Position of the state in the Czech Republic. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Czech Republic

Introduction………………………………………………………… ………….………3

1. Geography of the Czech Republic………………………………………………………………. ..5

2. Population of the Czech Republic………………………………………………………………… 6

3. Economy of the Czech Republic………………………………………………………………. .10

3.1 Automotive industry…………………………………………….11

3.2 Transport………………………………………………………………12

3.3 Finance……………………………………………………………….13

Conclusion……………………………………………………………………15

List of sources used………………………………………………………16

Introduction

The Czech Republic (officially the Czech Republic) is a state in Central Europe. The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the people - Czechs. The capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, is a tourist attraction and the country's largest city. The modern Czech Republic was formed as a result of the collapse of Czechoslovakia (Velvet Divorce). Includes the historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia and part of Silesia.

The Czech lands have been known since the end of the 9th century, when they were united by the Přemyslids. In the “Czech Chronicle” of Cozma of Prague you can read: “In the year of Christ 894. Borzhivoy, the first prince of the holy Christian faith, was baptized.” The reliability of this fact is controversial. The Kingdom of Bohemia (Bohemia) had considerable power, but religious conflicts (the Hussite Wars in the 15th century and the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century) devastated it. Later it came under the influence of the Habsburgs and became part of Austria-Hungary.

Following the collapse of this state after World War I, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia united to form the independent Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918. The country had a large enough ethnic German minority that it was the reason for the dissolution of Czechoslovakia when Germany achieved annexation of the Sudetenland as a result of the Munich Agreement of 1938, which led to the secession of Slovakia. The remaining Czech state was occupied by Germany in 1939 (became known as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia).

After World War II, Czechoslovakia fell into the Soviet sphere of influence and became a socialist country (Czechoslovakia). In 1968, the invasion of Warsaw Pact troops ended the attempts of the country's leaders under Alexander Dubcek to liberalize party rule, and create “socialism with a human face” during the Prague Spring.

In 1989, Czechoslovakia turned away from the path of socialist development as a result of the Velvet Revolution. On January 1, 1993, the country peacefully split into two, forming the independent Czech Republic and Slovakia (“the velvet divorce”).

The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. Simultaneously with joining the EU, the Czech Republic signed the Schengen Agreement, and since December 21, 2007, border controls at the land borders of the Czech Republic were abolished. On March 31, 2008, controls were also lifted on flights arriving from Schengen countries. From 1 January 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for 6 months (until 1 June 2009).

Geography of the Czech Republic

The territory of the Czech Republic is 78,866 km² (including 77,276 km² of land surface and 1,590 km² of water).

The total length of the border is 1,880 km. It borders with Poland (border length 658 km) in the north, Germany in the northwest and west (border length 646 km), Austria in the south (border length 362 km) and Slovakia in the east (border length 214 km).

Protrusions: Aschsky ledge, Frydlantsky ledge, Šluknovsky ledge, Broumovsky ledge, Javornitsky ledge, Osoblazsky ledge and Břeclavsky ledge (Dyjski triangle).

The Czech landscape is very diverse. The western part (Bohemia) lies in the basins of the Laba (Elbe) and Vltava (Moldau) rivers, surrounded mainly by low mountains (Sudetes and their part - Giant Mountains), where the highest point of the country is located - Mount Snezka with a height of 1,602 m. Moravia, eastern part , is also quite hilly and mainly lies in the Morava (March) river basin, and also contains the source of the Odra (Oder) river. In addition to high forested mountain ranges, the Czech Republic has fertile plains and the famous Czech forests. Rivers from the landlocked Czech Republic flow into three seas: the North, Baltic and Black.

The climate is temperate with warm summers and cold, cloudy, wet winters, determined by a mixture of maritime and continental influences. In summer the average air temperature is +20° C, in winter –5° C.

Population of the Czech Republic

The majority of the population of the Czech Republic (95%) is made up of ethnic Czechs and speakers of the Czech language, which belongs to the group of West Slavic languages. Foreigners make up about 4% of the country's population. Among immigrants, the largest diaspora in the Czech Republic are Ukrainians, of whom 110,733 lived in the country as of August 31, 2011 (outflow compared to August 2010: 15,788). In second place are Slovaks (79,924 - influx for the year 8,248), many of whom remained in the Czech Republic after the division in 1993 and make up approximately 2% of the population. In third place are citizens of Vietnam (56,716 - outflow for the year is 3,889). Following them are citizens of Russia (29,336 - outflow for the year 1958) and Poland (18,942). Other ethnic groups include Germans (13,577), Roma and Hungarians.

By language, the Czechs belong to the West Slavic peoples. The early works of Czech writing of the 13th-14th centuries were based on the language of central Bohemia. But as the influence of the Catholic Church, German feudal lords and the urban patriciate increased in the country, the Czech language began to be oppressed in favor of the German and Latin languages. But during the Hussite wars, literacy and the literary Czech language became widespread among the masses. Then came the two-century decline of Czech culture under the rule of the Habsburgs, who pursued a policy of Germanization of the subject Slavic peoples. The Czech language began to revive only at the end of the 18th century; its basis was the literary language of the 16th century, which explains the presence of many archaisms in the modern Czech language, in contrast to the living spoken language. The spoken language is divided into several groups of dialects: Czech, Middle Moravian and East Moravian.

The Czech Republic is one of the most densely populated countries. The average population density is 130 people. per 1 sq. km. The distribution of the population on the territory of the republic is relatively even. The most densely populated areas are the areas of large urban agglomerations - Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen (up to 250 people per 1 sq. km). The areas of Cesky Krumlov and Prachatice have the lowest population density (about 37 people per 1 sq. km). As of 1991, there were 5,479 settlements in the Czech Republic. The Czech Republic is a highly urbanized country: about 71% of the population lives in cities and towns, while more than 50% live in cities with a population of over 20 thousand inhabitants; the share of the rural population continues to decline. The only metropolis in the Czech Republic is Prague, which is home to 1,188 thousand residents (as of December 31, 2006; the population of Prague has been slowly decreasing since 1985). As of 2006, in the Czech Republic there are 5 cities with a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants (Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen, Olomouc), 17 cities with a population of more than 50,000 inhabitants and 44 with more than 20,000 inhabitants.

The total population of the Czech Republic, having reached a post-war maximum in 1991 - 10,302 thousand people - subsequently declined slowly until 2003, when it amounted to just over 10,200 thousand people, but since then there has been a slight increase to 10,530 thousand people - mainly due to an increase in the flow of migrants (primarily from Ukraine, Slovakia, Vietnam, Russia, Poland and the countries of the former Yugoslavia). Natural population growth was negative in the period 1994-2005; in 2006, some positive growth was observed due to an increase in the birth rate and a decrease in mortality. At the same time, the level of female fertility is still deeply insufficient for population reproduction (about 1.2 children per 1 woman of reproductive age). In recent years, the Czech Republic has become one of the countries with the lowest infant mortality rate (less than 4 people per 1000 births). Since 1990, the Czech Republic has seen a constant decrease in the number of abortions and cases of induced termination of pregnancy.

The majority of the population - 71.2% - is of productive age (from 15 to 65 years), while 14.4% of Czech citizens are under 15 years of age, and 14.5% are over 65 years of age. At the productive age, the number of men slightly exceeds the number of women, but in the post-productive age women significantly predominate (there is one man for every two women). The average age of the Czech population is 39.3 years (women - 41.1 years, men - 37.5 years). Average life expectancy is 72.9 years for men and 79.7 years for women (as of 2006).

Most of the adult population is married, although the proportion of unmarried people is relatively high: one in five men and one in eight women are unmarried. Currently, men get married at 28 years old, women at 26 years old, which is approaching the European trend. The first child appears in a family most often 6 months after the wedding. Czech families are characterized by a high divorce rate. Currently, almost every second marriage ends in divorce, resulting in almost 80% of all children under the age of 15 living in single-parent families. The average family size has decreased over the past 30 years from 3.5 to 2.2 people.

The economically active population makes up 51.5% of the total. A specific feature of the Czech Republic among other countries is the high level of employment of women, who make up about 48% of the total economically active population. Most women work in service sectors - healthcare, education, trade and public catering. Most women work out of economic necessity in order to maintain the family's standard of living. The unemployment rate is 7.3% (November 2006), which is higher than in 1990-1997. (3-5%), but noticeably less than in 1999-2004. (up to 10.5%).

Illiteracy in the Czech Republic is practically non-existent (occasionally found among older Roma people). A high level of literacy was typical for Czechs even during the First Republic (1918-1938): at that time, about 95% of all residents had a basic education. In recent years, the level of education has increased significantly. Every third economically active resident of the Czech Republic has completed secondary education (corresponding to the level of 12-13 years of education), and every tenth citizen of the Czech Republic has or is receiving higher education. The typical worker has at least intermediate vocational training. The high qualifications of Czech workers is one of the main advantages of the Czech economy. So far, the country lags behind the most developed European countries in terms of the share of the population with completed secondary and higher education.

At the end of March 2008, 402,300 foreigners were living in the Czech Republic with long-term and permanent residence permits. In 2007, 70,600 foreign citizens arrived in the Czech Republic to live, which is an absolute record in history. According to the Czech Statistical Office, by the end of 2008, 438,301 foreigners lived in the Czech Republic, of which 265,374 had long-term residence status, the rest of the foreigners had permanent residence status. According to the Czech Statistical Office, in 2009 the population of the Czech Republic reached 10.5 million people. Compared to the figure for 2008, the number of immigrants decreased by half, amounting to 40 thousand people, and the number of emigrants doubled, reaching 11.6 thousand people.

In connection with the economic crisis of 2008-2009, the Czech Republic is implementing measures aimed at reducing the number of foreign workers in the country. The state encourages the departure of immigrants by fully paying for the trip or flight home of those who agree to leave the country, in addition to a one-time allowance of 500 euros.

Population income:

From 2001 to 2008, the average monthly salary in the Czech Republic increased from 420 to 910 euros. By 2009 it had dropped to 890 euros.

