyptian, participating in the construction of a tomb for their ruler was a duty and a matter of honor, since each of them hoped that he would also be touched by a piece of pharaonic immortality: it was believed that the Egyptian ruler had the right not only to life after death, but could also take with him their loved ones (usually they were buried in tombs adjacent to the pyramid).

Ordinary people, however, get into afterworld it was not destined to happen - the only exceptions were slaves and servants, who were buried along with the ruler. But everyone had the right to hope - and therefore, when housework was finished, for many years the Egyptians rushed to Cairo, to the rocky plateau.

The Pyramid of Cheops (or as it was also called, Khufu) is located near Cairo, on the Giza plateau, on the left side of the Nile, and is the largest tomb located there. This tomb is the tallest pyramid on our planet; it took many years to build and has a non-standard layout. A rather interesting fact is that during the autopsy, the ruler’s body was not found in it.

For many years now, it has been exciting the minds of researchers and admirers of Egyptian culture, who ask themselves the question: were ancient people able to build such a structure and is the pyramid the work of representatives extraterrestrial civilizations who built it with only one clear purpose?

The fact that this tomb of stunning size almost immediately entered the list of the ancient seven wonders of the world does not surprise anyone: the size of the Cheops pyramid is amazing, and this, despite the fact that over the past millennia it has become smaller, and scientists cannot determine the exact proportions of the Cheops pyramid condition, since its edges and surfaces were dismantled for their needs by more than one generation of Egyptians:

• The height of the pyramid is about 138 m (interestingly, in the year it was built, it was eleven meters higher);
• The foundation has a square shape, the length of each side is about 230 meters;
• The foundation area is about 5.4 hectares (thus, the five largest cathedrals of our planet will fit on it);
• The length of the foundation along the perimeter is 922 m.

Construction of the pyramid

If earlier scientists believed that the construction of the Cheops pyramid took the Egyptians about twenty years, in our time, Egyptologists, having studied the records of the priests in more detail, and, taking into account the parameters of the pyramid, as well as the fact that Cheops ruled for about fifty years, refuted this fact and came to I conclude that it took at least thirty, and maybe even forty, years to build it.

Despite the fact that the exact date of construction of this grandiose tomb is unknown, it is believed that it was built by order of Pharaoh Cheops, who allegedly reigned from 2589 to 2566 BC. e., and his nephew and vizier Hemion was responsible for the construction work, using the latest technologies of his time, the solution of which many scientific minds have been struggling for many centuries. He approached the matter with all care and meticulousness.

Preparation for construction

More than 4 thousand workers were involved in the preliminary work, which took about ten years. It was necessary to find a place for construction, the soil of which would be strong enough to support a structure of this scale - so the decision was made to stop on a rocky site near Cairo.

To level the site, the Egyptians, using stones and sand, built a waterproof square shaft. They cut out channels intersecting at right angles in the shaft, and the construction site began to resemble a large chessboard.

After that, water was released into the trenches, with the help of which the builders determined the height of the water level and made the necessary notches on the side walls of the channels, after which the water was released. The workers cut down all the stones that were above the water level, after which the trenches were filled with stones, thus creating the foundation of the tomb.

Works with stone

The building material for the tomb was obtained from a quarry located on the other side of the Nile. To obtain a block of the required size, the stone was cut down from the rock and hewn to the required size - from 0.8 to 1.5 m. Although on average one stone block weighed about 2.5 tons, the Egyptians also made heavier specimens, for example, the heaviest the block that was installed above the entrance to the “Pharaoh’s Room” weighed 35 tons.

Using thick ropes and levers, the builders secured the block on wooden runners and dragged it along a deck of logs to the Nile, loaded it onto a boat and transported it across the river. And then they again dragged it along the logs to the construction site, after which the most difficult stage began: the huge block had to be pulled to the very top platform of the tomb. How exactly they did this and what technologies they used is one of the mysteries of the Cheops pyramid.

One of the versions proposed by scientists implies the following option. Along a 20 m wide brick rise located at an angle, the block lying on skids was pulled upward with the help of ropes and levers, where it was placed in a clearly designated place. The higher the Cheops pyramid became, the longer and steeper the climb became, and the upper platform became smaller - so it became more and more difficult and dangerous to lift the boulders.

The workers had the hardest time when it was necessary to install the “pyramidon” - the topmost block 9 meters high (not preserved to this day). Since the huge boulder had to be lifted almost vertically, the work turned out to be deadly, and many people died at this stage of the work. As a result, the Cheops pyramid, after construction was completed, had more than 200 steps leading up and looked like a huge stepped mountain.

In total, it took the ancient Egyptians at least twenty years to build the body of the pyramid. The work on the “box” was not finished yet - they still had to lay them with stones and make sure that the outer parts of the blocks became more or less smooth. And at the final stage, the Egyptians completely lined the pyramid from the outside with slabs of white limestone polished to a shine - and it sparkled in the sun like a huge shiny crystal.

The slabs have not survived to this day on the pyramid: the inhabitants of Cairo, after the Arabs plundered their capital (1168), used them in the construction of new houses and temples (some of them can be seen on mosques today).

Drawings on the pyramid

Interesting fact: the outer side of the pyramid body is covered with curvilinear grooves of different sizes. If you look at them from a certain angle, you can see the image of a man 150 m high (possibly a portrait of one of the ancient gods). This drawing is not alone: ​​on the northern wall of the tomb one can also distinguish a man and a woman with their heads bowed to each other.

Scientists claim that these Egyptians made the grooves several years before they finished building the pyramid body and installed the top stone. True, the question remains open: why did they do this, because the slabs with which the pyramid was subsequently decorated hid these portraits.

What the Great Pyramid looked like from the inside

A detailed study of the Cheops Pyramid showed that, contrary to popular belief, there are practically no inscriptions or any other decorations inside the tomb, except for a small portrait in the corridor leading to the Queen's Room.

The entrance to the tomb is located on the north side at a height exceeding fifteen meters. After burial, it was closed with a granite plug, so tourists get inside through a gap located about ten meters below - it was cut down by the Caliph of Baghdad Abdullah al-Mamun (820 AD) - the man who first entered the tomb with the aim of robbing it. The attempt failed because he found nothing here except a thick layer of dust.

The Cheops Pyramid is the only pyramid where there are corridors leading both down and up. The main corridor first goes down, then branches into two tunnels - one leads down to the unfinished funeral chamber, the second leads up, first to the Great Gallery, from which you can get to the Queen's Room and the main tomb.

From the central entrance, through a tunnel leading down (its length is 105 meters), you can get into a burial pit located below ground level, the height of which is 14 m, width - 8.1 m, height - 3.5 m. Inside the room, near Egyptologists discovered a well on the southern wall, the depth of which is about three meters (a narrow tunnel stretches from it to the south, leading to a dead end).

Researchers believe that this particular room was originally intended for the crypt of Cheops, but then the pharaoh changed his mind and decided to build a tomb higher for himself, so this room remained unfinished.

You can also get to the unfinished funeral room from the Great Gallery - at its very entrance a narrow, almost vertical shaft 60 meters high begins. Interestingly, in the middle of this tunnel there is a small grotto (most likely of natural origin, since it is located at the point of contact between the stonework of the pyramid and a small hump of limestone), which could accommodate several people.

According to one hypothesis, the architects took this grotto into account when designing the pyramid and initially intended it to evacuate builders or priests who were completing the “sealing” ceremony of the central passage leading to the tomb of the pharaoh.

The Pyramid of Cheops has another mysterious room with an unclear purpose - the “Queen's Chamber” (like the lowest room, this room is not completed, as evidenced by the floor on which they began to lay tiles, but did not complete the work).

