§ 122. Lifeboat equipment and life-saving equipment sea vessels

The lifeboat arrangement of a modern transport vessel consists of boats (rescue and work), devices for storing lifeboats in their regular places, devices for launching boats and lifting them aboard the ship, and deck mechanisms (boat winches).

When placing lifeboats, take into account the accessibility and ability to quickly board passengers and crew, the ease, speed and safety of launching boats under unfavorable conditions of list and trim, and the safety of storage. The boats are positioned so that they do not interfere with the work of other boats. The decks on which boats are located must be illuminated.

Boats are stored on both sides on one of the highest decks in the middle part of the vessel. Lifeboats should not be located in the bow within 1/5 of the length of the ship, as here they can be damaged or washed by waves. When boats are placed in the stern, they may get caught under the propellers during lowering.

Tankers with a deadweight of more than 3,000 tons must have at least four lifeboats: two on the stern superstructure and two amidships. On large-tonnage vessels, it is allowed to arrange boats in two tiers, two under one pair of davits.

In their regular places, the boats must be installed in such a way that under any difficult voyage conditions they remain motionless and are not damaged. They are placed on two or three rostral blocks (keel blocks), which must have a simple design and be precisely fitted to the shape of the boat’s contours. The boats are fastened in a traveling manner with the help of lashings that have a hook for their quick release.

Davits of various designs are used to lift and lower boats into the water. The boat is suspended from the heads of two davits on hoists. Davits must ensure that the boat can be quickly thrown overboard and lowered with full equipment and the set for people for which it is designed; lowering boats from both sides of the vessel with a list of up to 15°.

Davits are divided into three groups.

Rice. 173.

Rotary(ordinary) davits (Fig. 173) consist of curved steel beams rotating around their longitudinal axis.

Collapsed davits also paired, but they rotate on a hinge at the heel. 1 This type of davit includes a sector davit (Fig. 174), in which a gear sector rolls along a gear rack mounted on the deck of a ship due to the rotation of the handle of a screw rod passing through a threaded holder. The third group includes gravitational (sliding) davits(with a rolling cart). There are several varieties of such davits.

Rice. 174.

One of the types is shown in Fig. 175. The boat is lowered under the influence of its own weight when the braking device of the boat winches is loosened. The advantage of this group of davits is that when using them, the boats cannot be damaged or washed away, since they are stored above the highest deck of the ship and far from the side.

Rice. 175.

The boat is lowered and raised manually or using boat winches. The boat is lowered to such a height that its keel is slightly above the level of the wave crest, and then smoothly but quickly lowered to the base of the wave. This eliminates the possibility of an approaching wave hitting the bottom of the boat. It is important to lay out the lower blocks of boat hoists in a timely manner, which is greatly simplified if there is a device for simultaneous laying out of boat hoists. When lowering the boat into the water, a painter is first brought to the bow of the vessel, which is passed through the bow eye of the boat and secured with a boat assembly to the second jar.

After laying out the boat hoists, the boat is held parallel to the side of the ship at the required distance by steering. In order not to damage the boat from impacts against the side of the ship, it is lowered from the leeward side, reducing the speed of the small. If the boat is being lowered in heavy seas, it is recommended to release vegetable or mineral oil.

For this purpose, bags of oil are hung along the side of the ship, which, seeping through the walls of the bag, spreads in a thin layer over the surface of the water and weakens the force of the wave impact.

When lifting a boat onto a ship, there must be two people in it. Painting painters are served on board. Lopars of boat hoists are carried along the deck of the ship through rosin blocks (when lifted manually). The boats need to be lifted from the water when it is on the crest of the largest wave. After lifting off the water, the plugs are opened to remove water from the boat.

The life-saving equipment of a modern sea vessel includes boats, rafts, benches, circles, bibs, etc.

Ship's boats- the main life-saving equipment for passengers and crew. Boats are also used for communication with the shore, for bringing in ropes, for performing various works (outboard work, bringing in ends when placing on a barrel, etc.). For the latter purposes, workboats are usually used.

The buoyancy of the boat and its ability to float on the water must be such that the boat does not sink when fully loaded, while being filled with water. The boat must have stability sufficient to carry a sail, not capsize in waves, and allow the free movement of people in it without significant list; be agile and have little drift when sailing; its contours should provide the least resistance to movement under sails and oars; the height of the side of the boat should be such that it is possible to operate the oars, but the wave should not overwhelm it. The hull of the boat must withstand the harsh conditions of sailing in rough seas with a full load, as well as possible shocks during operation or launching. The outer lining should not allow water to pass through and should not dry out during long-term storage on the ship.

Dimensions of the boat at given quantity the number of people accommodated should be minimal so that it takes up as little space as possible on board the ship. People should be comfortably placed in the boat, be able to sit on the cans without interfering with the controls (rowers and helmsman).

Currently, the generally accepted best type of lifeboats has been developed - whaleboats. These best designs are reflected in the rules of the USSR Register and GOSTs.

Vessels traveling abroad are equipped with life-saving equipment in accordance with the rules developed by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. Lifeboats are supplied with rigging and food according to GOST standards.

A senior person from among the navigators or qualified oarsmen is appointed to each lifeboat according to the ship's boat alarm schedule. A person who knows how to operate a motor is assigned to a motor boat, and a person who knows how to operate a radio and searchlight installations to a boat equipped with a radiotelegraph installation and a searchlight.

Universal raft used in the closed position as a conventional life raft. In the open position, the raft is used for painting work overboard or dock work.

Inflatable life rafts are manufactured for 6, 10 and 20 people for merchant ships of all types. This is a durable inflatable structure that protects from waves, rain and sun. Rafts are stored on deck in the form of compact bags. The time required to bring the raft into readiness, from the moment of dropping to the end of filling with carbon dioxide, is no more than 30 seconds.

Lifebuoys and a breastplate and is made from piece cork or other equivalent material. The use of circles and bibs filled with reeds, cork sawdust, crushed cork, and with air chambers that require preliminary filling with air is prohibited. The lifebuoy must maintain 14.5 kg of ballast in fresh water for 24 hours. Lifebuoys must have secured handrails. One lifebuoy on each side must be equipped with a lifeline of at least 27.5 m in length.

For all ships, supply standards establish a minimum number of lifebuoys. Half of them, but at least two, must have luminous buoys that automatically light up when the boat falls into the water.

Lifebuoys should be placed so that they are easily accessible.

The rescue bib must support 7.5 kg of iron in fresh water for 24 hours, and then an additional 8 kg of the same kind of load for at least 15 minutes.

The design of the bib should be such that it can be put on from either side. According to calculations, the bib should support the head of a person in an unconscious position above the water.

Life vest made from materials resistant to oil and petroleum products. The life jacket filler is foam with a specific gravity of 0.1 g/cm³.

The supporting force is about 11 kg, the vest weighs 1.5-1.6 kg. It is equipped with a whistle, an electric light bulb with a battery, powered by water.

It is prohibited to release ships if there are no or insufficient number of lifeboats, rafts, breastplates and other life-saving equipment and the starting device is faulty.

On sea vessels there must be an emergency reserve (ES) - food products necessary to feed the ship that left the ship personnel within a few days. For long-distance vessels, the emergency period is calculated for five days, for coastal vessels - for three days. In this case, it is recommended to place food products in wooden boxes of appropriate sizes with rope handles on the sides, based on the calculation of the capacity of each boat and the navigation area of the vessel. The presence of boxes prepared in this way ensures the convenience of storing NC on sea vessels.

Each person is supposed to have the following products in the emergency supply for the day: a) canned meat - 300 g or canned fish - 400 g, canned meat and vegetable - 500 g; b) butter - 50 g; c) crackers or biscuits - 500 g; d) sugar -5 0 g; e) tea-1 g; f) salt - 5 g; g) vitamin preparations - 2 g. The emergency supply also includes sweet condensed milk - 500 g for the entire three-day or five-day period.

In addition to food products, the lifeboat must be provided with a supply of fresh water in anchors at the rate of 3 liters per person.

The emergency reserve is used up in the event of a shipwreck, the need to provide assistance to a ship in distress, and if, due to unforeseen circumstances, the voyage continues longer than expected.

