The issue of migration today is one of the most pressing, not only in the Russian Federation. Most world powers are concerned about it, including those located on other continents. The main reason for this phenomenon occurring in modern society is military action, which entails a threat to life, a low standard of living and unemployment. Migration processes in Russia have their own patterns and characteristics, which it would be useful to talk about.

What does the term mean?

Migration itself has a fairly positive impact on the development of society; by and large, it performs important functions, which are expressed in:

  • uniform redistribution of labor resources;
  • overcoming significant differences in the standard of living of citizens;
  • mutual enrichment of cultures;
  • solving the demographic crisis.

The original source of this term is translated as “to wander, to travel on foot.” In the narrower understanding that migration has acquired today, it can be considered as the movement of population within the framework of one’s state or beyond its borders.

A little history

Migration processes in modern Russia originate in the former Union of Socialist Republics, or more precisely, in the processes after its collapse. It was at that moment that citizens of a no longer existing state were forced to leave one territory in order to settle in another and not be cut off from their relatives.

In addition, the further economic and political development of the newly formed states, which were once fraternal republics, occurred with varying intensity and was accompanied by different processes that did not always end in peaceful demonstrations.

As a result of this uneven development, a situation arose where some republics turned out to be less developed and livable than others. This has led to a large flow of migrants to the Russian Federation from, for example, countries such as Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, whose citizens leave their homes in search of work and the opportunity to provide for their families.

Due to such great interest in the Russian state, the management of migration processes in Russia has become a necessary and inevitable measure to prevent a crisis situation.

Today, the movement of citizens occurs in four directions:

  • to Russia from neighboring countries;
  • to Russia from far abroad;
  • to neighboring countries from the Russian Federation;
  • to non-CIS countries from the Russian Federation.

It is important to note that the influx of foreign citizens from nearby countries takes a leading position in this process.

Types and reasons for the movement of citizens

As an analysis of migration processes in the Russian Federation has shown, there are quite a lot of reasons that force people to leave their homes:

  • socio-economic;
  • religious;
  • military-political;
  • environmental;
  • natural.

All these factors cause the resettlement of peoples, who are distributed mostly across neighboring territories, and increasingly, recently, to distant regions and countries.

Based on the reasons for this movement of peoples, there are several classifications of these processes, which are based on a variety of principles:

  1. By organization – forced, unorganized, organized.
  2. By direction – external, internal.
  3. By duration – temporary, permanent.
  4. Motives: family, religious, military-political, economic.

In addition, temporary migrations can be divided into several groups: pendulum, episodic, cyclical.

Forecasting migration processes in Russia today is a rather significant problem. This is caused by the imperfection of migration legislation, the difficult situation that has developed in many countries, as well as the development of such a popular type of movement of citizens as. Ukraine and Uzbekistan occupy the lead in the number of displaced citizens today.

Features of migration to the Russian Federation

Regularly conducted research in this area allows us to highlight the following features of migration processes in Russia:

  • the scale of permanent migration has increased;
  • activity in the internal movement of citizens has increased;
  • the largest number of displaced persons began to constitute the working-age population;
  • the overwhelming majority by gender gradually began to be women;
  • the number of citizens who entered the Russian Federation significantly exceeded the number who left it;
  • the number of refugees has also increased significantly;
  • The main reason for moving within the state was the search for work.

There is no need to say that the most densely populated regions in Russia today are megacities, which allow many people to find work and ensure their existence.

Contrary to the state program to support the agricultural industry, a trend has emerged that forces rural residents to go in search of more stable and higher earnings in cities and suburbs.

Role of the State

State regulation of migration processes in the Russian Federation has become the primary task of the government. The executive and supervisory authority in these matters is the Federal Migration Service, whose responsibilities include:

  • control of the procedure for crossing the Russian border;
  • registration of arriving citizens;
  • temporary registration of foreigners and Russians;
  • issuance of documents for permanent and temporary residence;
  • registration of working patents;
  • assignment of citizenship;
  • issuance of all types of documents legalizing the status of Russian citizens and foreigners.

It is impossible not to note the role of the state itself in regulating all resettlement processes. We are talking about the following measures:

  • creating conditions for the permanent resettlement of compatriots to Russian territory;
  • development of individual mechanisms for attracting foreign labor;
  • promoting the development of internal movements of citizens, especially providing all possible assistance for moving to the Far Eastern regions, where there is a sharp shortage of labor and the population as a whole;
  • providing assistance to educational migration and academic mobility of citizens;
  • humanitarian support for internally displaced persons;
  • legal regulation of migration processes in the Russian Federation, which is reflected in the simplification of procedures for the legalization of foreign citizens;
  • comprehensive assistance in the adaptation of migrants to new conditions and their integration into Russian society;
  • formation of interaction between the host population and new members of society;
  • countering illegal movements of citizens.

The planned transformations were divided into three stages:

  • 2012-2015 – organization of migration centers, creation of infrastructure for the normal life of migrants, as well as centers for their rapid adaptation;
  • 2016-2020 – analysis of law enforcement practice, introduction of information technologies to monitor the situation, stopping the outflow of citizens from Siberia and the Far East;
  • 2012-2025 – assessing the effectiveness of the measures taken, adjusting the necessary programs, ensuring the influx of population to the above regions.

No less important is the position that Russia occupies in international migration processes. To date, the closest ties within this area have been formed with the CIS countries. About 80% of the entire process of movement of citizens occurs in these states. In this case, the predominant one, as already mentioned, is the incoming flow.