This room can be reached by first going down the corridor 18 meters from the main entrance, and then going up a long tunnel (40 m). This room is the smallest of all, located in the very center of the pyramid, has an almost square shape (5.73 x 5.23 m, height - 6.22 m), and a niche is built into one of its walls.

Despite the fact that the second burial pit is called the “queen’s room,” the name is a misnomer, since the wives of Egyptian rulers were always buried in separate small pyramids (there are three such tombs near the tomb of the pharaoh).

Previously, it was not easy to get into the “Queen’s Chamber”, because at the very beginning of the corridor that led to the Great Gallery, three granite blocks were installed, disguised with limestone - so it was previously believed that this room did not exist. Al-Mamunu guessed about its presence and, being unable to remove the blocks, hollowed out a passage in the softer limestone (this passage is still in use today).

It is not known exactly at what stage of construction the plugs were installed, and therefore there are several hypotheses. According to one of them, they were installed even before the funeral, during construction work. Another claims that they were not there at all in this place before, and they appeared here after the earthquake, rolling down from the Great Gallery, where they were installed after the funeral of the ruler.

Another secret of the Cheops pyramid is that exactly where the plugs are located, there are not two, as in other pyramids, but three tunnels - the third is a vertical hole (though no one knows where it leads, since granite blocks with no one has moved the seats yet).

You can get to the tomb of the pharaoh through the Great Gallery, which is almost 50 meters long. It is a continuation of the upward corridor from the main entrance. Its height is 8.5 meters, with the walls narrowing slightly at the top. In front of the tomb of the Egyptian ruler there is a “hallway” - the so-called Antechamber.

From the Antechamber, a hole leads to the “Pharaoh's Chamber,” built from monolithic polished granite blocks, in which there is an empty sarcophagus made from a red piece of Aswan granite. (interesting fact: scientists have not yet found any traces or evidence that there was a burial here).

Apparently, the sarcophagus was brought here even before construction began, since its dimensions did not allow it to be placed here after the completion of construction work. The length of the tomb is 10.5 m, width – 5.4 m, height – 5.8 m.

The biggest mystery of the Cheops pyramid (as well as its feature) is its 20 cm wide shafts, which scientists call ventilation ducts. They start inside the two upper rooms, first go horizontally, and then go out at an angle.

While these channels in the Pharaoh’s room are through, in the “Queen’s Chambers” they begin only at a distance of 13 cm from the wall and do not reach the surface at the same distance (at the same time, at the top they are closed with stones with copper handles, the so-called “Ganterbrink doors”). .

Despite the fact that some researchers suggest that these were ventilation ducts (for example, they were intended to prevent workers from suffocating during work due to the lack of oxygen), most Egyptologists are still inclined to think that these narrow channels had religious significance and were able to prove that they were built taking into account the location of astronomical bodies. The presence of canals may well be related to the Egyptian belief about the gods and souls of the dead who live in the starry sky.

At the foot of the Great Pyramid there are several underground structures - in one of them, archaeologists (1954) found the oldest ship on our planet: a wooden cedar boat disassembled into 1224 parts, the total length of which when assembled was 43.6 meters (apparently , it was on it that the pharaoh had to go to the Kingdom of the Dead).

Is this tomb Cheops?

Over the past few years, Egyptologists have increasingly questioned the fact that this pyramid was actually intended for Cheops. This is evidenced by the fact that there is absolutely no decoration in the burial chamber.

The pharaoh's mummy was not found in the tomb, and the sarcophagus itself, in which it was supposed to be located, was not completely finished by the builders: it was hewn rather roughly, and the lid was missing altogether. These Interesting Facts make it possible for fans of theories of the alien origin of this grandiose structure to claim that the pyramid was built by representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations, using technologies unknown to science and for a purpose incomprehensible to us.

Properties of the Cheops pyramid.

Veynik V.A.

Word " pyramid"" was produced by the famous "ancient" author Pliny the Elder from the word "flame", which means in Greek pyr - fire, heat. And since the sounds "r" and "l" were mixed in Egypt, the word "pyramid = pyramid" immediately comes close to the Slavic word "flame". So, the words "pie", "flame", "pyramid = pyramid" turn out to have the same root! Perhaps they all came from the Slavic word "flame".
Pyramid- a polyhedron, the base of which is a polygon, and the remaining faces are triangles having a common vertex.
Center of gravity of the pyramid volume(or cone) lies on a straight segment connecting the top of the pyramid (cone) with the center of gravity of the base, at a distance equal to 3/4 of the length of this segment, counting from the top.

Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

Wikipedia help: Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops is the Greek spelling of the Egyptian name), Great Pyramid of Giza - the largest of Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” that has survived to this day. The supposed architect of the Great Pyramid is Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. Construction time - IV dynasty (2560-2540 BC). In Egypt, the date for the start of construction of the Cheops Pyramid is officially established and celebrated - August 23, 2480 BC. This date was obtained using the astronomical method of the Englishwoman Kate Spence.
Spence Keith(Spence Kate), British Egyptologist. Currently teaching archeology Ancient Egypt at the University of Cambridge. In 1997 she was awarded a doctorate from Christ's College, Cambridge. Email: [email protected]
There is a story by a certain “ancient Greek” historian Herodotus(nickname Herodotus - the Old Giver, probably lived in the 14th-15th centuries AD) about the pyramids, which received significant attention in his work “Muses” or “History” [“History. Euterpe”, book 2]: paragraph 124. “The construction of the pyramid itself lasted 20 years. It is four-sided, each side is 8 plephres wide and the same height, and is made of hewn stones carefully fitted to each other. Each stone is at least 30 feet long.”
Here plephr(or pletra, ancient Greek pletron) - a unit of length in Ancient Greece, equal to 100 Greek or 104 Roman feet (feet), which is 30.65 m; Byzantine length measure from 29.81 to 35.77 m.
IN 1638 English mathematician and astronomer John Greaves(John Greavs, 1602-1652), who graduated from Oxford and taught geometry in London, decided to go to Egypt. He explored the internal passages of the Cheops pyramid and was the first to take measurements. The height of the pyramid was 144 m, or 149 m if the missing capstone is taken into account. The errors in his calculations did not exceed three to four meters. Greaves published the results of his measurements and research in the book “Pyramidography, or Discourse on the Pyramids in Egypt” (London, 1646). This was actually the first scientific book about pyramids.
IN 1661 English traveler Edward Melton(Edward Melton) measured Great Pyramid and was the first to visit the pyramids of Dashur (the southernmost “pyramid field”, 26 km south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile). In his work “Sights and Ancient Monuments Seen During a Travel in Egypt” (Amsterdam, 1661), he also included images of the pyramids.
IN 1799 year in his multi-volume work, the French engineer, geographer and archaeologist Edme-François Jomard(Edme Francois Jomard, 1777-1862), together with other scientists (at least 175), accompanied Napoleon’s army to Egypt (1798-1801), compiled the first scientific description of the Cheops pyramid and carried out the first accurate measurements - he was the first to establish the exact height of the pyramid - 144 m , the angle of inclination of its sides is 51°19"14" and the length of the edge from top to base is 184.722 m.
In 1842-1862. E.-F. Jomar published a collection of "Monuments of the History of Geography".
Jomard Edme Francois, "Les monuments de la geographie; ou, Recueil d"anciennes cartes europeenes et orientales, (Atlas)" ("Monuments of the history of geography; or, Collection former cards, European and Oriental, (Atlas)", Paris: Duprat, etc. 1842-1862).
IN 1837 English colonel William Howard-Weese(William Howard-Vyse, 1784-1853) measured the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid: it turned out to be equal to 51°51". This value is still recognized by most researchers today. The indicated value of the angle corresponds to a tangent equal to 1.27306. This value corresponds to the ratio of the height of the pyramid to half of its base.Wise's research was published in the three-volume work "Works Carried out on the Pyramids of Giza in 1837" (London, 1840-1842).