G . N. Sharlay.

Chapter 8. MARINE RESCUE EQUIPMENT

Life-saving equipment is a complex of devices, mechanisms and structures necessary for training and for rescuing the crew and passengers in the event of the loss of a ship.

The requirements defining ship's life-saving devices are specified in the following documents:

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 (SOLAS-7 4), Chapter II “Life-saving appliances and arrangements”;

International Life Saving Appliance Code (LSA Code);

Regulations on the equipment of sea vessels of the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, Part II "Aircraft".

The proposed classification divides life-saving equipment into individual, collective and auxiliary (Fig. 8.1).

Rice. 8.1. Classification of ship life-saving appliances

Personal life-saving appliances are those designed for use by one person. This group includes both personal (life jackets and wetsuits) and equipment that can be used by anyone as needed (lifebuoys, protective suits and thermal protective equipment).

8.1. INDIVIDUAL RESCUE EQUIPMENT

The lifebuoy must:

have a lifeline running along the outer perimeter of the circle and fixed in four places equidistant from each other, forming four identical loops;

have sewn stripes of reflective material;

have a mass of at least 2.5 kg.

At least one circle on each side must have lifelines at least 30 m long.

Rice. 8.2. Lifebuoys with lifeline and self-igniting fire

50% of the lifebuoys, but not less than six, must be equipped with self-igniting lights with a source of electricity that ensures burning for at least 2 hours. Fire white must be lit continuously or flash with a frequency of not less than 50 and not more than 70 flashes per minute. At least two circles, from among those equipped with self-igniting lights, must be equipped with automatically operating smoke bombs with a duration of action of at least 15 minutes and have the ability to quickly be reset

small sources of smoke (Fig. 8.3). Typically, a self-igniting fire and a saber are combined in one housing. This set of lifebuoys is made in order to be able to provide assistance to a person in the water under various circumstances:

if a person has fallen over the port from a vessel at anchor, then the most rational thing to do is to supply a circle with a lifeline, which will not allow the current to carry the person away from the vessel during the rescue operation;

if a person falls overboard of a moving vessel, then serve him with a circle with a line

It is senseless - the circle will go away along with the ship. In this case, a circle must be thrown with means of giving a signal: during the day - with a self-igniting smoke bomb, at night - with a self-igniting fire.

Rice. 8.3. Circle with self-igniting fire and smoke bomb

G . N. Sharlay. Ship's life-saving appliances

The circles are distributed in such a way as to be easily accessible on both sides of the ship and, if possible, on all open decks extending to the side. At least one lifebuoy must be placed close to the stern of the ship.

Wheels should be stored in such a way that they can be quickly reset, and should not be tightly secured in any way. Each lifebuoy must be marked in block letters of the Latin alphabet with the name of the vessel and the port of registry.

according to table. 8. 1. Each crew member and passenger must be provided with an individual vest. Life jackets are marked with either weight or height, or both weight and height. In addition, a specified number of lifejackets suitable for children shall be provided equal to at least 10% of the number of passengers on board, or such greater number as may be required to accommodate each child. accounted for the bottom of the life jacket.

If the lifejacket is intended for use by an adult person weighing more than 140 kg and having a chest circumference of more than 1750 mm, a suitable means must be provided to enable the lifejacket to be secured to such person. When transporting an infant on board the ship, a special vest for infants must be provided.



Marking sp	vital life	For babies		For children	For adults x

Size to use:
			15 or more, but less than 43		4 3 or more
Height, cm			100 more, but less than 155		1 55 or more

There should be a sufficient number of lifejackets for watch personnel and for use in remote lifeboat and liferaft locations. Life jackets provided for watch personnel should be stored on the bridge, in the engine control room and in any other position where wool is carried.

The design of the lifejacket must ensure:

the ascent of an unconscious person and his transfer

when jumping into water from a height of 4.5 meters, the vest should not cause damage

ny. Inflatable life jackets have at least two independent chambers that have such buoyancy and design that, in the event of injury to a person,

Most of them, the vest met the requirements listed above.

G. N. Sharlay. Marine sailor

The inflation system allows you to inflate the airplane either automatically or manually from a gas cylinder. In addition, it provides the possibility of inflating the vest with your mouth.

Jumping into the water in a vest is done feet first. In this case, the vest should be well fixed (not dangling).

A vest with rigid buoyancy elements when entering the water has a lot of resistance, therefore, to additionally fix the vertical displacement, you should also grab the chest buoyancy elements Fig. 8.4).

It is not recommended to jump into the water wearing a vest with rigid buoyancy elements from a height of more than 4.5 meters. However, if you inevitably have to jump from a greater height, then you should wrap the end of the straps for fastening on your hand, and take the vest in your hand. In this case, the vest will be torn out of your hand when entering the water, but held by the straps. Each life jacket must be equipped with a white signal light and a whistle (Fig. 8.5).

The flasher battery starts working once it is full. sea water. It is impossible to stop the electrochemical reaction that has begun after water enters the housing, therefore, to prevent premature use of the resource, the water inlet hole is closed with a plug. The cork can only be pulled out by hand, and this should only be done after dark.

Rice. 8.4. Rigid life jacket

Fig.8.5. Lifejacket warning light and battery

G . N. Sharlay. Ship's life-saving appliances

Wetsuits and protective suits

Hydrot hermokos yum− a suit made of waterproof material to protect a person from hypothermia in cold water (Fig. 8.6). A wetsuit must be provided for each person on board. Also, wetsuits must be located in remote locations of the rafts; their number is determined by the Flag Administration of the vessel, but it is recommended to have one equal to the capacity of the raft, but not less than two.

Wetsuits must meet the following requirements:

any crew member could independently put on the suit for no more than 2 minutes, along with clothing and a life jacket;

a person’s body temperature should not drop by more than 20 C within 6 hours at a water temperature of 0 – 20 C;

did not sustain combustion and did not melt if engulfed in an open flame;

	had the strength to ensure a jump from a height of 4.5 meters;
	ensured freedom of movement when lowering life-saving equipment, when
	climbing a vertical ladder to a height of up to 5 meters, and also to
	a person in a immersion suit could swim a short distance and climb into
	boat or raft.
	The wetsuit label indicates the guarantor			regulated heat protection time.

Rice. 8.6. Wetsuit

Heat protectant− they also make waterproof material

Each lifeboat and raft must be supplied with thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the capacity of people, but not less than two.

G. N. Sharlay. Marine sailor

8.2. COLLECTIVE RESCUE MEANS

Collective ship life-saving appliances are means that can be used by a group of people and must provide reliable and safe rescue when the ship has a list of up to 20° on any side and a trim of 10°.

Boarding people into life-saving equipment and lowering them into the water in calm waters should not exceed the following time:

- 10 minutes - for cargo ships;

- 30 minutes - for passenger and fishing vessels.

Lifeboats and life rafts, as a rule, must be stowed on the same deck; life rafts can be stowed on one deck

above or below the deck on which the lifeboats are installed.

Lifeboats

It is this purpose that determines all the requirements for the design and equipment of lifeboats.

The number of lifeboats on board a ship is determined by the area of navigation, the type of ship and the number of people on board. Cargo ships with an unlimited navigation area are equipped with boats that provide the entire crew on each side (1 00% + 10 0% = 200%). Passenger ships are equipped with lifeboats with a capacity of 50% of passengers and crew on each side (50% + 50% = 1 00%).

ensure reliable self-righting to an even keel when capsizing;

has a mechanical engine with remote control from the wheelhouse; be painted orange.

G . N. Sharlay. Ship's life-saving appliances

The lifeboat should be equipped with a compression ignition internal combustion engine:

the engine must run for at least 5 minutes from the moment of starting in a cold state, when the boat is out of the water;

the speed of the boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots;

The fuel supply must be sufficient to operate the engine at full speed for 24 hours.