3. Economy of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is an industrial country. The main industries are fuel and energy, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, light and food.

Among all post-communist states, the Czech Republic has one of the most stable and successful economic systems. Its basis is industry (mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and electronics, chemistry, food industry, ferrous metallurgy) and the service sector. The share of agriculture, forestry, and mining is insignificant and continues to decline.

After the fall of communism in 1989, the Czech Republic inherited the former economic structure from the Czechoslovakia, which in the new conditions turned out to be energy inefficient, not environmentally friendly and outdated from an industry point of view. A disproportionately large share was occupied by ferrous metallurgy using imported raw materials, heavy engineering and the military industry. The range of goods produced significantly exceeded the objective capabilities of the country, which led to small-scale production and a decrease in its efficiency. Foreign trade was subject to CMEA directives, focused on the needs of the USSR, and was insignificant compared to developed countries.

In 1995, the Czech Republic was the first among all former communist countries to be admitted to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.

3.1 Automotive industry

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

FEDERAL STATE AUTONOMOUS EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

BELGOROD STATE NATIONAL

RESEARCH UNIVERSITY (National Research University "BelSU")

FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND SERVICE

DEPARTMENT OF TOURISM AND SOCIO-CULTURAL SERVICE

Economic and geographical characteristics of the Czech Republic

Full-time students

1st year group 171103

Gaeva Ekaterina Andreevna

Scientific adviser:

Ph.D., Associate Professor

Komarova M.E.

BELGOROD 2012

Introduction

Czech Republic? official name is the Czech Republic. State in Central Europe. It borders with Poland (border length 658 km) in the north, Germany - in the northwest and west (border length 646 km), Austria - in the south (border length 362 km) and Slovakia - in the east (border length 214 km ). The total length of the border is 1880 km. The territory of the Czech Republic is 78.9 thousand square kilometers. The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the people - Czechs. The capital of the Czech Republic, Prague, is a tourist attraction and the largest city in the country. The modern Czech Republic was formed as a result of the collapse of Czechoslovakia (Velvet Divorce).

According to the Constitution, the Czech Republic is a parliamentary republic. The head of state (president) is indirectly elected every five years by parliament. The President is given special powers: to nominate judges for the Constitutional Court, to dissolve parliament under certain conditions, and to veto laws. He also appoints the Prime Minister, who sets the direction of domestic and foreign policy, as well as other members of the government cabinet on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The current President of the Czech Republic is Vaclav Klaus.

Main leading parts:

1) ODS - Civil Democratic Party;

2) CSSD - Czech Social Democratic Party;

3) KSCM - Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia;

4) KDU-CSL -- Christian Democratic Union

5) Czechoslovak People's Party;

6) SZ -- Green Party;

7) SNK ED -- Association of independent candidates

8) European Democrats;

9) CSNS - Czech National Socialist Party;

10) NBS CS - National Bolshevik Party of Czechoslovakia;

11) KC - Czech Crown - monarchical party of the Czech Republic, Bohemia and Moravia;

12) TOP 09 -- Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09;

13) VV - Public affairs.

The Czech Republic consists of the capital and 13 regions:

1) Prague is the capital;

2) Central Bohemian region? authorities are located in Prague;

3) South Bohemian region? Ceske Budejovice;

4) Pilsen region? Pilsen;

5) Karlovy Vary region? Karlovy Vary;

6) Usty region? Ústí nad Labem;

7) Liberec region? Liberec;

8) Kralove Hradeck region? Hradec Kralove;

9) Pardubice region - Pardubice;

10) Olomouc region - Olomouc;

11) Moravian-Silesian region - Ostrava;

12) South Moravian region - Brno;

13) Zlín region - Zlín;

14) Vysočina - Jihlava.

1. General characteristics of the country

1.1 Brief physical and geographical characteristics of the Czech Republic

The country is located in the transition zone from the Central European maritime climate to the continental Eastern European climate, i.e. is located in the climatically favorable temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. The climate of the Czech Republic is more or less equal throughout the country, with warm summers and cold, cloudy and wet winters. The weather in the Czech Republic in summer is quite stable and pleasant, since the mountains surrounding the Czech Republic along the entire perimeter do not allow winds to penetrate. In winter, sufficient snow falls in the mountains, which allows several ski resorts to operate, both in the south of the Czech Republic and in the north of the country.

Flora of the Czech Republic. About 30% of the territory of the Czech Republic is covered by forests. In the mountains, coniferous species predominate, namely: spruce (61%) and pine (22%), and on the plains - deciduous forests (maple, beech, ash, oak). Above the forest line there are alpine meadows. 12% of the entire country’s territory (9270 sq. km) is occupied by nature reserves, and several national parks have also been created. Separately, it is worth mentioning the collection of unusual forms of coniferous plants in the Czech Republic. Natural mutations of common spruces, pines and larches are collected by collectors and propagated by grafting. Thus, amazing miniature trees are obtained.

The diversity of natural conditions is also reflected in the soil cover. Soils are affected by differences in topography, climate and hydrogeology of individual areas. The most common are podzolic and brown forest soils; chernozem and other soils occupy a smaller area. A significant part of the podzols is covered with forest, and the share of these soils in the agricultural land fund is much lower than in the general soil cover of the country. On the territory of the Czech Republic there are two relatively significant areas of chernozem soils in the central regions of the country and in Central Moravia. They are widely used for crops of sugar beets, winter wheat and barley. The bulk of the country's grain crops are concentrated on brown soils. Podzolic soils are used mainly for crops of oats, rye and potatoes, but most of them are occupied by forest vegetation. The Czech Republic is not known for its rich mineral deposits. The main resources of the Czech Republic, mined from the bowels of the earth, are brown and hard coal, as well as kaolin - the raw material from which the famous Czech porcelain is made. The Czech Republic has very rich medicinal natural resources. The Czech Republic is sufficiently supplied with fresh water. The largest rivers are the Vltava, Elbe, Morava and Dyje. There are also many small lakes and ponds throughout the country. The Czech Republic is rich in mineral resources. There are silver mines, salt mines, quarries for developing deposits of quartz sand, and crystal mining is carried out. There are many mineral springs throughout the country, which is conducive to the development of spa treatment.

1.2 Main stages in the history of the country’s development

After World War I, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia united and formed the independent Republic of Czechoslovakia in 1918. After World War II, Czechoslovakia fell into the Soviet sphere of influence and became a socialist country (Czechoslovakia). In 1989, Czechoslovakia turned away from the path of socialist development as a result of the Velvet Revolution. On January 1, 1993, the country peacefully split into two, forming the independent Czech Republic and Slovakia (“the velvet divorce”). Vaclav Havel remained its president for two terms, until 2003. He was replaced in this post by Vaclav Klaus. In 1999, the Czech Republic became a member of NATO, and in 2004 joined the European Union. Simultaneously with joining the EU, the Czech Republic signed the Schengen Agreement, and since December 21, 2007, border controls at the Czech land borders were abolished. On March 31, 2008, controls were also lifted on flights arriving from Schengen countries. From 1 January 2009, the Czech Republic held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union for 6 months (until 1 June 2009).

In the 19th century there was a rapid growth of Czech culture and a rise in national self-awareness. An important role in this process was played by musicians, artists and writers - composers Bedřich Smetana and Antonin Dvořák, artist Mikołáš Aleš, sculptor Jozsf Myslbek and writer Antonín Jirasek, whose works were extremely popular. The Czech language has become the main instrument for the formation of the national idea. Theaters and museums sprang up throughout the country, testifying to the role of culture in national life.

The culture of the Czech Republic, like the culture of any other country, is unlike anything else; it is original, individual and simply unique. You can explore the cultural characteristics of the Czech Republic by visiting any corner of this wonderful country. Trips to Prague will provide you with an acquaintance with the architecture of the Czech Republic; you will be able to admire ancient castles and palaces to your heart's content, if, of course, you visit excursions to Prague.

The cultural heritage of the Czech Republic is quite large and well-known. There are quite a few surviving architectural monuments. Bizarre architectural structures - bridges of the Czech Republic. In the capital, in addition to the sculptural compositions that all of Prague knows (the monument to Wenceslas on horseback is the most striking example), there are many buildings of invaluable historical and cultural significance: the Powder Tower, Prague Castle, Petřín Lookout Tower. These names do not exhaust the list of treasures that the Czech Republic is proud of. Krupka is a vast area of historical monuments that is definitely worth a visit if you find yourself in the old Czech resort of Teplice. Holidays that involve exploring the picturesque corners of the Czech Republic have become especially popular lately. In the northeast of the country are the Giant Mountains, covering an area of almost 800 square meters. km. (Translated into Russian their name is “Giant Mountains”). One of the most popular national parks is located here. The picturesque Jizera Mountains worthyly compete with the Giant Mountains in beauty and popularity. The unique wealth of flora is adequately presented here; tourists enjoy admiring the mountain landscapes, caves, lakes and waterfalls. In the Liberec region there is Machovo Lake, a natural body of water with picturesque surroundings. Dense forests and rock formations, clear lake water, a sandy beach, plus the presence of historical attractions in the area make this natural area a favorite vacation spot for many Czechs and tourists from other countries who willingly come here. In the south of the country there is the Moravian Karst - famous caves throughout Europe. There are only about a thousand of them in the reserves; there are also some that are equipped with amenities for tourists in the form of lighting and paths. Interesting national traditions have been preserved in the Czech Republic. Czechs, especially rural residents, wear national clothes. Czechs love music and still celebrate some traditional holidays. Until now, they have maintained a careful attitude towards wedding theatrical performances with ritual dances. A village wedding takes place in a village tavern with a large number of guests invited. Czechs celebrate not only their birthday, but also their name day. It is a tradition that parents choose their child's name from a list of 400 names. Therefore, every day of the year one or two names are celebrated. But the biggest holiday in the Czech Republic remains Christmas. But the most fun holiday is probably Maslenitsa. In rural areas, it is celebrated by all the villagers together. Carnival processions are organized. The celebration of the end of the harvest is called Dozhinok. In southern Moravia, the beginning of autumn fishing is celebrated in numerous ponds, many of which are over 400 years old. Every city and town in the Czech Republic will delight you with an abundance of beers, the national Czech drink, white and red wines, various liqueurs, and, of course, pamper you with its unique cuisine.