Fig.1. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the east).

The main dimensions of the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

1) Platform at the top: originally crowned with a granite pyramid (pyramidion). The summit was supposedly destroyed by an earthquake in 1301. Today, the top of the pyramid is a square with sides of about 10 m. During the Second World War, a British air defense post was located on the site.
2) Pyramid height: 146.721  148.153 m (calculated). Most likely, the exact size is 146.59 m, and the remaining values ​​are just varying degrees of rounding.
Height of the pyramid (today): ≈ 138.75 m.
3) Base length: 230.365  232.867 m (calculated).
Length of the sides of the base: south - 230.454 m (+/- 6 mm); north - 230.251 m (+/- 10 mm); west - 230.357 m; east - 230.394 m.
4) Apothem of the lateral face: 186.539  188.415 m (calculated).
5) Side face (rib) length: 230.33 m (calculated).
Side length (currently): about 225 m.
6) Side face angle(Alpha main): 51°49"  51°52"06".
7) Number of layers (tiers) of stone blocks- 210 pcs. (at the time of construction).
Now there are 203 layers.
8) Entrance to the pyramid is located at an altitude of 15.63 m on the north side.

Fig.2. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the north).

Some size ratios.

According to experts, the estimated height of the Great Pyramid 146,59 m.
a) The ratio of the height of the pyramid to the length of the base is 7:11. It is this ratio that determines the angle of 51°51", the angle of inclination of the side faces.
b) The ratio of the perimeter of the base (921.453 m) to the height (146.59 m) gives the number 6.28, that is, a number close to 2π.
A study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not provide a clear answer to the question of the original proportions of this structure. It is assumed (!) that the Egyptians had an idea of ​​the “golden ratio” and the number “Pi”, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid.

On the side is the “golden ratio”.

Wikipedia help: Golden ratio (golden ratio, division in extreme and average ratio) - the ratio of two quantities, equal to the ratio of their sum to the larger of the given quantities. The approximate value of the golden ratio is
1 = 0,6+ 0,381966011250105151795413165634362.
For practical purposes, approximate values ​​of 0.62 and 0.38 are often used. If segment AB is taken to be 100 parts, then the larger part of the segment is 62, and the smaller part is 38 parts.
It is generally accepted that the concept of the “golden” division was introduced into scientific use by Pythagoras(VI century BC), although he did not write his treatises, in addition, none of the subsequent “ancient” authors ever quoted from the works of Pythagoras or even pointed to the existence of such works. However, take note, reader: “Pythagoras’s place in the history of world philosophical and religious systems is on a par with Zarathushtra, Jina Mahavira, Buddha, Kong Fuzi and Lao Tzu. His teaching is imbued with clarity and enlightenment.”
In the old literature that has come down to us, the “golden” division is first mentioned in Euclid’s Elements (the author’s nickname, meaning “Illustrious,” or even the title of the book itself, “Well Bound”). The ancient text of Euclid’s “Elements” has not reached our time, but nevertheless, the first translation into Latin was allegedly made from Arabic in the 1st quarter of the 12th century. And finally, as soon as they fell, the first printed edition of Euclid’s Elements with drawings in the margins of the book appeared in Venice in 1482!
Around 1490-1492 Leonardo da Vinci(Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519) introduced the name “golden ratio” for the drawing of the Vitruvian Man, as an illustration for a book dedicated to the works of Vitruvius (the drawing was called the “square of the ancients” or “Golden Section”). It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with his arms spread to the sides, describing a circle and a square.
If a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - is tied with a belt and then the distance from the belt to the feet is measured, then this value will relate to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, just as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the waist to the feet.
Second golden ratio.
In 1983, the Bulgarian artist Tsvetan Tsekov-Karandash published calculations showing the presence of a second form of the golden section, which followed from the main section and gives a different ratio of 44: 56 [Magazine "Fatherland" (Bulgaria), 1983, No. 10].
Tsekov-Pencil Tsvetan(1924-2010), Bulgarian cartoonist, illustrator and researcher of the work of Leonardo da Vinci. Died due to an accident that happened to him in December 2009.

"Energetic" properties of the pyramid.

Wikipedia help: Energy pyramids - in New Age ("Western" mysticism) and esotericism this is the name for a structure in the shape of a pyramid, which is supposedly a converter or accumulator (accumulator) of some bioenergy unknown to science.
IN 1864 English (Scottish) astronomer Charles Piazzi Smith(Charles Piazzi Smyth, 1819-1900) went to Egypt and became interested in research into structure and orientation great pyramids. The results of the research are presented in three monographs "Our inheritance in the Great Pyramid" ("Our research of the Great Pyramid", 1864), "Life and work in the great Pyramid" ("Life and work on the Great Pyramid", in 3 volumes, 1867), "On the antiquity of intellectual Man" ("On the antiquity of the intelligent man", 1868). Smith's measurements are still classic today. background information on metrology of the Great Pyramid. For this work he was awarded the Keith Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
However, in these books, Smith emphasized his mystical views and assumptions about the essence of the Great Pyramid to the detriment of strictly scientific approach. This caused a break with many scientists and even Smith’s resignation from the Royal Society of London (1874).
In addition, Smith took the first photographs of the Great Pyramid and its internal passages and chambers using a special camera, and during these photographs, apparently for the first time in photography, he used magnesium as a flash lamp. Smith was, apparently, the first to obtain in his photograph the image of "ghosts" that were not visible to the naked eye at the time of photographing. It is unclear whether this was an astronomer’s joke, his design sophistication in photographing, or an accidental exposure twice, but since then, for a hundred and fifty years, this phenomenon has been actively discussed in publications on “alternative” science, and ghosts appear in photographs with enviable regularity.
IN 1958 Kabbalist and Egyptologist Mikhail Vladimirovich Saryatin(1883-1963) conducted a series of experiments inside the Cheops pyramid, identifying several types of its radiation. Saryatin showed that the radiation of any pyramid has a complex structure and special properties:
a) “Pi” ray, under the influence of which tumor cells are destroyed and microbes are destroyed;
b) The second ray, causing mummification of organic substances (drying) and destruction of microorganisms;
c) The third mysterious ray "Omega", under the influence of which food products that have been in the pyramid do not spoil for a long time, and which has a beneficial effect on the human body, increases its immune properties.
IN 1969 American experimental physicist Luis Alvarez(Luis Alvarez, 1911-1988) used cosmic rays to try to find out whether there were yet to be found (secret) rooms in the pyramid of Khafre. He installed cosmic radiation counters in it and conducted computer research. Alvarez's experiments caused a huge resonance in the scientific world - the geometry of the pyramid inexplicably disrupted the operation of all instruments, forcing scientists to temporarily stop conducting experiments.
IN 1976 year French radiaesthetists (dowsers) Leon Chomery(Leon Chaumery) and Arnold Belizal(Arnold Belizal) first suggested the role of the Great Pyramid as a transmitting station. They proved that, due to the enormous mass, the radiation from the shape of the pyramid reached such a force that from a very long distance, using the model of a small pyramid, it was possible to catch this radiation. Next, without a compass, accurately orient the route of a ship at sea or a camel caravan in the Sahara using a cardboard pyramid.
Chaumery L., Belizal A. de, "Essai de Radiesthésie Vibratoire" ("Essay on Vibrational Radioesthesia"), Paris: Editions Dangles, 1956.
IN 1988 hydrogeological engineer Alexander Efimovich Golod(born 1949) began to conduct the first experiments, when in the Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye regions thousands of hectares were sown with sunflower, corn and sugar beet seeds, processed in a pyramid. The results were impressive: the yield increase ranged from 30 to 50%. Cucumbers from the pyramid stopped suffering from chronic “cucumber” diseases, and also tolerated drought and acid rain with enviable ease.
According to the teachings of Golod, “firstly, proportions: the height of an untruncated pyramid should be related to the side of the base as 2.02:1; secondly, the pyramid itself, if biological objects are supposed to be placed in it, should be slightly truncated. As for the dimensions, then they can be anything, but it’s better to make them higher.With the doubling of the pyramid, the impact on the objects placed inside increases millions of times.