If the ship has partially enclosed lifeboats, then I send them


beams should	be equipped with a toprik with at least me-
with two rescue pendants.
	The boat's floatability is ensured by air boxes - ger me-
quiet, air-filled or		foam compartments, the volume of which
determined taking into account that the heads		people sitting in the boat were
above the surface of the water, even if the boat is completely flooded.
Information about the capacity of the boat, and		also its main dimensions are plotted on

its sides at the new hour and indelible paint (Fig. 8.8), the name of the ship, home port (in letters of the Latin alphabet) and ship number lifeboats The markings to identify the vessel to which the boat belongs and its number must be visible from above.

Along the perimeter of the boat, under the fender and on the deck, stripes of reflective material are glued. In the bow and stern parts, crosses made of reflective material are placed on the upper part of the closure.

		is. 8.8. Lifeboat markings
	The boat is equipped with an electrolyte kidney. Battery charge
ensures operation for at least 1-2 hours. On the top			parts of the mouth closure
is being navigated	pilot light with manual switch,		giving constant
or a glimpse	New (50-70 flashes per minute) white light		colors. 3 row battery
food security	bakes the work for at least 12 hours.
	single lifeboats for oil tankers have fire extinguishing con-
structure, about	equipped	irrigation system providing passage through the impervious

explosively burning oil for 8 minutes, and compressed air, ensuring the safety of people and the operation of engines for 10 minutes. The hulls of the boats are made of double hulls, they must have high strength, the deckhouse must provide all-round visibility, and the windows must be made of fireproof glass.

To ensure that the boat is used by qualified persons (for example, passengers) in a clearly visible location near the engine controls, instructions for starting and operating the engine should be provided, and the controls should be appropriately marked.

G. N. Sharlay. Marine sailor

All lifeboats, rescue boats and launching devices are visually inspected weekly to ensure they are always ready for use. The engines of all lifeboats and rescue boats must run for at least 3 minutes. Lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, must be moved from their installation sites. The results of the inspection are recorded in the ship's log.

Every month, all lifeboats, with the exception of free-fall boats, fall out of their installation sites without people in the lifeboat. Supplies are checked to ensure they are complete and in good condition.

Each lifeboat, with the exception of free-fall boats, is launched and then maneuvered on the water with a designated control command at least once every 3 months.

Lowering the boats. Boats, launched mechanically and by means, are installed horizontally on both sides of the vessel. A davit is a device designed for storing a boat, having beams tilting over the side, used when lowering and lifting the boat (Fig. 8.9).

To ensure a tighter fit of the boat to the keel blocks, the latter are equipped with a felt cushion covered with canvas. The boat is secured with lashings with a hook, which must be released before lowering.

Before lowering the boat, you must first

deliver to the boat the equipment and supplies necessary for survival after abandoning the ship: a portable VHF radio station and a radar beacon (Fig. 8.10), warm clothes, an additional supply of food and water, an additional supply of pyrotechnic signaling equipment;

G . N. Sharlay. Ship's life-saving appliances

Rice. 8.10. Radar transponder (S ART) and portable VHF radios

remove the railing of the landing deck;

prepare stormtra p;

give away the lashings;

give away the davit stoppers.

The lifeboat must be equipped drain valve co-

The second one is installed in the lower part of the bottom of the boat for lowering into water. The valve opens automatically when the boat is out of the water and automatically closes when the boat is afloat. When preparing the boat for launching, the valve must be closed with a cap or plug.

The boat falls out only under the influence of gravity and is carried out using boat hoists (Fig. 8.11). Before starting the descent, the stopper on the davits is released and the blade of the hoists is smoothly released, for which the brake of the boat winch is gradually released. Uniform etching of the bow and stern hoists is achieved by the fact that the blades are attached to the drum of one boat winch (Fig. 8.12). After the yuppe reaches its limit position, the vertical descent of the boats into the water begins.

Lopars are steel cables attached to the boat at its ends and carried to a winch, intended for lowering and raising the boat. Lapps should periodically thyro-

They are installed in such a way that the movable block falls from it only when the davit is in the lower limit position.

The lowering of a boat on hoists can be controlled both from the deck of the ship and from the boat. This allows, under favorable weather conditions, not to leave a descent support team on the orbiter.

G. N. Sharlay. Marine sailor

the shield of which the boat is connected to the paddles or is freed from them during lowering or ascent on board. It includes the hook block and the drive mechanism (Fig. 8.13).

Rice. 8.13. Release devices

The mechanism must provide isolation in two ways: conventional (without load) and - with load:

normal - the hooks are released only when the boat is completely on the water, or when there is no load on the hooks, and there is no need to separate the davit shackle and the hook toe manually. To prevent disconnection when there is a load on the hooks, the hydrostatic locking device is changed (Fig. 8.14). When lifting the boat from the water, arrange it to automatically return to its original position. This provision comes into force on July 1

Sea-going vessels are equipped with life-saving equipment in accordance with the standards established by the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS-74) and the Rules for the Conventional Equipment of Sea-going Vessels of the USSR Register. Life-saving equipment is divided into means for collective use (lifeboats, rafts and floating devices) and individual use (life jackets, flotation rings and overalls).
Vessels are equipped with life-saving equipment depending on the navigation area and the type of vessel. The rules of the USSR Register determine the minimum number of life-saving appliances for five types of navigation: from an unlimited navigation area to navigation in coastal areas and port waters. Vessels making overseas voyages without restrictions are supplied according to the standards for ships with an unlimited navigation area, and ships making short voyages abroad - according to the standards for ships navigating in open seas at a distance from the place of refuge up to 200 miles with a maximum distance between two places of refuge up to 400 miles.
The supply of life-saving equipment for collective use of various types of vessels of unlimited navigation area according to the standards of the USSR Register is reflected in Table. 12.

Vessels of unlimited navigation area are equipped with motor lifeboats. On cargo and fishing vessels with a gross tonnage of 1600 per. t or more there must be at least one motor boat; on passenger and fishing vessels - at least two, installed one on each side. Oil tankers of unlimited navigation area are provided only with motor lifeboats.
Lifeboat. It has an internal reserve of buoyancy, stability, strength, seaworthiness, and has supplies and supplies intended to rescue the crew and passengers. Lifeboats are painted white or orange on the outside and orange-red on the inside. The gunwale and the strip on the outer surface of the plating with a width of at least 150 mm are painted light red if the outer surface of the paint is white. On both outer sides of the boat's stem, the dimensions of the boat and the number of people allowed to be accommodated in it are marked with indelible black paint. On both sides of the bow of the boat the home port and the name of the vessel are indicated, below the name is the boat number. The name of the vessel is written in Latin letters on the stern of the boats of foreign vessels. On tankers carrying dangerous goods, closed-type lifeboats are used, which protect people from fire, high temperature and smoke with durable water-gas-tight fire-resistant shells sprayed with water.
The supply of lifeboats is regulated by current standards, which are established in accordance with SOLAS-74 decisions. In our country, the standards for supplying lifeboats are compiled by the USSR Register depending on the category of the vessel.
Lifeboat equipment includes: lifeboats and workboats; launching devices (davits, beam cranes, etc.); devices for storing and fastening ship's boats during travel (keel blocks, lashings, etc.); devices that ensure the boarding of people into boats (inclined and vertical ladders, rescue pendants and steel nets). The lifeboat device must ensure the safe release of lifeboats from the launching
and supplies at a list of up to 15° on board and a trim of up to 10°.
Modern davits allow boats to be lowered quickly. Launching a lifeboat in calm weather and without the ship moving is not difficult. Descent while moving and in rough seas is a complex operation that can be classified as a special case of maritime practice.
Life raft. It has a reserve of buoyancy, stability, is equipped with a tent to protect the people on it from the influence of the external environment and has sufficient supplies. Rafts can be rigid or inflatable. Rigid rafts (Fig. 146) are made of light alloy or plastic; they are painted orange; The home port, the name of the vessel, the number of the raft, the number of people that can be accommodated on it, and the permissible drop height are indicated in prominent places. Rescue inflatable raft (Fig. 147) is an inflatable floating device, the main parts of which are a buoyancy chamber and inflatable arches connected to it, an inflatable bottom and a spacer bank, a double awning. Automatic filling of the buoyancy chamber, arches and cans is carried out through a separate inlet valve connected to the cylinder with a flexible hose. Inflatable life rafts are usually produced in two types: PSN-6M and PSN-10M, respectively, for 6 and 10 people.
Some of the items included in the supply of an inflatable raft are attached to its body or placed inside in a pocket of the awning. Most of the supplies are placed in a container, which is a lightweight hollow cylinder, closed at the ends with lids. The container is placed in a waterproof case.
Rigid rafts are thrown into the water from the deck or from launching devices. Inflatable rafts are inflated after being released from the launch device. Currently, launching devices are being developed that make it possible to lower rafts filled with people using special raft beams.
Floating devices. They have sufficient buoyancy to support people holding on to them on the surface of the water. These include lightweight life rafts, as well as benches and tables. The coloring and markings of floating devices are the same as for rigid life rafts.