1.3 Characteristics of the country's population

Today the country has a population of 10 million 562 thousand people. National composition: 81.3% Czechs, 13.7% residents of Moravia and Silesia, 5% other national minorities, of which: Germans 50 thousand people, Roma 300 thousand people. and Jews 2 thousand people. Religious composition: atheists 39.8%, Catholics 39.2%, Protestants 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, supporters of other religions 13.4%. The average life expectancy in the Czech Republic is 76.62 years.

Sex percentage:

1) at birth: 1,059 men/women;

2) up to 15 years: 1.06 men/women;

3) 15 - 64: 1.01 men/women;

4) 65 and older: 0.66 men/women;

5) Total population: 0.95 men/women

Today in the Czech Republic there are more than 40 higher educational institutions of various organizational and legal forms that train bachelors, masters, engineers and doctors. The latter title is awarded to graduates of university medical faculties. All levels of Czech education fall under the International Standards for Classification of Education (ISCED), and fully comply with European Union standards. Diplomas from Czech universities are fully recognized in all countries of the world. Education in the Czech Republic is also completely free for foreign citizens. The Czech Republic and Prague mean prestige and prospects. Most universities in the Czech Republic can offer their students a high standard of education. Diplomas from Charles University, the Higher School of Economics in Prague, the Technical University in Ostrava, the Institute of Entrepreneurship in Ostrava, Masaryk University in Brno, the Hotel Institute and the Banking Institute in Prague and many others are highly valued in the international arena. International status and recognition of the diploma provides the opportunity to live and work in the countries of the European Union. The modern quality of higher education, corresponding to European standards, is ensured by good funding. 6% of GNP goes only to higher education, in addition, Czech universities are well funded by the largest European companies interested in their graduates, which allows them to attract teachers from the European Union and organize internships in other countries, exchanges of groups of students. Graduates of Czech universities have the right to apply for permanent residence. Within the framework of such a program, they do not require proof of work experience in their specialty in the Czech Republic. In order to get a chance for permanent residence, it is enough to enroll in a Czech university and after 4 or 6 years successfully graduate, combining business with pleasure, so to speak.

1.4 Economic characteristics of the country

The Czech Republic today is an industrially and socially developed state, whose economy is built on the principles of an open free market.

The standard and quality of life in the Czech Republic are among the highest in the world (14th place in the HDI ranking in 2011). The Czech Republic is one of the most industrialized countries among the countries located in Central and Eastern Europe. GDP per capita is $41,800, which is 142% of the European Union average (2011). In 2004, the International Monetary Fund recognized the Czech Republic as a developed First World country. This is one of the most socially developed countries on earth. In terms of foreign trade per capita, the country is one of the leaders, ahead of countries such as Japan, Great Britain, France, and Italy. The Czech Republic is one of the most prosperous post-communist states in Europe. The Czech Republic is one of the world leaders in car production per capita.

Main industries: automotive industry, mechanical engineering, iron and steel production, metalworking, chemical products, tourism industry, electricity, water and gas production, electrical engineering, mining, construction materials production, transport equipment, construction, woodworking, pulp and paper and printing, textiles , glass, pharmaceuticals, beer, porcelain, ceramics, food industry. The mining industry is small and continues to decline. In 2011, 15.7 million hec. liters of beer were produced in the Czech Republic. Czech agriculture has a long tradition, despite the fact that the Czech Republic is a powerful industrial country. Due to the climatic conditions, the country grows many types of vegetables, fruits and livestock. Traditional agricultural products include grain, potatoes, sugar beets, grapes (table and wine varieties), and fruits.

Main economic indicators of the Czech Republic in 2011:

1) GDP growth - 1.2%;

2) Inflation 1.9%;

3) Average salary 24089 CZK;

4) Unemployment 8.6%;

5) Unemployment in Prague 4.05%;

8) The main lending rate of the Central Bank is 0.75%;

9) Price of gasoline Natural 95: 34.8 CZK;

10) State budget deficit - 120 billion Czech crowns.

1.5 Characteristics of the main regions of the country

The Czech lands are divided into three historical regions: Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia with regional centers Prague, Brno and Ostrava.

Central Bohemian region? the largest region of the Czech Republic with its administrative center in Prague. Prague is the heart of the Czech Republic and Europe. It is one of the most beautiful and impressive cities in the world, constantly growing, developing, becoming richer and currently ranked fifth in the list of richest regions in the EU. Prague accounts for a quarter of the Czech Republic's GDP and half of the country's foreign direct investment. A highly developed industrial area with intensive agriculture. The region accounts for 10.9% of Czechoslovakia's industrial production. Coal mining in the Kladno Basin. (3.2 million tons in 1961), iron and polymetallic ore Cascade hydroelectric station on the river. Vltava. Mechanical engineering, chemical, food (especially sugar) industries are developed. Agriculture combines beet-grain field farming and meat and dairy animal husbandry.

Vegetable growing and horticulture, 3 areas - hop growing. Prague ranks seventh in the list of the most visited cities in Europe, fourth in terms of quality and price of hotel services, and fifth in the list of the most popular Christmas tours. It boasts unique architecture, a huge number of theaters, concert and exhibition halls, museums, galleries, and cinemas. Since 1992, the historical center of Prague with a total area of 866 hectares has been included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. The list of architectural monuments is headed by Prague Castle, which towers over the city center; the historical core of the city stretches along both banks of the Vltava River. Thanks to close connections with the capital, enormous economic potential and a dense transport network, the Central Bohemian Region is considered one of the most important regions in the country. It can be proud of its rich history and a huge number of cultural monuments, the highest concentration of which is in the city of Kutna Hora, the historical center of which is listed by UNESCO. The incredibly diverse landscape of Central Bohemia offers tourists a number of natural masterpieces. From the point of view of natural objects, the most valuable is the Křivoklát region - a UNESCO biosphere reserve since 1977. The most picturesque area is the Kokořín region; the Bohemian Karst, Blahnik and surrounding areas, as well as the Bohemian Paradise are no less beautiful.

Moravia is known as a fertile region covered with vineyards, a land of living folk traditions, friendly people, stunning nature and rich history. Its territory is occupied mainly by hills, hills and low mountain ranges. The center of Moravia - the city of Brno, the second largest city in the Czech Republic, is an important center of trade, hosting large fairs. Every year the city hosts approximately 50 different industry fairs. The city is also a scientific center, hosting a number of scientific institutions and research institutes. Agriculture has a long tradition. Grain, sugar beets, grapes and fruits are grown on 60% of the region's area. The region's gross national product is the second largest in the Czech Republic. At the same time, the processing industry and agriculture have the largest share in the economy. International economic cooperation is developing in the Pomoravian Euroregion, which includes Weinviertel, South Moravia and Western Slovakia.

Silesia is a historical region in Central Europe. Most of Silesia is part of Poland, smaller parts are in the Czech Republic and Germany. The main city? is the city of Ostrava. Compared to many other regions of the Czech Republic, Silesia is less developed in terms of tourism, but there are sights that are worth seeing. On the territory of Silesia, as well as in Bohemia and Moravia, medieval architectural structures - fortresses and castles - are well preserved. In Ostrava you can see the Church of St. Wenceslas from the 14th century, the Basilica of the Savior in the neo-Renaissance style, the New Town Hall, the Church of St. Catherine of the 16th century. The Ostrava Zoo also deserves special attention.

2. Characteristics of tourist resources

Tourism in the Czech Republic? one of the main sectors of the Czech economy. The Czech Republic, as a country rich in historical and natural attractions and famous for its cuisine and natural spas, attracts tourists from many countries around the world.

In the south of the Czech Republic there are 7,500 ponds, the famous Lipen Dam and the Orlik Dam, lakes in the Bohemian Forest mountains. There are ample opportunities for fishing and hunting, and winter sports lovers stop at the sports centers of Šumava. The attractive power of this tourist area is complemented by numerous castles and fortresses (including the huge castle of R. Český Krumlov), the center of the Hussite movement in Tábor, the Boubin Forest in the Bohemian Forest, as well as the brewery in České Budejovice, where the famous beer "Budvar".

East Bohemian region? this is a tourist area that includes the Krkonose mountain region (the international winter center Špindlerov Mlýn is located here) and Orlickie. Here is the famous resort of Janske Lazne, the “Czech Paradise” with picturesque cliffs and romantic castles and other natural sites. In addition to the picturesque nature, the region attracts with the architecture of Hradec Kralove (Cathedral of the Holy Spirit, White Tower, etc.), places associated with the life of J. Hasek and the hero of his work - Švejk. During the fun festivals “Lipnice Days of Hasek”, many tourists come to the village of Lipnice, where the museum of this writer is located.

Industrial tourism occupies an important place in the North Moravian Region, since numerous and varied Silesian industrial enterprises are located here, including the “industrial heart of the region”? city of Ostrava. The recreational resources of the zone are concentrated in the Jesenik and Beskid ridges, where geological engineering surveys are being carried out. Many are attracted by the city of Olomouc, where several architectural styles are mixed. The South Moravian region thanks to the healing springs of the Luhačevice resort, as well as the location here of the second city of the Czech Republic after Prague - Brno and the karst caves located near it, the fortresses of Vevergi and Pergdtein, the monument in Austerlitz (now Slavkov), the “pearl of the zone” the town of Lednice with a castle and high minaret and other objects has become one of the most popular areas of foreign tourism in the Czech Republic. Of particular importance in attracting foreigners to this area is the holding of traditional international engineering fairs in Brno.