Fig.3. Pyramid diagram by engineer A.E. Hunger.

The material for construction can be any dielectric, but the walls must be made as thin as possible. You need to orient the constructed pyramid with its face (any) towards the North Star. Seeds, seedlings and other items that you want to process in the pyramid can be placed anywhere in its internal facility for a period of at least 24 hours.”
And one last thing. “The period of “acceleration” of any pyramid to its full radiation power is about three years.”

Bovi-Drbala zone.

The zone is concentrated at a height of 1/3 from the base. A French radioesthetist drew attention to its existence. Andre Bovy(André Bovis, 1871–1947), also called Antoine or Alfred by some authors.
IN 1935 year, Bovey, while exploring the Great Pyramid, discovered in the king’s chamber the remains of several cats and other small animals that had accidentally wandered here. Their corpses looked rather strange: there was no smell and there were no visible signs of decomposition. Surprised by this phenomenon, Bovey examined the corpses and found that they were dehydrated and mummified, despite the humidity in the room. Assuming that the whole point was in the shape of a pyramid, Bovey made a wooden model of the Cheops pyramid, the side of the base of which was 90 centimeters, and oriented it strictly to the north. Inside the pyramid, at one-third of the height, he placed a cat that had just died. A few days later the corpse was mummified. Bovey then experimented with other organic materials, particularly those that deteriorate quickly under normal conditions, such as bovine brains. The food did not spoil, and Bovey concluded that the shape of the pyramid had miraculous properties.
IN 1949 Czechoslovakian radio engineer Karel Drbal(Drbal Karel), inspired by the discovery of the Frenchman Bovy, invented a new way to keep razor blades sharp. He built a 15-centimeter model of the Cheops pyramid out of cardboard, oriented it north and south, and placed a razor blade inside. Drbal claimed that this blade could be used to shave at least 100 times and still remain sharp. The result is recorded in patent No. 91304 dated 04/01/1952 “Method for sharpening razor blades and straight razors.” Application No. R2399-49 dated November 4, 1949. Published on 08/15/1959.
"In accordance with the invention, the blades are stored in the magnetic field of the Earth under the surface of a pyramid of dielectric materials, such as thick paper, wax paper, cardboard, hardened plastic. The pyramid has a hatch of square, round, oval, etc. shape, in which the blades are inserted in. Pyramids with a square base are best suited, and better with a side of the square equal to the height of the pyramid multiplied by half the Ludolf number. For example, for a height of 10 cm, a base of 15.7 cm is selected. The razor is placed on a substrate of dielectric material, the same as a pyramid material, or other such as cork, wood, ceramics, paper, wax paper, etc., the height of which is chosen between 1/5 and 1/3 the height of the pyramid.This substrate lies on a table made also of dielectric material. The size of the backing is chosen so that the blades rest freely on it, its height may differ from the specified range. Although this is not a mandatory requirement, it is recommended to install the razors on the backing with their sharp edges facing east and west, and the longitudinal axes are directed north and south respectively."

Fig.4. Scheme of the Cheops pyramid.

Chronal batteries.

Few people know that thermophysicist A.I. Veynik experimentally studied a certain physical (material) connection between biological creatures and the cosmos. The simplest and oldest communication device discovered in the last century (!) is considered to be the huge pyramid of Cheops. Scientists have enthusiastically set about searching for unusual oddities in the properties of the models of this pyramid. To our great regret, they lost sight of the fact that it is not miracles - anomalies - that need to be identified, but fundamentally new radiation, the existence of which modern physics forbade (and forbids) completely.
Veinik, studying the so-called “chronal” radiation of polyhedra, noted [TRP, chapter XVIII, paragraph “5. Chronal batteries”]: “Even more curious is that the ancient Egyptian priests were well aware of the properties of chronal radiation. This is evidenced by geometry - dimensions and configuration - their pyramids. At the location of the sarcophagus with the pharaoh, radiation is concentrated to such high intensities that they have a detrimental effect on many microorganisms. And not only on microorganisms: reports periodically appear in the press that all people who spent a long time in the pyramids subsequently they die from unknown diseases. This is how chronal radiation works. It is no coincidence that in Czechoslovakia a plastic model of a pyramid was used instead of a refrigerator for storing perishable foods - microorganisms feel uncomfortable in such a pyramid. And in a small model of a pyramid, blades are even sharpened" [KS].
“However, even simpler and accessible chronal sources for everyone are chronal accumulators, or accumulations, or temporal accumulators - it was with them that I began the study of a truly simple chronal phenomenon” [TRP, p. 332].
"Another type was suggested by the Egyptian pyramids. American researchers have discovered about 150 different exotic effects manifested in the pyramid. Some of them are directly related to the chronal phenomenon. Consequently, a polyhedron with a certain aspect ratio and corresponding orientation in relation to the cardinal points can also serve as a chronal accumulator Polyhedra with the ratio of the lengths of the edges of the Cheops pyramid are very effective: if the side of the square at the base of the pyramid is equal to one, then the height is 0.63, and the side edge is about 0.95" [TRP, p. 332].
“There are other types of effective polyhedra. For example, a cylindrical prism, at the base of which lies a regular heptagon with a side of 7.5 cm; the height of the prism is 17 cm, at the top and bottom it is crowned with seven-sided pyramids with an edge length of 12-12.5 cm, in total 21 edges" [TRP, p. 333].
“Experiments show that any such polyhedron in the general case can be monolithic or hollow, made, for example, from paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, etc. You can also do without faces altogether; it is enough to reproduce only the edges of the polyhedron from wire. This is explained as follows.
As is known, the strength of any field increases with the curvature of its isointension lines. This is where, for example, the tip effect comes from - let's remember the lightning rod pointed at the end. This also applies to the chronal field. The adherence of the latter to the interface between media greatly increases its concentration along the line or at the point of intersection of surfaces, especially if many of them intersect at once, because the curvature of the isochronal lines is great here. As a result, the influence of the surfaces themselves is reduced to a minimum and it is possible to do without them altogether, limiting oneself to only the ribs - the wire frame of the polyhedron, but the area covered by the frame is very significant.
The important role of the interface leads to the fact that the power (capacity) of any described battery is directly related to its size. For the same reason, capillary-porous bodies have a high chronological capacity. The colossal power of chronal radiation in the giant Cheops pyramid becomes clear.
Polyhedra have a set of amazing and varied properties, which depend on the composition and structure of the material, configuration, design and size of the polyhedron, etc. Currently, only a small part of these properties has been deciphered and almost nothing is known about the information they emit. For example, in Czechoslovakia, K. Drbal patented a method for keeping razors and razor knives sharp. After shaving, the blade is placed in a paper, cardboard or plastic Cheops-type pyramid 10 cm high at a height of 1/3 to 1/5 from the base. Changes occur in the material that allow you to shave 50-200 times with one blade (depending on the thickness of the beard). Larger pyramids in Czechoslovakia are used for storing perishable foods, because the chronal field inside the pyramid has a detrimental effect on microbes. This same field preserves mummies in Egyptian and other similar pyramids.
Living nature is well aware of the property of various configuration systems to accumulate chronal matter and widely and skillfully uses this property for its own purposes. For example, V.S. Grebennikov discovered a strong effect of nesting bees and wasps on protozoa and some types of microbes; bee honeycombs with a clearly consistent repeating geometry are especially indicative in this sense.
The nature of the influence of the chronal field on biological and other objects is discussed in more detail below. What is important for us here is that, using the simplest means, it is easy to produce a chronal accumulator, which is necessary for studying the properties of a truly simple chronal phenomenon. Each such battery spontaneously receives radiation from Space, as well as from terrestrial objects, especially biological ones, and after a few hours is ready for use; It reaches maximum power after many days, when it gradually charges not only itself, but also charges all surrounding objects, including the walls of the room. Unfortunately, almost all batteries of this kind are more or less harm the body, especially with prolonged exposure. In this sense, one can sympathize with the people working in the Louvre in Paris, over which a giant glass pyramid was recently built" [TRP, pp. 333-334].
Reference: The glass pyramid of the Louvre is installed in the center of the Napoleonic courtyard (cour Napoléon), it houses the entrance hall, ticket offices, wardrobe and shops, as well as rooms for temporary exhibitions, a lecture hall, and a parking lot. It was built from 1985 to 1989. The prototype was the Cheops pyramid. The architect is Chinese American Yo Ming Pei(English: Ieoh Ming Pei, born 1917).
On March 30, 1989, the official opening of the glass pyramid of the Louvre took place.
Around the large pyramid there are three smaller pyramids, they serve only as portholes. The faces of the pyramids consist entirely of glass segments, thus ensuring optimal illumination of the underground lobby, where the ticket office, information desks and entrances to all three wings of the museum are located.
Somewhat later, Yo Ming Pei returned to his project. On November 18, 1993, he built the so-called "Place du Carrousel" next to the Great Pyramid. inverted pyramid", which serves as another skylight to illuminate the underground halls of the Louvre.
Its height is 7.5 m. With a base length of 13.29 m, each side face of the pyramid has an area of ​​66.6 sq.m. Under the top of the "inverted pyramid", which falls short of the floor of the underground hall by about 1.4 m, is placed a small pyramid three feet high, or slightly less, of polished stone.