Life vest. Designed to support a Person on the surface of the water, it has six buoyancy elements, sheathed and connected with orange fabric. The vest not only supports a person in the water, but also gives him a position in which he can breathe even in an unconscious state. A person can give a sound signal with a whistle (located in a special pocket) or with a fire (it lights up when the battery plugs are pulled out and someone gets into it). sea water), the continuous burning time of which is about 10 hours; visibility range 2 miles. On all ships, the number of lifejackets must correspond to the maximum number of persons allowed on board plus an additional 5% of this number. In addition, on passenger ships There must be children's life jackets (10% of the total number of passengers).
Lifebuoy. It is a floating circle with a lifeline and can be equipped with a self-igniting fire and a smoke bomb. They are made from penonairite or polystyrene foam. The circle is equipped with a handrail on the outside; its surface is painted with bright orange paint, and the name of the ship and home port are written on it in black paint. Some of the circles are equipped with self-igniting lights (burning duration is at least 45 minutes), some have automatically operating smoke bombs (when they get into water they give off orange smoke). The number of lifebuoys on a ship depends on its purpose and length.

More on the topic § 57. Life-saving equipment:

ABILITY TO USE RESCUE EQUIPMENT

Marine site Russia no November 14, 2016 Created: November 14, 2016 Updated: November 14, 2016 Views: 20583

is a floating circle of elliptical shape in cross-section with a lifeline attached to it at four points.

The lifebuoy must:

have a lifeline running along the outside

the perimeter of the circle and secured in four places equidistant from each other, forming four identical loops;

have sewn stripes of reflective material;

have a mass of at least 2.5 kg.

At least one circle on each side must have lifelines of at least 30 m in length.

50% of lifebuoys, but not less than six, must be equipped with self-igniting lights with an electrical source capable of burning for at least 2 hours.
The white light must burn continuously or flash at a frequency of not less than 50 and not more than 70 flashes per minute. At least two of the circles equipped with self-igniting lights must be equipped with automatically operating smoke bombs with a duration of action of at least 15 minutes and be able to be quickly dropped from the navigation bridge.
These circles must not have lifelines. Smoke bombs produce orange-colored smoke that is clearly visible during the day and distinguishable from other possible smoke sources.

Typically, a self-igniting fire and a saber are combined in one housing. This set of lifebuoys is made in order to be able to provide assistance to a person in the water under various circumstances:

if a person has fallen overboard from a ship at anchor, then the most rational thing is to supply a circle with a lifeline, which will not allow the current to carry the person away from the ship during the rescue operation;

If a person falls over the side of a moving ship, then giving him a circle with a line is pointless - the circle will go away with the ship. In this case, a circle with means of giving a signal must be reset: during the day - with a self-igniting smoke bomb, at night - with a self-igniting fire.

Wheels should be stored in such a way that they can be quickly discarded and should not be tightly secured in any way. Each lifebuoy must be marked in block letters of the Latin alphabet with the name of the vessel and its port of registry.

Life jackets

Life vest- This is a means of maintaining a person on the surface of the water. Vessels must be supplied with life jackets of three sizes in accordance with Table.
Each crew member and passenger must be provided with an individual vest. Life jackets are marked either by weight or height, or weight and height together.
In addition, a specified number of lifejackets suitable for children shall be provided equal to at least 10% of the number of passengers on board, or as large a number as may be required to provide one lifejacket for each child.

If the lifejacket is intended to be worn by an adult weighing more than 140 kg and having a chest circumference of more than 1750 mm, a suitable means must be provided to enable the lifejacket to be secured to such person. When transporting an infant on board a vessel, a special vest for infants must be provided.

Life jackets can be structurally inflatable or with “rigid” elements that provide buoyancy.

The design of the lifejacket must ensure:

surfacing of an unconscious person and turning him face up in no more than 5 seconds;

maintaining a person in such a position that the body is tilted back by at least 20°, and the mouth is at a height of at least 12 cm above the water.

when jumping into water from a height of 4.5 meters, the vest should not cause damage.

Inflatable life jackets have at least two independent chambers with such buoyancy and design that in the event of damage to any of them, the vest meets the above requirements.

The inflation system allows you to inflate the vest either automatically or manually from a gas cylinder.

In addition, it provides the ability to inflate the vest with your mouth.

Jumping into the water in a vest is done feet first. In this case, the vest should be well fixed (not dangling).

A vest with rigid buoyancy elements has a lot of resistance when entering the water, so to additionally fix the vertical displacement, you should grab the chest buoyancy elements with your hands.

It is not recommended to jump into the water wearing a vest with rigid buoyancy elements from a height of more than 4.5 meters. However, if you inevitably have to jump from a greater height, then you should wrap the end of the straps to attach it to your hand, and take the vest in your hand.
In this case, the vest will be torn out of your hand when entering the water, but held by the straps. Each life jacket must be equipped with a white signal light and a whistle.

The signal light battery starts working after it is filled with sea water. It is impossible to stop the electrochemical reaction that has begun after water enters the housing, therefore, to prevent premature use of the resource, the water inlet hole is closed with a plug.

The cork can only be pulled out by hand and should only be done after dark.

Life jacket warning light and battery.

Wetsuits and protective suits

Wetsuit− a suit made of waterproof material to protect a person from hypothermia in cold water. A immersion suit must be provided for each person on board.
Also, wetsuits should be located in remote locations of the rafts; their number is determined by the ship’s flag Administration, but it is recommended to have one equal to the capacity of the raft, but not less than two.

Wetsuits must meet the following requirements:

any crew member could independently put on the suit within no more than 2 minutes, along with clothing and a life jacket;

a person’s body temperature should not drop by more than 20C within 6 hours at a water temperature of 0 – 20C;

did not support combustion and did not melt if engulfed in an open flame;

had the strength to ensure a jump from a height of 4.5 meters;

ensured freedom of movement when lowering life-saving equipment, when climbing a vertical ladder to a height of up to 5 meters, and also so that a person in a wetsuit could swim a short distance and climb into a boat or raft.

The wetsuit label indicates the guaranteed thermal protection time.

Heat protectant- made of waterproof material with low thermal conductivity in the form of suits or bags, designed to restore the body temperature of a person who has been in cold water.
The supply of each lifeboat and raft must include thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the capacity of people, but not less than two.

The thermal protective agent must ensure that a person’s body temperature does not drop by more than 1.5°C after the first half-hour stay in water with a temperature of 5°C in the absence of disturbances.

20. Types of ship life-saving equipment

Ship's life-saving appliances are a set of means provided on a ship for rescuing people on the high seas, divided into individual and collective, the classification of which is shown in Fig. 14

Let's consider the features of each type of rescue equipment

Lifebuoy - An individual flotation device with a displacement filler, made of polystyrene foam and penoprite and covered with synthetic fiber fabric, is capable of supporting a load of 14.5 kg, approximately equal to the weight of two people in the water, afloat for 24 hours. It has a floating lifeline secured around the perimeter in four places. It is painted orange and has the name and home port of the vessel on the circle. The lifebuoy is equipped on each side with stripes of reflective material located along the perimeter of the section.

Vessels are equipped with lifebuoys depending on their length. On transport ships of the sea fleet there are from 8 to 14 lifebuoys; on passenger ships - from 8 to 30. At least one lifebuoy on each side is equipped with a floating lifeline with a length equal to twice the distance where the circle is installed to the water surface, but p 30 m . 50% of lifebuoys, but no less, are equipped with self-igniting lights with power supply (electricity, ensuring continued burning for at least 2 hours. At least two are equipped with automatically operating smoke

With displacement filler
Inflatable
Rice. 14. Classification

ship life-saving equipment.