Main types of tourism in the Czech Republic:

1) Excursion. The main type of tourism in the Czech Republic is excursions. Fortunately, there is no shortage of historical heritage. The most popular tourist sites are architectural monuments. At the same time, it is difficult to find a tour that would include a pure inspection of castles and other architectural attractions. An indispensable attribute of excursion tours is beer tasting and acquaintance with Czech cuisine. Very popular are visits to breweries and the Jan Becher plant in Karlovy Vary, where the drink of the same name, Karlovy Vary Becherovka, is produced.

2) Wellness. Quite often, tours include study tours to health resorts in the Czech Republic. As a rule - in Karlovy Vary. And whoever decides to seriously improve their health can purchase a full-fledged package for treatment at one of the specialized resorts.

3) Winter holidays. Winter holidays in the Czech Republic are becoming increasingly popular. Ski resorts in the country are distinguished by constant weather and rather modest prices, in comparison with their alpine competitors. At the same time, the level of service is constantly growing. The most popular places for winter holidays are Spindleruv Mlyn, Harrachov, Pec pod Snezkou.

4) Beach holiday. Holidays on lakes are less popular in the Czech Republic. Although, for a change, it makes sense to remember about him.

The Czech Republic's tourist accommodation fund includes about 275 thousand rooms, capable of accommodating 525 thousand tourists at the same time. About 90% of workers in the entire hotel industry in the country work for the benefit of hotel services. Tourists prefer traveling to the Czech Republic for several reasons. Firstly, there is really something to see here, secondly, air tickets will not put a big dent in your pocket, and thirdly, a developed tourist service of a European level can satisfy even the most selective tourists. The Czech Republic offers accommodation in regular hotels, castle hotels, hotels on lakes, specialized resort hotels, as well as motels and private accommodation. Today, almost all hotels in the Czech Republic have switched from a letter classification to a distinction based on the number of stars. Wide range of accommodation options allow you to rent an apartment or stay in one of the capital's hotels - cruise ships converted into hotels. The most famous and largest hotel chain in the Czech Republic is Orea Hotels, consisting of 25 hotels in the 2*-5* category. Hotels such as Interhotel Voronez, Excelsior, Panorama, Ambassador and Club Hotel Praha are part of the prestigious international system Top International Hotels. The Czech Republic is positioned abroad through five main tourism themes:

1) The charm of towns, castles and attractions;

2) Healthy and active recreation;

3) Zlata Prague (in three senses: historical, cultural and for youth);

4) Resorts: a place for recreation and entertainment;

5) Church monuments and places of pilgrimage.

Most of the people who come to the Czech Republic are Germans (2 million), Slovaks, English, Japanese, and Russians.

Modern people living in big cities are daily exposed to stress, unfavorable environmental conditions, and unbalanced nutrition. Various modern drugs and vitamins do not give the desired effect, which leads to the development of various diseases and aging of the body. To prevent and treat diseases, spa treatment is recommended in various countries of the world. Wellness holidays are comprehensive assistance for those who want to improve their health, get medical advice from world-class specialists, relax, lose weight and change their appearance at mineral resorts and thalassotherapy centers. The development of medical and health tourism is very significant, since this type plays a huge role in tourism, it is constantly being improved and occupies one of the leading positions in tourism. Nowadays it is very fashionable to lead a healthy lifestyle and more and more people are striving for it. All over the world there are many resources that contribute to the development of medical and health tourism; in connection with this, a large number of new treatment methods are being developed.

education life tourism Czech Republic

Conclusion

The Czech Republic is one of the industrialized countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Czech industry produces about 0.3% of the world's gross output at a fairly high level. The Czech Republic ranks 38th in the global economic competitiveness ranking, being a member of more than 60 international economic and financial organizations. The Czech economy is one of the most stable and successfully reformed economies among the former socialist countries. Its basis is such industries as general mechanical engineering, the automotive industry, ferrous metallurgy, electrical engineering and electronics, chemistry and petrochemistry, agriculture and food processing, glass production, pharmaceuticals, textile production, as well as the service sector. The Czech Republic is one of the largest global and European exporters of mechanical engineering products and, in particular, one of the top five global producers of passenger cars per capita. The most important contribution to the development of the Czech economy is made by foreign trade in goods and services. The Czech Republic's share in world foreign trade is: for exports - 0.5%, for imports - 0.6%. In 2010, the main trading partners of the Czech Republic were EU countries, which accounted for 73.7% of the country's foreign trade turnover, China (6.5%), CIS countries (6.3%), including Russia (4.2%). According to the Czech Statistical Office, the foreign trade turnover of the Czech Republic in 2011 increased by 20.8% and amounted to 313.6 billion US dollars. Czech exports grew by 21.9% to $162.2 billion, while Czech imports grew by 19.6% to $151.4 billion. It should be noted that the growth rate of Czech foreign trade with countries around the world in national currency is somewhat different due to the difference in the average annual exchange rate of the Czech crown against the US dollar.

Among European countries, the Czech Republic has become quite popular for international tourism, and this turning point in the country’s tourism has occurred in the last few decades. The country is perfect for those tourists who prefer a relaxing holiday, with sightseeing, and interesting and educational excursion programs. The Czech Republic also offers relaxation for lovers of noisy parties - for this, the Czech Republic has analogues of English pubs, where interesting entertainment programs are constantly held. The country hosts various festivals reminiscent of the German Beer Festival, as well as music and traditional festivals. Despite the fact that there is a lot to look at in the Czech Republic, most tourists still first of all strive to visit Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic, where there is everything for a complete and memorable holiday. The Czech Republic is open to international tourism all year round, and the flow of tourists in this country never dries up. Individual travelers, families with children, friends in cheerful groups, as well as lovers and connoisseurs of history, architecture and art come here. Culture lovers have a lot to see in the Czech Republic, as all major cities in the country have museums of fine art from different periods, ranging from medieval art to contemporary art. If you prefer outdoor recreation, you should definitely visit the small towns and villages of the Czech Republic, which have preserved their original appearance and still delight with their original architecture and tranquility of those tourists who prefer a secluded and relaxing holiday to everything in the world.

List of sources used

1. Bulatova A.S. World economy [Text]: Textbook // Moscow, 2002, 734 P.

2. Kireev A.P. International economics [Text]: Textbook. manual for universities // Moscow, 1997.

3. Kolosov V. A. Geopolitics and political geography [Text]: Textbook for university students // Moscow, 2005, 479 pp.

4. Kopytina M.O. Czech Republic: trade and economic relations in the second half of the 90s [Text]: Foreign trade, 2001, 27-33 pp.

5. Lopatnikov D.L. Economic geography and regional studies [Text]: Proc. Manual // Moscow, 2004, 224 pp.

6. Faminsky I.P. International economic relations [Text]: Textbook // Moscow, 2001, 847 P.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Peculiarities formation of the tourist market of the Sverdlovsk region

Thesis >> Physical education and sports

Marketing initiatives had a positive impact: 2.8% added Czech, 0.8% - France, 0.5% - Italy... and intellectual potential. Geographical position at the Eurasian crossroads... ( especially popular for weekend routes). Historical and culturally- ...

Peculiarities tourism development in the South of Russia

Thesis >> Physical education and sports

... Peculiarities development of tourism in the South of Russia" Specialty 022100 "Social cultural... ancient times and the Middle Ages. Geographical position Russia, located in the center... of the former socialist community (China, Czech, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.); ...

Peculiarities tourism development in Russia

Law >> Communications and communications

Yury Dolgoruky. Favorable geographical position at the intersection of the most important trade... of the former socialist community (China, Czech, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.); ...and for inbound tourism, especially cultural and children's. The ensemble "...

Moscow

Southern Administrative District

Secondary school No. 939

ABSTRACT

in geography on the topic

Czech Republic

1. Introduction………………………………………………………3

2. Administrative and state

structure of the Czech Republic…………………………………………4

3. From the history of the Czech Republic……………………5

4. Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the Czech Republic……6

5. Natural conditions and natural resources of the Czech Republic………………………………………………………8

6. Population of the Czech Republic……………………………15

7. Culture of the peoples of the Czech Republic………………………16

8. General characteristics of the national economy of the Czech Republic…………………18

9. Foreign economic relations of the Czech Republic

Republic……………………………22

10. Prague - the capital of the Czech Republic…………………24

11. Literature……………………………………………………26

INTRODUCTION

The Czech Republic (CR) is located in the center of Europe on a relatively small territory - about 79 thousand sq. km. and is one of the developed, industrial countries in the world. The Czech Republic shares borders with Germany, Slovakia, Austria and Poland. The population of the Czech Republic is 10.3 million people. The official language is Czech. The monetary unit is the Czech crown.

The capital of the state is the city of Prague. The largest cities in the Czech Republic are Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen, Usti Nad Labem, Hradec Kralove.

The Czech Republic is often called the heart of the European continent. Travelers between Pilsen and Cheb are proudly shown a granite obelisk with the inscription “Center of Europe”. The country seems to be created for tourism. There are 2,500 ancient castles and towns in the Czech Republic. No, it seems there is an architectural style that would not be represented in the Czech Republic - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Czech Baroque...

Administrative and governmental structure of the Czech Republic

Administratively, the Czech Republic is divided into seven regions: North Bohemian, East Bohemian, West Bohemian, Central Bohemian, South Bohemian, North Moravian and South Moravian.

The Czech Republic is a republic. The Constitution of the Czech Republic was adopted by the National Council of the Czech Republic in December 1992. The head of state is the president, who is elected by the country's parliament for a term of five years. Currently, Vaclav Havel has been elected President of the Czech Republic for a second term. Legislative power in the country belongs to the parliament, consisting of two chambers - the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The highest executive body is the government.

The main political parties in the country include:

- Civic Democratic Party. The main principles of her program are parliamentary democracy, a market economy with strong private property;

- Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia – arose in 1990 after the collapse of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia:

- Christian Democratic Union - belongs to center-right parties;

- Civil Democratic Alliance – emerged in 1989 and considers itself a supporter of Western conservatism and the principles of economic liberalism;

- Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party– center-left party, adheres to the traditions of the Czechoslovak and foreign social democratic movement;

- Republican Party– emerged in 1989, is considered a radical right-wing party, its program is populist-anarchist;

- Agricultural Party– defends the interests of farmers and village residents;

- Society of Moravia and Silesia- advocates self-governing Moravia and Silesia.