Application in metallurgy.

"Of doubtless interest is the effect of a generator (concentrator of cosmic chronal radiation) in the form of a pyramid, made according to the proportions of the famous pyramid of Cheops (Fig. 4). Its faces are oriented along the compass to the north, east, south and west. With the length of the side of the square at the base A, the length ribs B = 0.95 A, height H = 0.63 A. The solidifying casting is placed inside the pyramid at its focus at a distance of one-fifth to one-third of the height - marked in the figure with a double solid vertical line. In pyramids made of roofing iron and cardboard without a bottom at A = 600 mm, the tensile strength of the previous casting increased by 12%, the yield strength by 24%, and the elongation decreased by 14%. This option is interesting because it does not require any energy costs. Pyramid material (steel, cardboard ) has virtually no effect on the properties of the casting.
The colossal penetrating ability of the chronal field makes it possible to control the solidification process of the casting at a distance, determine the position of the crystallization front inside the casting, etc. For example, a tube made of corrosion-resistant steel with a length of 1 m and an internal diameter of 15 mm was directed onto a bismuth casting; through it, the chronal radiation of the casting is supplied to the DG-1 sensor with a quartz microresonator [TRP, p. 342]. The metal in the mold (crucible) first melts and then solidifies, while its chronal field and temperature are simultaneously recorded using a thermocouple mounted in the body of the casting.

The measurement results are presented in Fig. 5. Solid curve 1 corresponds to a change in the frequency of resonant oscillations of a quartz plate (in Hertz), and dashed curve 2 corresponds to a change in the temperature of bismuth (in degrees Celsius, scale on the right). Between vertical dashed lines 3 and 4, the metal in the mold is melted, heat and chronal charge are supplied. The supply of charge is accompanied by an increase in the chronal, which determines the rate (speed) of all processes, including the oscillation frequency of the quartz plate of the sensor. In the liquid state, between straight lines 4 and 5, the charge flows off, the frequency returns to its original (zero) value. Between straight lines 5 and 6, the metal solidifies, heat and charge are removed, and the frequency (and chronal) drops below zero. On temperature curve 2, the processes of melting and solidification correspond to clear horizontal sections that are in good agreement with the chronal curve. Consequently, research shows that the chronal method completely allows for non-destructive remote control of foundry technology" [PVB, pp. 216-219].

Stimulation of vital activity.

“I’ll start with microorganisms. For example, bread yeast in an aqueous solution of sugar at a temperature of 15 ° C, placed in focus and on the diagonal of the base, under the edge, at a distance of 80 mm from the corner of the previous tin pyramid, behaved differently. All the sugar is in focus successfully turned into alcohol, the water became clear, the sediment had a light yellow color, the smell of wine. Under the rib, after a week, the smell of wine was combined with a putrid one, in the end everything rotted, the color was dark brown, the smell was disgusting. This indicates a different intensity, structure and the usefulness of chronal radiations within the same pyramid, it can both stimulate and inhibit the vital activity of organisms.
Now about the plants. Under the same conditions, 35 flax seeds were germinated in a glass bottle in damp gauze. After 4 days, 29 seeds sprouted at the focus of the tin pyramid, but not a single one under the edge.
The conditions are the same, but the pyramid is cardboard. After 4 days, not a single grain sprouted in the focus, 15 under the rib. After 11 days, there were 18 and 25 sprouted seeds, and the average length of the sprouts was 40 and 90 mm, respectively. Consequently, not only the zones of the pyramid, but also its material are important for living organisms.
The conditions are the same, but the pyramid consists only of ribs bent from copper wire (busbar) with a cross-section of 3x5 mm. After six days, 20 grains sprouted at the focus, 9 under the rib, the length of the sprouts was 45 (green leaves, well developed) and 17 mm (stunted leaves), respectively. As you can see, the absence of edges did not have a significant impact on the processes; edges are more important.
The effect of the chronal field on living organisms is an endless topic. Here I will only refer to melt water, which has a beneficial effect on plants and animals, stimulating their growth; at one time a lot was written and said about this. From Fig. 5 it can be seen that melting, and therefore melting, according to our experiments, increases the chronal charge and chronal of the substance, which sharply accelerates all life processes. This is the main thing physical essence the problem under discussion. After the charge drains from the thawed water, the effect disappears. For example, molten bismuth discharges after 20 minutes (Fig. 5), water - after an hour or two. To increase the duration of the vacuum, melt water should be kept in a vessel insulated with several layers of plastic film, and each such layer should be separated from the adjacent one by paper. The important role of snow retention in the fields becomes clear: it provides not only additional moisture, but most importantly, when the snow melts, plant growth is chronally stimulated" [PVB, pp. 220-221].
Warning to experimenter. “We must remember that the main functions of regulation of the body at all levels are of a chronal nature. At first, the chronal field is perceived easily, but the effect accumulates and then failures occur” [TRP, p. 392].
February 16 1923 year British expedition led by an archaeologist Howard Carter(Howard Carter, 1874-1939) in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor found the main treasure in the pyramid: the stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. When the sarcophagus was opened in February, a golden coffin containing his mummy was found inside. The sarcophagus was gold and contained more than 100 kg of pure gold, and the body of the pharaoh located there was mummified.
In subsequent years, rumors spread about the “curse of the pharaohs,” which allegedly led to the death of 12 “victims of the curse” who were present at the opening of the tomb. The curse is predominantly associated with deaths that occurred over the next few years after the opening of Tutankhamun's tomb.
Sometimes the “curse of the pharaohs” is also attributed to the opening of old burials outside Egypt - the tomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand (1941), the tomb of Casimir the Great in Krakow (1973), the mummy of Otzi in the Alps (1991). The magical nature of the “curse” is denied by science.