Supporters

With displacement

Filler
Inflatable

Supporters

and insulating

Insulating

Hard

Inflatable

Rescue

Resetable

Floating devices

Descendable

Rescue compartment

Self-draining

For emergencies

Open

Motor boats,

drive

Closed

Self-healing
Fire retardant

Capsules

checkers that produce orange smoke for at least 15 minutes.

Lifebuoys are distributed evenly on both sides of the vessel so that they are easily accessible, not tightly attached and ready for immediate use at any time. Two lifebuoys with self-igniting lights and automatically operating smoke bombs are installed so that they can be immediately thrown from the navigation bridge.

Life jackets - personal flotation devices with displacement filler or inflatable ones. Inflatables have two separate chambers that inflate automatically when immersed in water and additionally have devices for inflation both mechanically from a can and by mouth.

The lifejacket can be worn with either side inward and is secured by tying a ribbon attached to it around the person’s torso. When jumping into water from a height of 4.5 m, the vest should not cause damage to the survivor. It ensures the ascent and turning of an unconscious person face up in about 5 seconds and keeps him afloat so that his mouth is above the water at a height of about 12 cm^ and the body is tilted back from a vertical state at an angle of 20 to 50°. It is painted orange and equipped with a signal whistle and an electric lamp with a burning duration of at least 8 hours, and can also be equipped with a lifeline, detachably connected to the vest and having a carabiner at the other end. At least six strips of reflective material are glued to each side of the vest (four on the chest and two on the collar). Children's life jackets are smaller in size and are labeled "For Children".

On passenger ships, the number of lifejackets corresponds to the number of people on board plus 5% spare. Additionally, children's vests are provided for 10% of passengers. On cargo ships, the number of lifejackets is equal to the number of crew members plus additional lifejackets for watch personnel. Cargo ships carrying passengers are provided with at least two children's life jackets.

Life jackets are distributed among all persons on the ship, additional life jackets are stored in watch areas - on the bridge, in the radio room and in the engine room.

Wetsuits designed to prevent hypothermia for those rescuing or working in cold water. Two types of immersion suits are used. The first (insulating) does not have buoyancy and requires wearing a life jacket over the immersion suit. The second (supportive and insulating) combines the functions of a life jacket and a immersion suit; it satisfies the above requirements for life jackets. The design of the immersion suit makes it possible to take it out of the storage bag and put it on without assistance in no more than 2 minutes, along with the clothing included with it and, if required, a life jacket. A immersion suit covers the entire human body, except the face, waterproof. Some wetsuits are additionally equipped with transparent hoods that protect against splashes on the face. They are made in various sizes with an interval of height and chest volume of no more than 10 cm.

The minimum number of immersion suits on board and their dimensions must be such as to provide a immersion suit for each member of the rescue boat crew.

115Personal thermal protectant - a bag or suit made of waterproof material with low thermal conductivity, designed to restore the body temperature of a person who has been in cold water. Thermal protective equipment covers, with the exception of the face, the entire body of a person wearing a life jacket. Its design allows it to be unpacked, put on without assistance, or removed in the water if it interferes with swimming, in no more than 2 minutes.

Each lifeboat and liferaft must have individual thermal protective equipment in the amount of 10% of the people allowed to accommodate, but not less than two.

Lifeboat - the main active collective rescue device designed to rescue the crew and passengers. On newly built ships, as a rule, lifeboats should be of the self-righting type, fully enclosed and motorized. Their motors must be capable of mechanical and manual starting and must operate or automatically shut down (and then be easily restarted) in an inverted position. The speed of a boat in calm water with a full complement of people and equipment must be at least 6 knots. For ships in operation, the temporary use of non-self-righting, open and semi-closed lifeboats is permitted. The lifeboats of a cargo ship must ensure the landing of the full number of people in no more than 3 minutes from the moment the landing command is given, as well as the rapid disembarkation of people from the boat.

Lifeboats for oil tankers are made fireproof. When the water spray system is operating, they can withstand the flame of continuously burning oil for at least 8 minutes when the boat passes through the fire zone on the water. These boats are equipped with a compressed air system, providing

Rns. 15 Tanker boat AT-30:

A) appearance: 1 - stripes of reflective material; 2 - crosses made of reflective material; b) irrigation system: 3 - slot heads; 4 - a pipe system for irrigation of the boat, 5 - a tray for collecting drainage water after irrigation of the boat before launching it into the water, 6 - a hinged Kingston pipe -^ 7 - a pump, 8 - a three-way valve, 9 - a ballast compartment;

10 - container between the bottom of the boat and the pallet

for the safety of people and uninterrupted operation of the engine for at least 10 minutes. In Fig. Figure 15 shows the domestic AT-30 tanker boat.

Lifeboats are painted orange on the outside. In the bow on both sides of the boat, inscriptions are made in Latin letters indicating the name of the vessel, home port, dimensions of the boat and the number of people allowed to accommodate. On the outside of the boat there is a floating lifeline secured with weights. Strips of reflective material are glued along the perimeter of the boat under the fender and on the closing deck. In the bow and stern

In 117 parts of the boat, crosses made of reflective material are glued to the top of the closure.

Lifeboats are equipped with means of ensuring the operation of the boats (floating oars, jib hooks, buckets and scoops, axes, boat lantern, binnacle with compass, floating anchor with draught and niral, painter, bilge pump, tools and spare parts, portable fire extinguisher) , means of signaling and attracting attention (radar reflector, 4 red parachute flares, 6 flares with red flames, 2 floating smoke bombs, electric waterproof lantern, signal mirror, signal whistle), medicines (first aid kit, seasickness tablets, hygiene bags), drinking water(3 liters per person) and food ration (2,500 kcal per person). Each lifeboat contains instructions for staying alive on the lifeboat and an illustrated chart of life-saving signals. The supply includes can openers, a folding knife, and a set of fishing accessories.

To search for people and alarm, a searchlight is used that rotates 360° in the horizontal plane and tilts up to 90 and down to 30° from the horizontal plane. To collect people from the water and warm them, floating life rings and personal heat-protective equipment (at least two) are used. For communication, a motor lifeboat radio station and a portable radiotelephone station are used.

Number of lifeboats per
boats based on providing 100% of passengers and crew (50% from each side).

The location of the boats should ensure that they are prepared for launching in no more than 5 minutes; landing and descent in 10 minutes on a cargo ship and no more than 30 minutes on a passenger ship. Near lifeboats and on escape routes, clearly visible signs, indicators and symbols must be placed in accordance with IMO recommendations. The collection point and landing site must be connected to the command post by two-way loudspeaker communication.

The launching device must ensure the launching of the lifeboat at a list of 20 and trim of 10° at a ship speed of up to 5 knots. There must be provision for control of the launching of the boat from the lifeboat, as well as a device for the simultaneous release of the boat hoist hooks under load.

The traditional launching device for a lifeboat is a gravity dinghy. The boat is lowered under the influence of its weight when the brake of the boat hoists is released. When using closed boats, the brake lever is connected through a pulley system by a cable to a handle inside the boat. The special design of the release cable from the drum through the brake lever and through the blocks ensures its release synchronously with the release of the sloop hoists and the lowering of the boat. This allows the speed of descent from the lifeboat to be adjusted.

The main disadvantages of traditional launching devices are the impossibility of lowering boats on one side with a large list of the ship and, in some cases, the practical impossibility of lowering a high-lying boat in stormy conditions due to the impacts of the boat on the hull of the vessel during lowering. The unreliability of gravity davits when lowering boats in conditions of strong roll makes it much more difficult to use

the use of a rescue device on a number of new ships of the Ministry of Marine Fleet, on which lifeboats are installed at a height of up to 20 m above the waterline. Recently, new types of life-saving equipment have appeared and begun to be installed on ships of the world fleet, which do not require traditional davits for lowering - drop boats.