In total, more than 80 parties and movements and more than 200 youth organizations are registered in the Czech Republic. The largest trade union association in the Czech Republic is the Czech-Moravian Chamber of Trade Unions, which includes more than 40 sectoral trade unions.

From the history of the Czech Republic

The territory of the Czech Republic has been inhabited since ancient times. The Czech lands were once home to the Celtic Boi tribe, which is why it was called the “country of fights” – Bohemia. At the beginning of our era, Germanic tribes invaded the country from the north. They moved further south, and the Czech lands fell into the sphere of interests of the Roman Empire, which built during the reign of Emperor Trajan (98-117) the well-known “Roman Wall” - a powerful line of fortifications, the northern bastions of which were located in Musov (Southern Moravia).

It was here that the first Czech cities were formed due to the significant development of agriculture and crafts. Already in the 8th century, the region of South Moravia, where the unification of tribes took place much faster than in western Bohemia, isolated by the mountains, became significantly stronger economically. Agriculture flourished, iron ore production increased, covering the country's need for raw materials for the production of tools and weapons, and there was brisk trade with neighboring states.

Gradually, the center of historical development began to move to the western regions of the Czech Republic, most of the territory of which was owned by the Czech tribe, which settled in the middle part of the country and relied on a number of powerful fortress cities, of which Prague was the youngest.

The Principality of Prague, formed in the 10th century, became the core of the early feudal Czech state. Since the 16th century, the Czech lands came under the rule of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty. With the defeat of the anti-Habsburg uprising at the White Mountain in 1620, the Czech lands completely lost their independence. Since 1918, after the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the National Council in Prague announced the creation of an independent Czechoslovak state, which included the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

According to the Munich agreement of 1938, Nazi Germany captured Western Bohemia (Sudetenland). In March 1939, all Czech lands were occupied by fascist troops and declared the “protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.” The popular uprising of 1945 and the successful actions of the Soviet Army led to the defeat of the occupiers.

After the Second World War, the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia was restored, the Czech and Slovak lands became part of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Since February 1948, after the Communist Party came to power, the country's entry onto the path of socialist construction was proclaimed. At the end of the 60s, a process of renewal of socialism through its democratization began, called the “Prague Spring,” which was interrupted in August 1968 after the entry of troops from five Warsaw Pact countries. As a result of the emergence of an acute socio-political crisis in November 1989, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was removed from power. At the parliamentary and municipal elections held in 1990, new political forces received the support of voters and began to dismantle the previous socio-political system.

In December 1992, the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia adopted a law on the division of the federation and on January 1, 1993, the Czech Republic was proclaimed an independent, sovereign and independent state.

Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the Czech Republic

Historically located at the intersection of numerous trade and economic routes, in the middle of the “European home”, with a high degree of territorial contact (more than half of the European states are the Czech Republic’s closest neighbors), the Czech Republic had great opportunities to transfer advanced achievements of science, technology, and culture to its soil production, progressive forms of labor organization, methods of training qualified personnel.

This allowed the country, even before the Second World War, to firmly enter the top ten industrialized countries of the world and achieve a fairly high standard of living of the population.

The Czech Republic is located on the Bohemian Plateau, which stretches across the entire country from west to east. The western part of the country is framed on three sides by the ridges of mountains bordering the Bohemian Massif. The Beskydy mountain group is located in Northern Moravia. The picturesque, not autumn-high Bohemian-Moravian Highlands separates the Czech Republic from Moravia.

The Czech Massif is a heavily destroyed medium-altitude mountain range, composed mainly of hard crystalline rocks. Their elevated edges, almost coinciding with the state border of the country, only in some places exceed 1000 meters: in the northeast there are the Jizera Mountains and the Giant Mountains, in the northwest there are the Ore Mountains, in the southwest there are the Czech Forest and Šumava. In the east and southeast, the Bohemian massif is limited by the low (up to 800 meters) hilly Bohemian-Moravian Upland, characterized by fertile soils.

The Jizera Mountains are a vast mountain range up to 1100 meters high. Large tall forests, crystal clear streams with sandy bottoms, peat bogs with small lakes and an abundance of game - all this is typical for the region described.

In southern Bohemia lies the Šumava - a wide belt of low mountains with picturesque glacial lakes. The mountains are mainly composed of gneisses and granites. There are many peat bogs in the valleys, where numerous streams and rivers originate, in particular the Vltava River. The forests covering the slopes of Šumava are dominated by spruce and fir. They are rich in animals, game and forest berries, in particular blueberries and strawberries, which are even exported. In mountainous regions, one of the main occupations of the population has long been logging and rafting. On the basis of significant timber reserves, a wood processing industry has developed in Šumava, as well as large paper production.

The Czech Republic is a country located inside the European continent. This economic and geographical position of the state, on the one hand, provides many advantages for the development of mutually beneficial cooperation with neighboring countries, but on the other hand, it also has negative consequences since the country is cut off from the world ocean and has no access to any of the seas.

Until 1993, when Czechoslovakia was divided into two sovereign states, the country's policies and its economic potential were aimed at strengthening the socialist camp. The main partners of the Czech Republic were the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. After the collapse of the socialist camp, the Czech government took a new political course and placed its main emphasis on the development of bilateral relations with the countries of Western Europe and on attracting foreign investment into the country into the Czech economy (mainly Germany, France and Italy). The Czech Republic is a member of many international organizations - the United Nations (UN), the European Council (EC), NATO.

Natural conditions and natural resources of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic is a country of diverse and picturesque landscapes. The plains here are interspersed with hills, open spaces with forests, the whole country seems to be woven with countless threads of rivers and rivulets. The outlying mountain ranges of the western part of the country attract with their wild beauty.

The Czech Republic has good natural conditions and natural resources both for the development of agriculture and industry, and for the development of tourism.

The climate of the Czech Republic is determined by the geographical location of the country and is formed mainly under the influence of air masses moving from the Atlantic Ocean. The climate of the Czech Republic is generally moderate continental, with clearly defined seasons. Due to the predominance of mountainous and hilly terrain, local air circulation is of great importance. The relief here affects the temperature regime and the spatial distribution of precipitation. Since the Czech Republic is elongated in latitude, the climatic differences in its individual regions are determined by the difference not between north and south, but between west and east.

The average annual temperature is plus 8-10 C. For most of the territory, a non-cold winter is typical, with average temperatures of the coldest month (January) from –2 C to –4 C. Occasionally in winter, the average daily air temperature drops to –20 C, which is associated with intrusions of cold weather. arctic air. Thaws are frequent, especially in the west of the country. The range of temperature differences in summer is greater, since continentality, which increases in an easterly direction, has a stronger effect; the average temperature in July is about +19 C. In the mountains, summer is cooler - +8-13 C. Mild, pleasant weather occurs in spring, from the second half of May, and in autumn , until mid-October.

The amount of precipitation in different regions of the Czech Republic ranges from 450 to 2000 mm per year. The predominant part of the republic's territory receives 600-800 mm of precipitation per year, i.e. their total quantity is quite sufficient for agricultural needs. About 20% of it falls as snow. The greatest amount of precipitation is typical for the windward slopes of high mountains. There are very few dry areas in the country. Large forested areas, meadows, and numerous reservoirs and ponds help retain moisture in the soil. The seasonal distribution of precipitation is of decisive importance. The presence of a summer maximum (about 40% of all precipitation for June-August) is a favorable factor for agriculture.

The resources of metal ores are insignificant, and the best deposits are significantly depleted. Low-grade phosphorous iron ores with a metal content of less than 30% predominate.

The country abounds in mineral water springs with remarkable healing properties, in the areas of which world-famous resorts arose: Karlovy Vary, Marianske Lazne, Frantiskovy Lazne.

The largest rivers in the Czech Republic are the Vltava and Laba, which carry their waters to the North Sea. The position of the Czech Republic on the main European watershed of the northern and southern seas and the shallow depth of the country's territory determined the short length of the Czech rivers and the insufficient amount of water in them. The economic importance of Czech rivers is sharply declining due to the fact that their already small water flows are subject to very strong annual and seasonal fluctuations, which leads to the emergence of an acute water supply problem in several areas of the country in the fall. This is why regulating river flows is so important, not only for water supply needs, but also for shipping and electricity production.

The Czech Republic is famous for its artificial fish ponds, many of which were created back in the 15th-16th centuries. In Southern Bohemia alone there are about 5 thousand ponds, the area of which is approximately 20 thousand hectares.

The Czech Republic is a country that is literally created for tourism. It is not for nothing that income from foreign tourism to the country in 1993 amounted to about 1.3 billion US dollars.

There are not many countries in the world in which, like the Czech Republic, there are picturesque mountains, and charming valleys sandwiched between them, and dense forests, and gurgling mud hills, in small craters of which healing water boils.

Let's stop at some of the world's most famous resorts in the Czech Republic.

Karlovy Vary– a resort famous for the treatment of diseases of the liver, gall bladder and stomach. In 1999, the resort celebrated its 640th anniversary of its founding. But long before 1359, the resort was known and enjoyed wide fame, as evidenced by archaeological finds in the surrounding areas.

Marianske Lazne– along with Karlovy Vary, it is the second city in the resort triangle of Western Bohemia. Marianske Lazne is the most important resort for the treatment of internal, skin and nervous diseases.

Frantiskovy Lazne– the third city in the resort triangle of Western Bohemia. On the territory of Frantiskovy Lazne there are 24 healing springs, complementing large deposits of mineralized mud. Of the mineral waters, the Glauber IV spring is especially famous.