Conclusion.

If we ignore the academic zaum, as well as the entertaining mysticism and MES-jumps (mathematical nonsense) of some pseudo-scientific prospectors, you will find that they all attribute today’s knowledge, skills and fantasies to ancient people.
In ancient times (more than 1-2 thousand years ago), people were primarily interested in preserving food. In deserts it was easy to store food under a pile of sand. Any person knew that this heap has the shape of a “cone” with two eternally constant angles (see Fig. 4):
- angle of repose(Alpha αosn) - the angle formed by the surface of the sand cone with the horizontal plane. For dry sand, Alpha base = 34°.
- opening angle(Alpha in) - the angle at the apex of the cone. For dry sand Alpha b = 112°.
Those who were involved in burying the dead probably paid attention to the effect of mummification (German: mumifizieren< араб. мум - воск, благовонная смола) человека (животного) в жарком и сухом воздухе. Естественно, появилась мысль хоронить фараонов в могильных курганах, но не под простой кучей песка, а под каменной пирамидой. Почему? Кучу песка над могилой соплеменника может насыпать каждый египтянин, а вот согнать мужиков в управляемую толпу и заставить её строить каменную кучу особой формы, может только сам будущий покойник - фараон! Сделать снаружи пирамиду ровной более или менее легко, чего не скажешь о размещении камер внутри по некоему плану. Достаточно взглянуть на рис.4 и обнаружится, что точность внутренней планировки пирамиды равна " трамвайной остановке".
The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid, also known as the angle of repose (αbas), was chosen to be about 51°50" not for any abstruse reasons, but simply obviously greater than 34°. Sand blown by the wind must be guaranteed to fall from the surface of the pyramid to the ground, where it will pick up, and not spoil the “majestic” appearance of the monastery of the “dried” deceased.
The question remains vague: did the Egyptians connect the mummification of corpses with the “reception” of congratulatory telegrams from extraterrestrial civilizations, the treatment of the pharaonic family, the preservation of especially valuable delicacies, or the sharpening of razor axes?
To a Jewish writer Sholom Nokhumovich Rabinovich(pseud. Sholom Aleichem, 1859-1916) is credited with a chic phrase that has become a “scientific” law for mathematicians, cosmologists and science fiction writers: “ If you can’t, but really want to, then you can"The conclusion suggests itself: pseudo-scientific prospectors will definitely find the answer!
However, who will study the location and properties of the Bovi-Drbala zone depending on the opening angle (αв). number of faces and material of the pyramid? Who will study physical properties incomprehensible radiation captured by the pyramids, the same one that thermophysicist A.I. Did you call Veynik “chronal”? Who will invent “informationoscopes” to receive information from the “subtle” worlds and decipher it?
Why do all the prospectors focus their remarkable efforts on “extracting” money from the pyramids, first of all, and only in the last place do they notice something unusual?

Additional information.

Literature.

TRP. Veynik A.I., “Thermodynamics of real processes”, Minsk: “Navuka and technology”, 1991
http://www..html

KS. Veinik A.I., “Book of Sorrow”, Minsk: manuscript, 10/03/1981. 287 mash. sheets.
http://www..html
http://www..zip

PVB. Veinik A.I., “Why I believe in God. Study of manifestations of the spiritual world”, Minsk: Belarusian Exarchate Publishing House, (1st edition - 1998, 2nd - 2000; 3rd - 2002; 4th - 2004; 5th - 2007; 6th - 2009).
http://www..html

The Pyramid of Cheops is a legacy of ancient Egyptian civilization; all tourists coming to Egypt try to see it. It amazes the imagination with its grandiose size. The weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons, its height is 139 meters, and its age is 4.5 thousand years. It still remains a mystery how people built the pyramids in those ancient times. It is not known for certain why these majestic structures were erected.

Legends of the Cheops Pyramid

Shrouded in mystery, ancient Egypt was once the most powerful country on Earth. Perhaps his people knew secrets that are still inaccessible to modern humanity. Looking at the huge stone blocks of the pyramid, which are laid with perfect precision, you begin to believe in miracles.

According to one legend, the pyramid served as a grain storage facility during the great famine. These events are described in the Bible (Book of Exodus). Pharaoh had a prophetic dream, warning of a series of lean years. Joseph, the son of Jacob, sold into slavery by his brothers, managed to unravel Pharaoh's dream. The ruler of Egypt instructed Joseph to organize the procurement of grain, appointing him as his first adviser. The storage facilities must have been huge, given that they fed many nations for seven years when there was famine on Earth. The slight discrepancy in dates - about 1 thousand years old - is explained by adherents of this theory by the inaccuracy of carbon analysis, through which archaeologists determine the age of ancient buildings.

According to another legend, the pyramid served to transfer the material body of the pharaoh to the higher world of the Gods. An amazing fact is that inside the pyramid where the sarcophagus for the body is located, the mummy of the pharaoh was not found, which the robbers could not take. Why did the rulers of Egypt build such huge tombs for themselves? Was their goal really to build a beautiful mausoleum that testified to greatness and power? If the construction process took several decades and required enormous amounts of labor, it means that the final goal of constructing the pyramid was vitally important to the pharaoh. Some researchers believe that we know very little about the level of development of ancient civilization, the mysteries of which have yet to be discovered. The Egyptians knew the secret of eternal life. It was acquired by the pharaohs after death, thanks to technology that was hidden inside the pyramids.

Some researchers believe that the Cheops pyramid was built by a great civilization even more ancient than the Egyptian one, about which we know nothing. And the Egyptians only restored existing ancient buildings and used them at their own discretion. They themselves did not know the intention of the forerunners who built the pyramids. The Forerunners could be giants of the Antediluvian civilization or inhabitants of other planets who flew to Earth in search of a new homeland. The gigantic size of the blocks from which the pyramid is built is easier to imagine as a convenient building material for ten-meter giants than for ordinary people.

I would like to mention one more interesting legend about the Cheops pyramid. They say that inside the monolithic structure there is a secret room in which there is a portal that opens paths to other dimensions. Thanks to the portal, you can instantly find yourself at a selected point in time or on another inhabited planet of the Universe. It was carefully hidden by the builders for the benefit of people, but will soon be found. The question remains whether modern scientists will understand the ancient technologies to take advantage of the discovery. In the meantime, archaeological research in the pyramid continues.

In the era of antiquity, when the Greco-Roman civilization began to flourish, ancient philosophers compiled a description of the most outstanding architectural monuments on Earth. They were called the "Seven Wonders of the World." These included the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Colossus of Rhodes and other majestic buildings built before our era. The Pyramid of Cheops, as the oldest, is in first place on this list. This wonder of the world is the only one that has survived to this day; all the others were destroyed many centuries ago.

According to the descriptions of ancient Greek historians, the large pyramid shone in the rays of the sun, casting a warm golden sheen. It was lined with meter-thick limestone slabs. The smooth white limestone, decorated with hieroglyphs and designs, reflected the sands of the surrounding desert. Local residents later dismantled the cladding for their homes, which they lost as a result of the devastating fires. Perhaps the top of the pyramid was decorated with a special triangular block made of precious material.