Dropboat installed at the stern in the vessel's DP on a special platform or stern slip. The drop boat has a more durable, specially shaped hull. After the fastening is released, the boat slides off the platform, the water falls with acceleration, and upon entering the water, it briefly submerges under | angle to the vertical, while moving away from the vessel and floating to the side of it. Since significant overloads occur when the boat being dropped hits the water, all people in the boats take seats in specially designed chairs with shock-absorbing pads and fasten their seat belts. The chairs allow you to absorb dynamic overloads in a more comfortable body position. In Fig. Figure 16 shows a cross-section of the lifeboat being dropped. Experiments carried out in Norway showed that such a boat

Rice. 16. Diagram of a resettable lifeboat (sectional view): 1 - engine; 2 - compressed air cylinders; 3 - chair with shock-absorbing pads and seat belt

can be dropped safely from a height of up to 40 m with a trim of up to 15 and a roll of up to 30°.

Rescue boat(Rescue boat) - special

a life-saving appliance that must be on board a ship in constant readiness for immediate use and is intended to rescue people who have fallen into the water, people from a ship that has suffered an accident, as well as for collecting and towing life rafts in conditions of an accident. Rescue boats can be rigid, inflatable or combination; characterized by high mobility, good seaworthiness. ease and speed of descent and ascent in rough seas and while the ship is moving, ease of control and speed of more than 6 knots. The preparation and launching of the rescue boat must be carried out within no more than 5 minutes. All cargo and passenger ships must have duty officers

In Fig. 17 shows the Searider rescue boat

company "Avon", in which an elastic container is used as a self-healing device, which inflates when the bot overturns. Boat capacity is up to 10 people, two outboard motors provide speed

Raft cabin(rescue compartment) is a fundamentally new rescue device that allows you to provide:

safe haven for crew members during

fire, as it has fire insulation and a separate ventilation device;

evacuation of people from a sinking ship, regardless of weather conditions during any landing of the vessel;

free ascent with the full number of survivors when the vessel dives.

The raft-cabin is installed in the stern of a large-tonnage vessel, accommodates the entire crew (up to 40 people), 121

after the fastenings are released, it is dropped into the water (from heights up to 22.5 m). The shape of the keel part is designed so that the braking vector when it enters the water deviates by approximately 40° from the vertical. This dampens the impact of the water| and ensures ascent away from the vessel. In Fig. 1| shows the installation of a raft cabin at the stern of the ship and a ship | possible positions when dropping it into water. 1

The crew sits on bunks, foam plastic | -the facing of which is made in the form of a gutter with onopoj| under the pelvis, shoulders and head. People are secured in beds with seat belts. ||

Inflatable life raft currently is the second main life-saving device after |

Rice. 17. Rescue bot “Seerider”:

1 - towing eye; 2 - management console; 3 - seat; 4 - outboard motors; 5 - navigation lights; 6 - self-healing device; 7 - rescue rail; 8 - fender

122

Rice. 18. Raft-cabin (rescue compartment):

a) fastening at the stern of the vessel; b) the shape of the compartment and possible positions when falling into water; 1 - ship hull; 2 - raft-cabin; 3 - possible positions of the raft cabin when entering the water

lifeboat, and on small ships - the main form of life-saving equipment. Rafts are manufactured in various sizes with a capacity from 6 to 25 people. In the USSR, rafts of the PSN brand (inflatable life raft) with a capacity of 10 people are produced (PSN-10)

and 6 people (PSN-6).

Inflatable rafts are made from multilayer rubberized orange fabric; they have two buoyancy chambers, two inflatable arcs and an inflatable can in the middle, inflated through non-return valves from a carbon dioxide cylinder. Each of the two compartments of the raft is capable of supporting a raft with a full number of survivors afloat. The double bottom, inflated with hand fur, provides thermal insulation from water. The rafts have an awning that protects people from the effects of the external environment. Outside the raft, a lifeline is attached to the buoyancy chambers, designed to support those escaping on the water. If

the raft opened upside down, then with the help of 123

Rice. 19. Turning the inflatable life raft over to its normal position:

a) with using handles on the bottom; b) using a straightening sling; 1 -,„ compressed gas cylinder in a case; 2 - pockets; 3 - rescue lifeline 4 - strips of reflective material

two handles on the bottom it can be turned upside down small position (Fig. 19). On the bottom of the raft there are | pockets which, when filled with water, increase the stability of the raft. |

The floating anchor, connected by the main body to the body of the raft, is designed to reduce the speed of vertical drift.

In the upper part of the raft, an electric light bulb is attached to one of the arcs, which lights up after sea water enters the battery fixed under the bottom. On the buoyancy chamber and in the lower part of the awning there are 1| stripes of reflective material are applied around the perimeter

The inflatable raft is stored on deck in a container and secured using a hydrostatic device. To put the raft into action, it is necessary to check the fastening of the running end of the launch line to the vessel, disconnect the hydrostatic device by pressing its pedal, throw the raft overboard, remove the slack of the launch line, the length of which is equal to twice the distance from the installation site to the water, but not less than 15 m , and with a jerk of the line, open the starting valve of the cylinder. In the inflated state, the raft is attached to the hull of the vessel using a launch line, which, after the gas filling system is activated, plays the role of a painter.

If the raft was not dropped before the ship sank, then at a depth of 2 to 4 m the hydrostatic device will release the container, which has positive buoyancy. An unopened container that floats to the surface remains attached to the sunken ship. If the depth of the vessel's flooding exceeds the length of the launch line, then after it is etched out, the raft will automatically open and, after breaking the line (it is cut at the point of attachment on the ship), it will drift freely.

The main advantage of life rafts is their compactness during camp storage and the absence of complex and bulky devices for launching. As a result, they were primarily used on small ships. Boarding rafts on low-sided vessels is carried out mainly in the following ways: along the storm ladder, jumping from the side into the raft, jumping into the water and then entering the raft from the water. It should be noted that the latter method is the most unfavorable due to wet clothing, which is associated with subsequent possible hypothermia, as well as the possibility of a shark attack.

On high-sided vessels, these methods of boarding a raft are difficult to apply. Therefore, large-tonnage vessels of the world fleet began to be equipped with inflatable chutes with inflatable platforms, allowing for quick and safe boarding into the raft (Fig. 20). Inflatable chutes allow the evacuation of 10-12 people. in just 1 minute. On cargo ships, the total capacity of inflatable rafts must be 50% of the crew size. On passenger ships - 25% of the total number of passengers on board people.

In addition to those dropped, there may be inflatable rafts (Fig. 21), lowered by a special crane beam. In this case, one crane beam serves several rafts, which are brought to it, inflated on the deck, and people are boarded here. They lower the raft into the water together with people.

The design of the launching raft ensures the landing of all people assigned to it on the cargo ship in no more than 3 minutes. The number of life rafts on a ship is determined by the number of people on board. On a cargo ship they must accommodate 100% of the people.

Rice. 20. Using the inflatable chute and liferaft boarding platform:

I - landing ramp (inflatable chute); 2- inflatable platform^ »> - inflatable life raft; 4 - strips of reflective material; 5 - rescue rail

Rice. 21. Launchable inflatable life raft:

S- Hull; 2 - trigger device; 3 - lowerable inflatable life raft; 4 - cross from reflective material; 5 - strips of reflective material

If collective life-saving appliances on a cargo ship are installed at a distance of more than 100 m from the bow or stern ends, then an additional life raft with a capacity of at least 6 people is installed in the bow or stern, respectively.

The life raft equipment includes:

a floating ring with a line at least 30 m long;

a floating knife, safe for cutting the launch line, stored in a pocket on the outside of the awning near the place where the painter is attached;

two floating anchors to reduce drift speed with drects and nirals;

foldable floating oars;

a scoop made of rubberized fabric and two sponges for removing water from the raft;

manual bellows for pumping air into the buoyancy chambers and inflatable bottom;

a set of repair tools (rubber screw-on plugs, metal plugs, pieces of rubberized fabric and tubes of glue);

set of signaling equipment (four parachute flares, six flares, two floating smoke bombs, a radar reflector, an electric sealed lantern, a signal mirror, a signal

whistle);

first aid kit, seasickness tablets, hygiene bags;

food ration at the rate of 2,500 kcal per person;

canned drinking water at the rate of 1.5 liters per person, three can openers, graduated

vessel for dispensing water;

set of fishing accessories;

personal heat-protective means (at least

illustrated table of rescue signals and

instructions for preserving life on a life raft and for its maintenance.