Krkonoše in the north and Orlicke Mountains in the east of the country - favorite vacation spots. There is a famous tourism center called “Czech Paradise” and a state nature reserve here. Typical of the “Czech Paradise” are numerous ruins of medieval castles clinging to rock ledges, bizarre labyrinths formed by the weathering of sandstone rocks, overgrown with dense pine forests. In the “Czech Paradise” there is a corner of nature of rare beauty – the Prachov Rocks with wild stone piles of bizarre shapes and outlines. Hiking trails are laid in gaps and on rocky ledges. Rock climbing competitions are often held in these places, as it is difficult to find a more suitable place to practice this sport. The natural diversity and picturesque landscapes create ideal conditions for walks and long hikes in the Krnonose mountains, especially in winter on skis. Here are located such famous centers of mountain tourism as Harrachov, Spindleru Mlýn, Janske Lazne, etc. All these places are distinguished by the fact that they lie at an altitude of 650-700 m in closed basins, well protected from the vagaries of the weather, among forests.

Rough Jesenik– located in northern Moravia. The mountain peaks in this area rise above the forests. The highest of them, Praded, reaches 1492 meters. Visitors to Jesenik most appreciate the dense coniferous forests, which in some places turn into virgin forest, preserved in its original form. Under the influence of these forests, nature created such climatic conditions here that one after another, at a short distance from each other, four resorts were opened: Karlova Studanka, Lázně Jesenik, Dolní Lipová and Velké Losiny.

In addition to medical and mountain resorts in the Czech Republic, karst areas with extensive caves are very famous and popular among tourists. Artificial lighting especially emphasizes the beauty and color of the stalactite and stalagmite decorations of the lakes. In the Czech Republic, the most famous caves are called Moravian red

25 kilometers from Brno there is a vast area of forests. Here, on an area of 100 sq. kilometers, over the course of thousands of years, natural underground caves, entire halls and lakes of extraordinary beauty and size were created. The road itself to the Skalni Mlyn hotel, the entrance gate to the caves, is very romantic, since the narrow highway seems to cut between steep, forested rock walls. The highway leads along the Punkva River, which suddenly disappears underground. Where, through what places and underground roads it flows is unknown, but it appears already at the Matsokha failure, 138 meters deep, and from there it again continues its underground journey and again finally flows to the surface. An exemplarily maintained entrance to the caves, convenient paths between stalagmite forests and colored lakes, a walk along the bottom of the sinkhole, entertaining boating on underground lakes, the most remarkable formations of stalactites and stalagmites illuminated by reflectors, creating the impression of lace, waterfalls, trees and figures - everything this gives tourists the opportunity to take a close look at nature’s workshop and realize its boundless richness of shapes and colors.

Of particular interest to tourists is the rich history of the country and places associated with it.

In addition to the huge number of monuments of primitive times, testifying to the aspirations for fine art in ancient times, on the basis of documents from the historical era preserved on the territory of the Czech Republic, it is possible to trace to the smallest detail the development of architecture, sculpture, painting and other types of artistic creativity for an entire millennium. If some cities of the Czech Republic are considered museum cities, then the entire Czech Republic can rightfully be said that its territory represents a kind of huge art exhibition. Despite the fact that in the past the territory of the country was many times subjected to the destructive force of military furies, here, as if on islands of peace and quiet, a true reserve of art has been preserved. The Czech Republic has many well-preserved monuments of architectural art. These are, first of all, rotundas, round church buildings, the development of which culminated in an independent architectural type. Although from the rotunda, which is considered to be the oldest of the Czech buildings of this type, only a small part has survived under the stone slabs of the Prague Cathedral of St. Vita, but other rotundas still stand in different places in the Czech Republic and Moravia. The most artistically remarkable is the rotunda in Znojmo, as it contains paintings from the 12th century. The mural depicts kings from the Přemysli family and the legend about how the plowman Přemysl was called to the princely throne.

One of the characteristic features of the Czech Republic is a large number of castles and palaces, which make up a significant part of the entire wealth of ancient monuments. They can be found at almost every step. After all, in the Czech Republic there is almost not a single hill, not a single rock, on which there would not be a castle or at least its ruins; you can hardly find a village without a large or small castle. Not only are there an unusually large number of them, but the most famous of them also have great historical and artistic significance.

The most famous architectural monuments are:

Church of St. Bartholomew built in the 13th century and the town hall (16th century) in Pilsen;

Gothic churches of the 13th century in Ust nad Labem;

Church of St. Mary and the Episcopal Palace in Ceske Budejovice;

Old Town (XIV century) in Hradec Králové;

Church (13th century) and old town (14th century) in Pardubice;

Cathedral of St. St. Peter and Paul (XV century) and town hall (XVI century) in Brno;

Cathedral of St. Wenceslaus (12th century), archbishop's palace, baroque mansion district in Olomouc;

Old town of the 13th century, Charles Bridge with figures of saints, Hradcany Castle, St. Witta in Prague.

Population of the Czech Republic

The population of the Czech Republic is 10.3 million people. Of these, Czechs - 94.4%, Slovaks - 3.8%, Poles - 0.7%, Germans - 0.5% and other nationalities - 0.6%.

The majority of the country's population is Catholic. There are also many other Christian communities of other faiths, the largest of which is the Hussite Church.

In the 70s, the country had a demographic problem. The age structure of the population was less favorable than in neighboring states. The country lacked workers. Therefore, the state government has implemented a number of major measures to stimulate the birth rate, which have yielded positive results. In terms of population density, the Czech Republic ranks one of the first among the former European socialist countries - about 130 people per 1 sq. kilometer. But the national average hides even more striking contrasts if we take industrial areas (500 or more people per 1 sq. km) and sparsely populated mountainous areas (less than 20 people per 1 sq. km).

The urban population of the Czech Republic accounts for more than 65% of its total. The largest cities in terms of the number of residents living in them are: Prague - 1.2 million inhabitants, Brno - 390 thousand people; Ostrava - 330 thousand people; Pilsen - 175 thousand people; Usti nad Labem - 106 thousand people; Olomouc - 106 thousand people; Liberec - 104 thousand people. Mostly cities with a population of 20-50 thousand people predominate. Small sizes are also characteristic of rural settlements in the Czech Republic, where villages with 150-250 inhabitants are still typical.

Culture of the peoples of the Czech Republic

The peoples of the Czech Republic have created over the centuries a rich and unique national culture. This is ancient architecture and modern architecture, traditional creativity of folk craftsmen, folklore, folk dances, customs, and norms of behavior. This is also the culture of everyday life, and above all material culture - the layout of rural dwellings and entire settlements, folk costume and food.

The uniqueness of individual regions is so significant that, taking into account linguistic features - dialects, experts rightfully define them as different ethnographic areas. In the Czech Republic, such areas are Chodsko, located on the southwestern border of the country with the center in Domazlice, Blata - in Southern Bohemia, near the city of Sobeslav, Horacko - in Moravia, Hanacko with the center in Olomouc, Valassko, occupying the territory from Gottwald and Kijov to the border with Slovakia.

Interesting examples of Czech folk architecture can be seen in Southern Bohemia, in Blaty, where a stone house with richly decorated pediments was especially common, in Chodsko, where a typical peasant house with a wooden frame is often found to this day, and finally, in northeastern Bohemia, in the region Turnov and Novaya Paki, where houses with very beautiful roof ridge decoration are still preserved.

The territory of the Bohemian-Moravian Upland was characterized by a large peasant manor, closed on all sides, with a gate for entry from the facade. Now the most typical of them are taken under state protection, some have been transported to museums of folk architecture.

The Wallachian and Silesian Beskydy regions of Moravia are characterized by wooden houses, which are very different from the spacious rural houses of Hanacka with a canopy over the entrance and from the houses in South Moravia, standing sideways to the street, whitewashed and painted with colored plinths. In the Stražnice area, such houses are often painted with bright patterns around windows and doors; This tradition still exists today.

The interior decoration of Czech living quarters remained unchanged for many years. And nowadays, in some places, traditional furniture is preserved: a table, benches with carved backs, a bed with many pillows.

The artistic talent of the Czech people also manifested itself in such an area of culture as national costume. In the past, several dozen different national costumes could be counted throughout the country. Based on the suit, one could unmistakably determine a person’s place of residence. The richness of national clothing is manifested in the endless variety of designs of its decorations: embroidered, woven, wicker, etc. It is impossible to describe all the variants of folk clothing - they are very diverse. For example, in the relatively small space occupied by Moravian Mlovacko, there were 28 types of folk clothing. National costumes were widely worn in the Czech Republic until the middle of the last century. Currently, the Czech national costume has been preserved only by two local groups - the Chods and the Moravian Slovaks.

On holidays, Khod women wear a white jacket with wide puffed sleeves, a red pleated skirt, a striped woven apron and a bright bodice. A large black scarf with red flowers is thrown over the head, tied with a characteristic knot at the back of the head. If we talk about Moravian Slovakia, then an interesting national costume is worn in Podluzhi - this is the name of its southern outskirts, lying on the border with Austria between the Morava and Dyje rivers . Podluzhsky women's festive national costume is worn on a simple white linen shirt. Over it they put on a jacket with wide sleeves, pulled together under the elbows. An overskirt of silk or wool is worn over several short, tightly starched petticoats. A sleeveless vest is put on the jacket, and a “collar” is fastened to it. Wide multi-colored ribbons hang freely from the belt and neck. The girls wear boots with accordion tops made of thin leather on their feet. The head is decorated with “horns” or “kokesh”. Folk art is closely related to ancient customs and rituals. Czechs, both urban and rural, still celebrate some traditional religious holidays. The biggest traditional family holiday is Christmas. Nowadays, Christmas has become a public holiday that lasts for several days.

The Czech Republic has a developed network of educational institutions: 4 thousand primary and secondary schools, where about 1.2 million schoolchildren study, 670 secondary specialized educational institutions and 23 universities. Since 1991, there have been 250 private schools operating in the country.

General characteristics of the national economy of the Czech Republic

Modern Czech Republic is a relatively small, highly developed industrial country, economically diverse, with a complex economic geography. The Czech Republic has always been famous not only for the volume of industrial products, but also for their high quality.