Around the Cheops pyramid in the valley there is a whole city of the dead. Dilapidated buildings of mortuary temples, two other large pyramids and several smaller tombs. A huge statue of a sphinx with a broken nose, which was recently restored, is carved from a monolithic block of gigantic proportions. It was taken from the same quarry as the stones used to build the tombs. Once upon a time, ten meters from the pyramid there was a three-meter thick wall. Perhaps it was intended to protect the royal treasures, but it could not stop the robbers.

History of construction

Scientists still cannot come to a consensus on how ancient people built the Cheops pyramid from huge blocks of stone. Based on the drawings found on the walls of others, it was assumed that workers cut each block into the rocks and then dragged it to the construction site along a ramp made of cedar. History does not have a consensus on who was involved in the work - peasants for whom there was no other work during the Nile flood, slaves of the pharaoh or hired workers.

The difficulty is that the blocks had to not only be delivered to the construction site, but also raised to a great height. Before its construction, the Cheops Pyramid was the tallest structure on Earth. Modern architects see the solution to this problem differently. According to the official version, primitive mechanical blocks were used for lifting. It’s scary to imagine how many people died during construction using this method. When the ropes and straps holding the block broke, it could crush dozens of people with its weight. It was especially difficult to install the upper block of the building at a height of 140 meters above the ground.

Some scientists suggest that ancient people had the technology to control Earth's gravity. The blocks weighing more than 2 tons, from which the Cheops pyramid was built, could be moved with ease using this method. The construction was carried out by hired workers who knew all the secrets of the craft, under the leadership of the nephew of Pharaoh Cheops. There were no human sacrifices, backbreaking labor of slaves, only the art of construction, which reached the highest technologies that are inaccessible to our civilization.

The pyramid has the same base on each side. Its length is 230 meters and 40 centimeters. Amazing accuracy for ancient uneducated builders. The density of the stones is so great that it is impossible to insert a razor blade between them. An area of ​​five hectares is occupied by one monolithic structure, the blocks of which are connected with a special solution. There are several passages and chambers inside the pyramid. There are ventilation holes facing different directions of the world. The purpose of many interior spaces remains a mystery. The robbers took away everything valuable long before the first archaeologists entered the tomb.

Currently, the pyramid is included in the UNESCO cultural heritage list. Her photo adorns many Egyptian tourist brochures. In the 19th century, Egyptian authorities wanted to dismantle the huge monolithic blocks of ancient structures to build dams on the Nile River. But the labor costs far outweighed the benefits of the work, which is why monuments of ancient architecture still stand to this day, delighting pilgrims in the Giza Valley.

The Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt is one of the oldest and well-preserved architectural monuments. It is one of the Seven Wonders of the World and is a center of attraction for tourists from all over the world. For many millennia, the Cheops pyramid remained the tallest structure on the planet.

History and secrets of the construction of the pyramid

The construction of the pyramid began during the lifetime of Pharaoh Cheops (Khufu), for whom it was supposed to serve as a tomb. The exact date of foundation is unknown, although all possible research methods were used to establish it. Their results vary. Scientists call 2720 BC. e, 2577 BC. e. and 2708 BC. e. At the same time, in Egypt itself the official date of the founding of the pyramid is considered August 23, 2560 BC uh.

Another problem in establishing the age of the Cheops pyramid is that there is no mention of it in ancient papyri. For the first time in the 5th century BC. e. the construction is described by Herodotus.

As for construction technology, everything here is also ambiguous. Some scientists seriously suggest that the tomb of Cheops was built by aliens. Its scale, the accuracy of mathematical calculations and the quality of construction are so amazing.

Interesting fact! It could take 20-40 years to build one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

For the construction of the Cheops pyramid, a place with stable and dense soil was chosen. Main material - limestone, blocks of which were cut out of the rock and then hewn. The weight of one block was 2.5 tons, and some specimens weighed several tens of tons. The methods of transporting and lifting them still remain a mystery.

Description of the structure

Visually, the Cheops pyramid looks like a stepped mountain. Its base covers an area of ​​53,000 square meters. m. Previously, the surface was covered with durable, cladding slabs shining in the sun, but now they are completely absent. Part of it was removed in 1168 by the Arabs who plundered the city, and part of it was taken by the Egyptians themselves to build houses.

The original height of the Cheops pyramid was 149 m. Over its centuries-old history, it has somewhat collapsed and subsided, so now the landmark of Egypt is 11 meters lower. To understand the scale of construction, it is worth knowing that this is the height of a 50-story building.

The blocks in the pyramid are laid in layers. The height of each layer varies and ranges from 60-150 cm. This may indicate that there were periods of excess and shortage of labor during the construction process.

It is noticeable to the naked eye that pyramid faces are concave. Now none of the scientists is ready to answer for sure whether this is the result of subsidence of the structure or whether it was originally intended.

The entrance to the tomb of Cheops is located on its northern side at an altitude of almost 16 meters. It is formed by stones laid in a certain way.

Interesting fact! The true entrance to the Cheops pyramid has not been preserved; it is blocked with a granite plug. The entrance that tourists and researchers now use is a breach made by one of the Baghdad caliphs. He wanted to find the pharaoh's treasures in the building.

Internal structure of the pyramid

Inside the Cheops pyramid are burial chambers, connected by descending and ascending corridors. Main premises of the building:

• Pharaoh's burial chamber;
• unfinished chamber number 5;
• "Queen's Chamber"
• Large gallery.

From the entrance to the burial chambers there is a descending corridor, the length of which is 105 m. In the first third it has a fork: one corridor continues to go down and leads to the unfinished chamber number 5, the second leads up to the tombs of the pharaoh and his wife.

To get to the pharaoh's burial chamber, you need to go through the ascending Great Gallery - a tunnel 2 m wide and 8.74 m high. At the bottom of the walls in the gallery there are paired ledges, the purpose of which is unknown. These can be containers for a lifting, locking or other massive mechanism.

The pharaoh's burial chamber is quite spacious. Its floor is located at a height of 43 m from the base of the structure. It is difficult to establish the exact height of the ceilings, since the surface of the floor and walls is highly deformed. Highly polished granite was used to finish the chamber. In the room there is a granite sarcophagus of Cheops, on which there are no inscriptions or decorations, and the lid is missing.

"Queen's Chamber" should not be in the tomb of the pharaoh, since the wives of the rulers were buried separately. However, a stepped niche in the room suggests that this is a female burial. The chamber has a rectangular shape and a gable roof supported by walls about 4.5 m high.

Interesting fact! The Pyramid of Cheops is extremely laconic inside. There are no wall inscriptions, rich decorations, or decor to be found there. It is assumed that if anything valuable was stored in the tomb, it was taken out long before the first researchers came there.

Interesting facts about the Cheops pyramid

The history of the Cheops pyramid has many interesting facts and scientific theories, mysterious rumors and legends. Not a single excursion is complete without getting to know them.

Here are some of them:

• The approximate weight of the structure is 6.5 million tons.
• The construction took 2.25 million limestone blocks.
• Inside the pyramid, the temperature does not rise above +20 ℃, even if it is +50 ℃ outside.
• There is an assumption that the tomb of Cheops served as an observatory for the ancient Egyptians, since its edges correspond to the four cardinal directions.
• It is believed that the builders of the tomb had excellent knowledge about the circumference of the Earth, the speed of light, the golden ratio, and mathematical quantities that were somehow incorporated into the structure.
• Contrary to popular belief, it is believed that the pyramid was not built by slaves, but by professional masons.
• Scientists have never been able to prove that the body of Cheops once lay in the sarcophagus of the tomb.
• Inside the pyramid there are narrow shafts, through which the wind makes certain sounds.
• There is a version that the Egyptians only rebuilt the pyramid created by representatives of the previous civilization.