The arrangement of supplies on the life raft is shown in Fig. 22.

The main disadvantages of existing life rafts are their insufficient stability, significant wind drift, difficulty in moving away from

sides of a sinking ship.

Rigid life raft distinguished by simplicity

devices and high survivability. Buoyancy is provided by metal air compartments around the perimeter of the raft. The raft can be used no matter which side it floats on. It has a collapsible awning. The raft's supplies are secured in its double bottom.

Line throwing device intended for supplying line from a ship or from shore to a life-saving craft or from ship to ship for subsequent supply 4*

Rice. 22. Placement of supplies on the PSN raft:

1 - floating anchor; 2 - throwing end with a floating ring; 3 - bag with emergency plugs; 4 - a plastic bag with a table of rescue signals and instructions for preserving life on the life raft and for its maintenance; 5 - scoop and sponge for removing water from the raft; 6 - pocket with a floating knife; 7 - a bag with folding oars and a second floating anchor; 8 - cross made of reflective material; 9 - container with other supplies

conductor, towing or mooring rope. In Fig. Figure 23 shows the device of the AL-1 emergency line thrower. To feed the line you need:

open the box with a specially laid line (/==400 m), attach the main end of the line to the hull of the vessel, attach the running end with a carabiner

to the rocket leash;

insert the rocket into the linethrower barrel;

open the pistol bolt and insert a starting cartridge;

5-647 129

Fig. 23 Emergency line thrower AL.

1 - pistol, 2 - a cartridge that gives the rocket a starting speed and ignites it 3 - rocket float 4 - sliding ring with metal leash, 5 - rocket, 6 - metal leash, 7 - carabiner 8 - line inserted according to a special stencil, 9 - box, 10 - the main end of the line attached to the ship

stand in such a way that the box with the line is in front, take a stable position;

raise the line thrower at an angle of about 10°, aim at the windward edge of the ship (the drift of the missile downwind reaches 10% of the distance to the target), cock the trigger and fire.

When fired, the cartridge imparts a launch velocity to the rocket and ignites the rocket charge.

21. Means of detecting persons in distress

IN last years The basic principles of sea rescue have changed. as a rule, the crew who left the emergency ship and are on a survival craft at sea are advised to remain in the disaster area and wait for a rescuer. The decision not to remain in the disaster area can only be made in the event

proximity to the shore. The likelihood of a successful rescue largely depends on the timely submission of distress signals and the measures taken by the crew to help locate themselves. The commander or qualified petty officer of a life-saving craft must know and be able to use all signal means available for this purpose.

The message transmitted following the distress signal should, whenever possible, include: the name and location of the vessel, its call sign, the nature of the distress and the type of assistance required, hydrometeorological conditions, the number of injured, the number of floating craft launched. In addition, an em dash lasting 10-15 s or a long count for direction finding are transmitted.

Radiotelegraph distress signal SOS(...---...) is sent on the international distress and calling frequency 500 kHz by a ship's radiotelegraph transmitter, a ship's automatic radiotelegraph distress signal transmitter (APSTB) or a portable life-saving appliance radio. The signal is preceded by a radiotelegraph alarm signal, consisting of 12 dashes lasting 4 s each with an interval of 1 s between them, given by an automatic feeder. The signal can be received by coastal and ship radio stations. Autoalarms installed on ships, after receiving four consecutively transmitted dashes of a set duration, automatically turn on an alarm in the radio room, pilothouse and in the radio station chief's cabin

The MAYDEI radiotelephone distress signal can be transmitted on a frequency of 2182 kHz by a ship's radiotelephone transmitter or portable radio station. It is preceded by a radiotelephone alarm signal consisting of sinusoidal oscillations of sounds of two tones transmitted alternately (sweep tone) for 30 s to 1 min continuously. The signal can be when -

heard by coastal and ship radio stations. Radiotelephone auto alarms installed on ships turn on audio alarms in the radio room 4-6 s after receiving a sweep tone, navigation bridge and in the cabin of the head of the radio station. A 24-hour watch on a frequency of 2182 kHz is carried out by the captain's watch mates.

A radiotelephone distress signal can be transmitted on channel 16 of a ship's VHF radio and received by ship and shore stations.

The radiotelephone distress signal can be transmitted on the frequencies 121.5 and 243 MHz by a portable emergency radio. The signal is received and

aircrafts.

The alarm signal can be transmitted to emergency

beacon at frequencies 121.5 and 243 MHz and received by aircraft. The signal at a frequency of 406 MHz is designed for reception by the international satellite system

COSPAS-SARSAT.

Portable radio“Raft” operates in telephony and telegraphy modes at frequencies of 500, 2182, 6273, 8364 kHz. Simultaneously broadcasts a radiotelegraph alarm signal, a distress signal, a dash for direction finding and a radiotelephone alarm signal. Powered by a manually driven generator or a seawater-activated Mayachok-1 battery. The radio station has three antennas: beam, telescopic, snake;

hermetically sealed, withstands a single drop from

height up to 15 m, weight 26 kg.

Emergency rescue The Poisk-R radio station is used to transmit a distress signal on the frequencies of the air search and rescue service. Height without antenna 43 cm, weight - 1.8 kg, power supply - 8 Salyut I elements. In the "Beacon" mode it works as an emergency beacon. Instructions for use are located on the case.

Emergency beacon“Poisk-B” is used to transmit a distinctive distress signal and drive rescue equipment to the scene of the accident. Operates on aircraft frequencies. Height without antenna 58 cm, weight 2.2 kg. Instructions for use are located on the case.

Emergency beacon The EPIRB-406 is designed to transmit a distinctive distress signal at a frequency of 406 MHz through the COSPAS-SARSAT system, an international system for searching for ships and aircraft in distress. Includes four low-orbit communications satellites and ground stations in the USSR, Canada, USA, France, Norway and Great Britain. Having received a distinctive distress signal from an emergency beacon, the satellite equipment automatically determines its coordinates and transmits it to a ground station. During the system's operation (since 1982), it has been used to save people in approximately 80 cases of disaster at sea and in more than 150 plane crashes.

Pyrotechnics(rockets, flares, smoke bombs) serve to attract the attention of ships and aircraft. Given their limited number in a life-saving craft, they are used only with the permission of the commander of the life-saving craft if a ship or aircraft is detected nearby.

Visual the means serve to facilitate detection and attract the attention of ships and aircraft. At night - a flashlight that allows you to transmit light using Morse code, during the day in sunny weather - a signal mirror. The lights on the raft and vests are visible at night at approximately one

To facilitate the detection of life-saving equipment

at sea they use reflective tape - a film in the recesses of which there are transparent balls dia-133

meter of a few hundredths of a millimeter, which have the property of reflecting light in the direction from which it came. Sticks on all individual

and collective life-saving equipment.

Whistle is a sound means of attracting

attention. Its audibility range is twice the audibility range of a loud scream.

22. Use of personal flotation devices

To give a lifebuoy, you need to take it from the inside with your right hand and, having made two or three swings, throw it flat in the horizontal direction so that it falls close to the person in distress. The person in the water, swimming up to the circle, presses on it so that the circle takes a vertical position. After this, sticking one hand and head into the circle, then the other hand, lies down on the lifebuoy with his chest and, working with his arms and legs, swims to the side of the ship or boat.

The life jacket is attached to the chest of the

tami and tied with braid around the body. When jumping into the water, he presses his hands to his chest. In the dark, to activate the signal light, it is necessary to pull out two plastic plugs from the “Beacon” battery located in the pocket of the vest, using a short pin passed through them and connected in the form of a loop. To lift a person onto a life-saving device, use a special loop on the top of the life jacket. The floats of the vest located on the chest significantly complicate the lifting of a person from the water into the floating device. Therefore, it is advisable to first turn its back towards the rescue device.