The main branches of Czech industry are fuel and energy, mechanical engineering, chemical, textile, food, glass and porcelain. The Czech Republic has well-established agricultural production. With a small land area, the Czech Republic fully satisfies its domestic food needs. In addition, a significant part of agricultural products is exported.

The leading sector of the Czech economy is industry. During the years of socialism, a radical reconstruction of old industrial areas was carried out in the country and a number of previously absent new industries were created. The construction of a large number of new enterprises, combined with the reconstruction of existing ones, has led to a significant increase in the cooperation of industrial enterprises not only within traditional economic regions, but also on a national scale. This is how the Ostrava-Karvina region, the machine-building agglomerations of Prague, Brno, Pilsen, and the electrical power and chemical complex of Northern Bohemia emerged.

The Czech national economy has a good energy base. It is based on thermal power plants, which account for up to 90% of all generated electricity. At the same time, the amount of coal reserves in the country is sharply decreasing, the Czech Republic attaches great importance to the development of nuclear energy. In previous years, with the assistance of the Soviet Union, several nuclear power plants were built in the country in Southern Bohemia and Southern Moravia. In addition, hydroelectric power plants, which are built mainly on the country’s mountain rivers and in areas where there are no coal deposits, also make a large contribution to the energy fund.

Such an important industry as mechanical engineering is developing at a special pace in the country. The Czech Republic produces universal computer-controlled machines, electric locomotives, trolleybuses and trams, cars, etc.

The Skoda car manufacturing company, whose headquarters is located in Mladá Boleslav, has become especially famous in the world.

The Skoda company was founded in 1925 on the basis of the famous Czech company Laurin and Clement. In the mid-90s, the Skoda company became part of the German concern Volkswagen and from that moment the company began active activities in Europe. Currently, 30% of the company's shares belong to the Czech government and 70% of the shares to the German concern Volkswagen, and negotiations are underway on the acquisition of the Czech government's share by the concern.

The company produces a number of models of modern cars (ScodaOktavia, ScodaFelicia, ScodaFabia), which meet international standards and are very popular in many European countries, including Russia.

The chemical industry developed rapidly in the Czech Republic.

The development of this industry was complicated by the insufficiency or absence of many types of raw materials, a known tension in the energy balance. Overcoming these difficulties is greatly facilitated by close economic cooperation with other countries, in particular with the Russian Federation, which supplies the Czech Republic with the necessary quantities of oil, natural gas and other types of raw materials. The main centers of the chemical industry in the Czech Republic are concentrated in Central and Northern Bohemia.

The Czech light industry has a traditionally high level of development - textile, glass and shoe production.

Currently, the Czech textile industry produces a wide range of fabrics based on natural fibers (wool, linen, cotton), artificial fibers (viscose silk, polyamide and polyester fibers), as well as so-called mixed fabrics made from a combination of synthetic and natural fibers.

The Czech glass, ceramic and porcelain industries have long gained worldwide fame. Glass production is concentrated mainly in the cities of Jablonec na Nisa, Nowy Bor, Poděbrady, and Karlovy Vary. The centers of the ceramic and porcelain industry are located in South Moravia and Western Bohemia. The so-called “Czech” glass produced at the Bohemia glass factory in the city of Poděbrady has gained particular worldwide fame. This is a large enterprise specializing exclusively in the production of hand-cut lead crystal.

Brewing has been developed in the country for a long time. Among the variety of beers that are brewed in breweries in the Czech Republic, Pilsen beer “Prazdroj” has enjoyed a high reputation since the Middle Ages. Many countries tried to produce their own “Pilsner beer”, but it was not possible. Only a combination of high-quality hops, barley malt and special water from artesian wells makes it possible to brew real Prazdroy.

Beer has been a favorite folk drink among the Czechs for a long time, and it was produced in strict accordance with strictly established rules, the observance of which was monitored by city councilors. The quality of beer was checked in a rather unique way. Beer was poured onto the polished oak bench. The brewer sat on the spilled beer in his “trademark” leather pants and sat until the beer dried. Then he stood up, and if the bench rose with him, it was recognized that the beer was of good quality.

The modern economy of the country places increasing demands on transport.

The basis of the transport system of the Czech Republic is made up of railways, providing mass transportation of goods over long distances. The Czech railway network is one of the densest in the world. Currently, most railway lines are electrified and have second tracks. Road transport also plays an important role in cargo transportation, accounting for about a quarter of total cargo turnover. The country is covered by a dense network of highways and the construction of new highways continues.

A number of pipelines pass through the country, through which natural gas and oil from Russia are supplied to the Czech Republic and further to Western European countries.

Air transport plays a significant role in domestic and international passenger transportation.

Since 1990, radical changes have been carried out in the Czech Republic in order to achieve the parameters of a market economy. Particular emphasis is placed on the denationalization of property and the formation of a competitive environment. “Small” privatization has almost been completed, during which the vast majority of trade and service enterprises were sold at auctions. In 1996, the private sector in the Czech Republic accounted for about 15% of commercial industrial production, 44% of the volume of construction work, and 55% of retail turnover.

At the same time, the country experienced an economic recession in the early 90s, despite foreign investment in the Czech economy, which in 1992 amounted to about 1 billion US dollars. So in 1992, the reduction in industrial production was 16% and in agriculture 11.5%. Currently, there is a period of stabilization of the country's economy.

Foreign economic relations of the Czech Republic

Foreign economic relations are of particular importance for the Czech Republic, as a relatively small state with a diverse and at the same time specialized economy that requires the import of many types of raw materials. Maintaining sustainable rates of economic growth, implementing progressive structural changes, and increasing the efficiency of the national economy largely depend on the successful development of foreign economic relations. The development of economic cooperation between the Czech Republic and neighboring countries is favored by the fact that, in terms of their sectoral structure, the economies of the Czech Republic and each of these countries complement each other to a certain extent; their geographic proximity and the presence of main railways and highways connecting them are also important. The benefit of economic cooperation with these countries is also determined by the fact that the majority of enterprises in key sectors of heavy industry are concentrated near their borders, therefore the distances between suppliers and consumers are small and sometimes measured only a few tens of kilometers, which significantly reduces transport costs. Thus, the peculiarities of the sectoral and territorial structure of the national economy, combined with close proximity, create great opportunities for cooperation in a wide variety of areas of economic life.

During the years of the existence of the socialist camp, the main mutually beneficial economic ties of the Czech Republic developed with the socialist countries, which made it possible to solve the problem of creating the necessary prerequisites for the stable and uninterrupted development of the national economy. The diverse connections of the Czech Republic with socialist countries through the specialization of production cooperation in leading industries, the presence of a guaranteed sales market contributed to the organization of large-scale production, strengthening the position of the Czech Republic in the system of the international socialist division of labor as the most important manufacturer and exporter of machinery and equipment.

The wide range of exports of mechanical engineering products was dominated by complete equipment - rolling mills for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, heavy power equipment, equipment for sugar factories and breweries. Metal-cutting machines, trucks and cars, tractors and electric locomotives are also exported.

The imports of the Czech Republic are dominated by fuel and raw materials, mainly from the oil and gas complex. Crude oil and natural gas come to the Czech Republic mainly from the Russian Federation through pipelines built within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance of the countries of the socialist camp. Machinery and equipment are also imported in large quantities. The import of advanced technology contributes to the accelerated development of the country's industry.

After the collapse of the socialist camp, the Czech government took a new political course and placed its main emphasis on the development of bilateral relations with the countries of Western Europe and on attracting foreign investment into the country into the Czech economy (mainly Germany, France and Italy). Many Czech enterprises were sold to foreign corporations, which made it possible to more closely integrate the Czech economy into the general economy of Western Europe. In 1993, exports amounted to 12.6 billion US dollars, imports - 12.4 billion dollars.

Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic

Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic. The residences of the President, the Government and the National Assembly are located here, and the largest cultural and scientific institutions are concentrated. Prague is extremely beautiful and attractive at any time of the year. It owes its beauty to both nature and the creative genius of man.

On the ancient coat of arms of Prague it is written: “Prague is the mother of places,” which means “Prague is the mother of cities.” It has existed for over a thousand years. The entire history of the Czech people is connected with this city, and each era has left its mark on the appearance of present-day Prague. Prague is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. It is picturesquely located on both banks of the river. Vltava, it has many beautiful architectural monuments and greenery. Prague, as the architects say, has a unique silhouette, which is created by numerous pointed towers, cathedral domes and the Paris Kremlin - the Castle - dominating the city. The Czech people love their capital and are proud of it. It is not for nothing that in songs and ancient legends it is called “Golden Prague”, i.e. “Golden Prague”.

Prague is best seen from Petrin Hill, which can be reached by cable car. On the hill stands the openwork steel tower of the television center. From here, the entire city is visible from a bird's eye view.

On the hilly left bank of the Vltava River, numerous monumental buildings of Prague Castle rise. Among them are the former royal palace and the famous Gothic Cathedral of St. Witta. By the way, this cathedral took almost 600 years to build and was completely completed only in 1928. The Vladislavsky Hall of the palace, built in the 15th century, is so large that in ancient times equestrian knightly tournaments were held there. At the foot of Hradcany Hill lies the ancient region of Mala Strana. Government offices and museums are concentrated here. The terraces on the hillsides are occupied by gardens. The oldest of Prague's bridges leads from Mala Strana to the Stare Mesto area - the famous Charles Bridge, decorated with sculptural figures and towers at the entrances. The bridge was built in the 14th century. In the center of Stare Mesto is the Old Town Square - a witness to many events in Czech history. From the south, Stare Mesto is adjacent to Nove Mesto. This is also an old area, but in the present it has been greatly rebuilt.

Prague is not only a museum city, not only the administrative and cultural center of the country, but also the largest industrial city in Czechoslovakia. The industry of Prague, as well as the whole of Czechoslovakia, is characterized by a large assortment and high quality of products. Prague produces machine tools (including program-controlled ones), machine tools, motorcycles, cars, locomotives, chemical products, fabrics, refrigerators, etc. The production and development of medical equipment is very well developed (including the production of “artificial heart” ”, used in heart surgery).