Note! Scanning of the pyramid and other modern studies suggest that there are several more rooms inside it that have yet to be explored.

Visiting an attraction

Visits the Pyramid of Cheops about 3 million people per year. They explore not only one of the Seven Wonders of the World, but also the surrounding buildings. These are three satellite pyramids, the ruins of an ancient temple, as well as a modern museum where an ancient Egyptian boat is exhibited as the main exhibit.

At night, tourists are shown a light and sound show, when each structure is illuminated with spotlights and their history and interesting facts are told. In a small shop you can buy memorable souvenirs.

Daria Nessel | Dec 21, 2016

The Pyramid of Cheops (Pyramid of Khufu) is one of the most famous and the only one that has survived to this day, which anyone who comes to Cairo can see. Its age dates back to approximately 2500 BC. For about fifty hundred years it has been towering, surprising and striking with its size, in the burning Egyptian desert. This unique complex has been studied for centuries. More than one generation of Egyptologists and archaeologists have “broken many copies” by arguing over its purpose and methods of construction. Thanks to the pyramid of Khufu (whom the Greeks called Cheops), the science of pyramidology appeared. Adherents of unconventional teachings and magicians of all times also put forward their own speculations describing the genesis of this grandiose creation.

Versions about the methods of building the Cheops pyramid

The Pyramid of Cheops was built by the architect and chief Hemiun, a cousin or nephew of the supreme ruler himself. The methods used by the Egyptians in its construction were forgotten and lost due to wars, civil strife, and unfavorable weather conditions that befell Ancient Egypt, when no memories remained of its former wealth and power.

There are many interpretations explaining how the Cheops pyramid was built. The first was proposed by Herodotus, who visited Egypt in the 5th century BC. and left a detailed description of what he saw. According to him, more than 100,000 slaves were involved in the construction, many of whom died in this difficult work. Using wooden levers, they lifted huge basalt blanks to the desired level. This option does not stand up to criticism, since it is problematic to imagine such levers capable of supporting almost a three-ton stone and lifting it to a height of more than 140 meters (residents of the Nile Valley at that time did not know what a wheel and a block were).

Another version is to use an embankment built around the building as it grows. If we adhere to this point of view, then the volume of excavation work performed will also require a huge number of workers.

Meanwhile, the most modern archaeological finds indicate that near the construction site there was a settlement where about 4,500 people lived permanently in the construction of the tomb. These people were not slaves, they ate well and had good homes. It is estimated that up to 20,000 Egyptians were employed in temporary work after agricultural work ended.

The third is the use of a spiral external ramp around the entire perimeter. But its use did not provide an explanation of how the inner chamber was made, where the pharaoh’s sarcophagus is located, located 50 m above the base, and where one relatively narrow corridor leads.

Pyramid of Khufu - sparkling crystal of Egypt

The Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt is a geometric body with a square base with a perimeter of 922 m, with a height from the base of 146 m (original, now 138 m). The angle of inclination of its geometrically ideal faces was 51 degrees. It is lined with limestone blocks of 2.5 tons.

In the center there are three rooms made of five-ton polished granite blocks, in one of which there is a sarcophagus of the pharaoh. The purpose of the two smaller chambers located above it is unknown. According to the latest assumptions, they serve as a shock absorber to prevent the “king’s chambers” from being crushed. The entire cavity of the building, except for the tunnel leading to the rooms and down below the base, as well as two ventilation drifts, is completely filled with monoliths.

Until 1168, Khufu's tomb was lined with polished elements made of soft material, which made it look like crystal sparkling in the sun. Subsequently, the cladding was used by the people of Cairo to restore their city after the Arab invasion. The total weight of the monument, resting on a carved rock foundation, is over 5 million tons. Even with today's advanced technologies and techniques, it is difficult to imagine a way to firmly construct this architectural miracle.

Theories for the creation of the Cheops pyramid

French architect Jean Pierre Roudin became interested in Khufu's pyramid in 1999 and devoted 10 years of his hard work to it. As a professional designer, he wanted to understand what technical techniques people used almost 5,000 years ago to build it. The result of his examination was the conclusion: the ancient Egyptians used an internal ramp during construction, which grew along with the pyramid and repeated its perimeter, with an inclination angle of no higher than 7 degrees (a steeper rise makes it impossible to move stone parallelepipeds on wooden rollers and runners).

Jean Pierre explained the impeccable execution of geometric proportions by the fact that first the front polished blocks were laid along the intended lines, then two more internal rows of already unpolished, but correctly marked slabs were aligned along them, and then the empty space was filled with roughly sawn limestone. His theory explained how the granite parallelepipeds of the pharaoh's burial chamber were raised and installed at a 50-meter height.

This theory would be recognized as reliable and final if there were voids in the thickness of the Cheops pyramid that remained after construction ceased and indicated the presence of internal ramps. But so far there is no such confirmation.

All experts agree that some parts of Khufu’s pyramid were made at a high technological level that would not have been possible 4000 years ago. So, for example, granite pieces of the structure are cut out of the rock with such precision that it is not possible to insert even a knife blade into the gap between them.

The very fact of Khufu’s burial raises many questions: the granite sarcophagus for his mummy was unfinished, carried out without proper care, and no traces of burial were found. The presence of 15 and 35 ton granite stones in the masonry also cannot be explained. Such inconsistencies have given rise to theories about the divine origin of the pyramid at Giza. Since the end of the 19th century, the Cheops pyramid has become a place of pilgrimage for followers of various esoteric movements and those interested in magic, who proclaimed it the habitat of spirits and demons.

Edgar Cayce, the most famous of all occultists (1877–1945), proclaimed that it was created by the Atlanteans 10,000 BC to escape the Great Flood, and that it contained the lost wisdom of an advanced civilization.

The beginning of the space age gave birth to the fabrication of the involvement of aliens in its construction. The most popular author of one of these conclusions, the Swiss Erich von Däniken, hypothesized that the Cheops pyramid was constructed by aliens to store the bodies of representatives of foreign civilizations who died on Earth; and the god Ra, whom the local population worshiped, is an alien, and all the myths and religion of this period are simply a distorted reflection of reality. Careful geometric and astronomical research led to unexpected discoveries that can be attributed either to random coincidences or to patterns:

• the ratio of base to height is approximately 3.14 (pi);
• the direction of the corridor and ventilation shafts coincides with the location in the sky of the North Star, the stars Sirius and Alnitak.

The latter led to the emergence of the theory that the Cheops pyramid was nothing more than an astronomical observatory.

In the 60–70s of the 20th century. a new surge of interest in this object occurred due to the experiment of the Czech Karel Dribal, who placed a dull razor inside a cardboard copy (15 cm) of the pyramid, and after a few days its initial sharpness returned.

When they were removing fragments of stones from near Khufu's pyramid, they noticed a closed triangular chamber consisting of heavy limestone slabs. This was in 1955. Having lifted the slab with the image of Jephedra, they found a huge boat consisting of 1224 parts. It was a large boat made of Lebanese cedar. It consisted of 2 cabins and could float on water while operating 10 oars. The acacia fragments required repair. The rook took 10 years to assemble. In 1971 it was exhibited at the Solar Boat Museum.

There was also a second chamber; it was not opened for a long time. But in 1987, another smaller boat was found by radar. It is poorly preserved. In 2008, money was allocated for excavations, and in 2011 its parts were raised to the top.