Prague is the country's largest transport hub. More than 10 railway and more than 40 bus lines converge here. Prague is a river port on the river. Vltava and, finally, a large airport. This city is connected by direct air lines to all major countries of the world.

Literature

1. Countries of the world. Brief political and economic reference book. 1996

2. Czechoslovakia. B.P.Zernov, O.E.Lushnikov. Moscow, “Thought”, 1982

3. Through the most beautiful places in Czechoslovakia. L. Motka. Praha, Sportovni a turisticke nakladatelstvi, 1962

4. Czechoslovakia: the path to socialism. P.Raposh. Moscow, Progress, 1988

5. Prague (guide). Ts. Rybar. Moscow, “Planet”, 1989

Moscow

Southern Administrative District

Secondary school No. 939

ABSTRACT

in geography on the topic

Czech Republic

Introduction……………………………………………………………3

Administrative and public

structure of the Czech Republic…………………………………………4

From the history of the Czech Republic………………………5

Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the Czech Republic......6

Natural conditions and natural resources of the Czech Republic………………………………………………………8

Population of the Czech Republic……………………………15

Culture of the peoples of the Czech Republic………………………16

General characteristics of the national economy of the Czech Republic…………………18

Foreign economic relations of the Czech Republic

Republic……………………………22

Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic…………………24

Literature……………………………………………………26

INTRODUCTION

The capital of the state is the city of Prague. The largest cities in the Czech Republic are Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen, Usti Nad Labem, Hradec Kralove.

Administrative and governmental structure of the Czech Republic

Administratively, the Czech Republic is divided into seven regions: North Bohemian, East Bohemian, West Bohemian, Central Bohemian, South Bohemian, North Moravian and South Moravian.

The main political parties in the country include:

Civic Democratic Party. The main principles of her program are parliamentary democracy, a market economy with strong private property;

Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia – arose in 1990 after the collapse of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia:

Christian Democratic Union - belongs to center-right parties;

Civil Democratic Alliance – emerged in 1989 and considers itself a supporter of Western conservatism and the principles of economic liberalism;

Czechoslovak Social Democratic Party– center-left party, adheres to the traditions of the Czechoslovak and foreign social democratic movement;

Republican Party– emerged in 1989, is considered a radical right-wing party, its program is populist-anarchist;

Agricultural Party– defends the interests of farmers and village residents;

Society of Moravia and Silesia- advocates self-governing Moravia and Silesia.

From the history of the Czech Republic

After the Second World War, the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia was restored, the Czech and Slovak lands became part of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. Since February 1948, after the Communist Party came to power, the country's entry onto the path of socialist construction was proclaimed. At the end of the 60s, the process of updating socialism through its democratization began, called the “Prague Spring,” which was interrupted in August 1968 after the entry of troops from five Warsaw Pact countries. As a result of the emergence of an acute socio-political crisis in November 1989, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was removed from power. At the parliamentary and municipal elections held in 1990, new political forces received the support of voters and began to dismantle the previous socio-political system.

Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of the Czech Republic

Historically located at the intersection of numerous trade and economic routes, in the middle of the “European home”, with a high degree of territorial contact (more than half of the European states are the closest neighbors of the Czech Republic), the Czech Republic had great opportunities for transferring advanced achievements of science, technology, and culture to its soil production, progressive forms of labor organization, methods of training qualified personnel.

This allowed the country, even before the Second World War, to firmly enter the top ten industrialized countries of the world and achieve a fairly high standard of living of the population.

Natural conditions and natural resources of the Czech Republic

The Czech Republic has good natural conditions and natural resources both for the development of agriculture and industry, and for the development of tourism.

The resources of metal ores are insignificant, and the best deposits are significantly depleted. Low-grade phosphorous iron ores with a metal content of less than 30% predominate.

The country abounds in mineral water springs with remarkable healing properties, in the areas of which world-famous resorts arose: Karlovy Vary, Marianske Lazne, Frantiskovy Lazne.

The Czech Republic is famous for its artificial fish ponds, many of which were created back in the 15th and 16th centuries. In Southern Bohemia alone there are about 5 thousand ponds, the area of which is approximately 20 thousand hectares.

The Czech Republic is a country that is literally created for tourism. It is not for nothing that income from foreign tourism to the country in 1993 amounted to about 1.3 billion US dollars.

Let's stop at some of the world's most famous resorts in the Czech Republic.

Krkonoše in the north and Orlicke Mountains in the east of the country - favorite vacation spots. There is a famous tourism center called "Czech Paradise" and a state nature reserve here. Typical of the “Czech Paradise” are numerous ruins of medieval castles clinging to rock ledges, bizarre labyrinths formed by the weathering of sandstone rocks, overgrown with dense pine forests. In the “Czech Paradise” there is a corner of nature of rare beauty – the Prachov Rocks with wild stone piles of bizarre shapes and outlines. Hiking trails are laid in gaps and on rocky ledges. Rock climbing competitions are often held in these places, as it is difficult to find a more suitable place to practice this sport. The natural diversity and picturesque landscapes create ideal conditions for walks and long hikes in the Krnonose mountains, especially in winter on skis. Here are located such famous centers of mountain tourism as Harrachov, Spindleru Mlýn, Janske Lazne, etc. All these places are distinguished by the fact that they lie at an altitude of 650-700 m in closed basins, well protected from the vagaries of the weather, among forests.

25 kilometers from Brno there is a vast area of forests. Here, on an area of 100 sq. kilometers, over the course of thousands of years, natural underground caves, entire halls and lakes of extraordinary beauty and size were created. The road itself to the Skalni Mlyn hotel - the entrance gate to the caves - is very romantic, since the narrow highway seems to cut between steep, forested rock walls. The highway leads along the Punkva River, which suddenly disappears underground. Where, through what places and underground roads it flows is unknown, but it appears already at the Matsokha failure, 138 meters deep, and from there it again continues its underground journey and again finally flows to the surface. An exemplarily maintained entrance to the caves, convenient paths between stalagmite forests and colored lakes, a walk along the bottom of the sinkhole, entertaining boating on underground lakes, the most remarkable formations of stalactites and stalagmites illuminated by reflectors, creating the impression of lace, waterfalls, trees and figures - everything this gives tourists the opportunity to take a close look at nature’s workshop and realize its boundless richness of shapes and colors.

Of particular interest to tourists is the rich history of the country and places associated with it.

The most famous architectural monuments are:

Church of St. Bartholomew built in the 13th century and the town hall (16th century) in Pilsen;

13th-century Gothic churches in Ust nad Labem;

Church of St. Mary and the Episcopal Palace in Ceske Budejovice;

old town (XIV century) in Hradec Králové;

church (XIII century) and old town (XIV century) in Pardubice;

Cathedral of St. St. Peter and Paul (XV century) and town hall (XVI century) in Brno;

Cathedral of St. Wenceslaus (12th century), archbishop's palace, baroque mansion district in Olomouc;

the old town of the 13th century, Charles Bridge with figures of saints, Hradcany Castle, St. Witta in Prague.

Population of the Czech Republic

The population of the Czech Republic is 10.3 million people. Of these, Czechs - 94.4%, Slovaks - 3.8%, Poles - 0.7%, Germans - 0.5% and other nationalities - 0.6%.

The majority of the country's population is Catholic. There are also many other Christian communities of other faiths, the largest of which is the Hussite Church.

Culture of the peoples of the Czech Republic

General characteristics of the national economy of the Czech Republic

The Skoda car manufacturing company, whose headquarters is located in Mladá Boleslav, has become especially famous in the world.

The company produces a number of models of modern cars (Scoda Oktavia, Scoda Felicia, Scoda Fabia) that meet international standards and are very popular in many European countries, including Russia.

The chemical industry developed rapidly in the Czech Republic.

The Czech light industry has a traditionally high level of development - textile, glass and shoe production.

Brewing has been developed in the country for a long time. Among the variety of beers that are brewed in breweries in the Czech Republic, Pilsen beer "Prazdroj" has enjoyed a high reputation since the Middle Ages. Many countries tried to produce their own “Pilsner beer”, but it was not possible. Only a combination of high-quality hops, barley malt and special water from artesian wells makes it possible to brew real “Prazdroy”.

The modern economy of the country places increasing demands on transport.

A number of pipelines pass through the country, through which natural gas and oil from Russia are supplied to the Czech Republic and further to Western European countries.

Air transport plays a significant role in domestic and international passenger transportation.

Since 1990, radical changes have been carried out in the Czech Republic in order to achieve the parameters of a market economy. Particular emphasis is placed on the denationalization of property and the formation of a competitive environment. The “small” privatization has almost been completed, during which the vast majority of trade and service enterprises were sold at auctions. In 1996, the private sector in the Czech Republic accounted for about 15% of commercial industrial production, 44% of the volume of construction work, and 55% of retail turnover.

Foreign economic relations of the Czech Republic

After the collapse of the socialist camp, the Czech government took a new political course and placed its main emphasis on the development of bilateral relations with the countries of Western Europe and on attracting foreign investment into the country into the Czech economy (mainly Germany, France and Italy). Many Czech enterprises were sold to foreign corporations, which allowed the Czech economy to be more closely integrated into the general economy of Western Europe. In 1993, exports amounted to 12.6 billion US dollars, imports - 12.4 billion dollars.

Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic

Literature

Countries of the world. Brief political and economic reference book. 1996

Czechoslovakia. B.P.Zernov, O.E.Lushnikov. Moscow, "Thought", 1982

Through the most beautiful places in Czechoslovakia. L. Motka . Praha, Sportovni a turisticke nakladatelstvi, 1962 G.

Czechoslovakia: the path to socialism. P.Raposh. Moscow, "Progress", 1988

Prague (travel guide). Ts. Rybar. Moscow, "Planet", 1989

Universal encyclopedia. Cyril and Methodius. http://mega.km.ru

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Peculiarities formation of the tourist market of the Sverdlovsk region

Peculiarities tourism development in the South of Russia

Peculiarities tourism development in Russia

ABSTRACT