23. Use of lifeboats and rafts

When leaving the ship you must:

load additional supplies, warm blankets, a portable radio station, an emergency radio buoy, and ship documents into the boat;

give away stoppers and additional fastenings;

board people in the boat;

close all hatches;

open the ventilation holes;

open the fuel tap;

start the engine according to the instructions;

fasten seat belts;

using the remote brake control handle, regulate the speed of lowering the boat (when the ship is rolling, a slow descent is dangerous due to the impact of the boat against the side of the ship);

the moment the boat touches the water, release the hooks

sloop hoists;

give way, shifting the steering wheel gradually away from the side

If a tanker boat descends into a spot of burning fuel, then after boarding people should:

the boat commander to choose the safest direction of movement;

close all hatches, including ventilation openings;

open access of compressed air from cylinders through

reduction gearbox inside the boat (in order to prevent the penetration of smoke, the greatest excess air pressure is created inside the boat);

open the fuel valve, start the engine, fasten the seat belts;

turn on the boat's irrigation from the ballast compartments;

releasing the brake, lower the boat;
give back the hooks of the sloop hoists;

switch the three-way valve to take water from overboard; if the spilled oil products are of a significant thickness, lower the intake pipe of the kingston to take water from a depth of about 1.2 m;

increasing engine speed, retreat in a safe direction, trying to quickly leave the fire zone.

Keep the seat belts fastened at all times while moving to avoid injury in case of possible capsizing of the boat. It should also be borne in mind that the calculated self-healing of the boat is ensured only when the crew of the boat is placed in standard places.

People can be boarded in open lifeboats, depending on hydrometeorological conditions, along a ladder, along a storm ladder, from the boat deck, or from a special platform at the place where the boat is fastened in a stowed manner. When boarding people along the ladder and storm ladder, the boat is held at the side with the help of painters. Such a landing is possible only under favorable weather conditions.

Inflatable life rafts of the jettisonable type can be dropped into the water at their attachment point or previously moved to a place more convenient for landing. Before releasing the raft, make sure that the launch line is secured to the boat. A container with a raft dropped into the water floats at the side of the ship. To deploy the raft, it is necessary to select the slack of the launch line, which is assembled in the container with a knot ^ for shortening the lines. After this, the launch valve is activated with a jerk of about 15 kg, and compressed carbon dioxide (with the addition of nitrogen to prevent freezing of the launch valve) begins to flow into the buoyancy chambers. At an outside air temperature of 18-20°C, the raft is fully inflated in 60 s. At a temperature of 30°C, the filling of the raft with gas slows down and the raft opens completely in 2-3 minutes. Launcher

136
the line is detached from the launch valve and remains attached to the towing net, acting as a painter. It should be borne in mind that in a strong storm the forces acting on the deployed raft may exceed the tensile strength of the line and the prematurely released raft may be torn from the vessel and lost. To prevent the raft from breaking, it is necessary, after putting it into action, to tie the launch line to the railing or stand above the notched section, which is located approximately 1 m from the standard place where the line is attached on the ship.

People can be boarded into the raft using a storm ladder, an inflatable chute, jumping into the raft, jumping onto the arches of the raft, jumping into the water and then entering the raft from the water. Avoid jumping onto the raft cover if there are already people in the raft. Even if it hits the arc of the raft, it bends under the impact to the bottom and there is a high probability of causing serious injuries to people already in the life raft. It is quite difficult for a person wearing a life jacket over warm clothes to climb into a life raft without assistance, so we need to help each other climb into the raft.

If there is no danger of immediate flooding of the vessel, there is no need to rush to cut the launch line. Otherwise, a life raft that is not filled with people may quickly drift and some people will remain in the water. The first task of those on the raft is to pick up all the people from the water. Considering the double buoyancy reserve of a life raft, it is possible to lift ten times more people into the raft than the raft’s nominal capacity. In the future, it will be possible to redistribute the excess number of people to underloaded or remaining free rafts.

After all people have been lifted from the water, or in the event of imminent sinking of the vessel, it is necessary to cut off

launch line, drift to a safe distance so as not to be pulled into the funnel. After this, lower both sea anchors into the water and straighten them to reduce the drift speed.

All measures should be taken, using oars to move, to collect all life-saving equipment together and tie them with lines (at a distance of 10-15 m so that the rafts do not rub against each other). Subsequently, this distance is briefly reduced for the transfer of people (for example, a doctor to assist the wounded), when an aircraft appears (a group of life-saving equipment is easier to notice than individual rafts).

To speed up detection, you should take an emergency radio buoy into one of the rafts, which can be inside the raft or float tied nearby.

Rescue boats or motorized lifeboats are used to remove passive life-saving equipment and collect them together. If the raft cannot independently move away from the windward side and there is no active life-saving device nearby, you should use the oars to move to the nearest tip of the vessel. Having passed it, the raft will quickly drift under the influence of the wind.

During the entire stay on the life raft, measures are taken to maintain its stability. For this purpose, all people should be on the bottom of the raft, and not on the can or on the buoyancy chambers (even if there is water on the bottom inside the raft). Floating anchors also help maintain stability.

When towing the raft, everyone should be on the bottom, and in the front compartment of the raft there should only be a bond of all people, so that when towing the raft does not bury itself in the water. The towing end is attached to special rings on the towing net. Control questions

What types of life-saving appliances are available on ships? 2. Name the means of detecting those in distress. 3. What must be done when leaving the vessel on the boats? 4. How are life rafts used?

Chapter VI

LEAVING THE SHIP

24. Actions of the crew when abandoning the ship

The decision to abandon the ship is made only by the captain. This should be preceded by a serious analysis of the condition of the damaged ship, the likelihood of its destruction, the feasibility of organizing the fight for survivability and the effectiveness of its tactics. If the cause of the accident is clear (collision, landing, explosion), the degree of uncertainty in the situation is significantly reduced. But in some cases the cause of the accident cannot be immediately determined. Without identifying the cause, an active fight for survivability is impossible.

The fight for survivability is aimed at solving two problems - saving human life (crew and passengers) and saving property (vessel and cargo). In this case, the first task (saving life) has an undeniable priority over all others. However, it must be understood that the preservation of the vessel is a guarantee of the safety of the crew. In other words, if the ship dies, then the probability of survival of people in the harsh conditions of existence on a life-saving craft is significantly reduced. Therefore, the decision to abandon the ship is made only when all measures to save the ship have been taken (or are absent) 139

and there was no longer any reasonable hope of saving the ship. Today there are no scientifically based criteria for the expediency of decisions made by the captain (to save or abandon the ship), as well as reliable methods and methods for assessing the condition of a damaged ship, however, there are no theoretical difficulties in this way, such work is being carried out and tomorrow it will be possible with the help of a computer quickly solve these problems.

The alarm schedule provides for the presence of specially designated people from the crew, whose responsibilities include preparing life-saving equipment for use, regardless of whether these equipment will be required in the future or not. The preparation of life-saving equipment begins immediately after the announcement of any alarm and consists of a number of operations that must be carried out as simultaneously as possible. First, remove the cover (from open boats), then carry the bow painter as far as possible towards the bow of the vessel. In this case, you need to make sure that the spaced painter is attached to the bow end of the boat with a brake, since the boat has two painters in its bow, one of which is attached with a brake, and the second with a fire. At the same time, the rigid fasteners are released, fixing the boat and davits in the stowed position, and both drain plugs are screwed into the bottom of the boat. Insert the tiller (if it is removable), unwind the mushin-gi and, if necessary, release the boat deck railing. Test run the engine and check for fuel in the tank. Check the serviceability of the stationary lifeboat radio and power supplies. They are replenishing supplies and life support equipment. This requires special explanation. The entire set of boat supplies in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents (SOLAS-74 Convention and the Register Rules of the USSR) is stored in the boats in their regular places. However special conditions swimming sometimes forces us to deviate from these requirements. For example, in high and middle latitudes in winter it is impossible to constantly store water in boats, as it will freeze and burst the containers. In these circumstances, it is drained and refilled only when an alarm is declared, or containers with water are stored in a warm room near the boat. When preparing to leave the ship, it is necessary to bring several blankets into the boat. The presence and quantity of blankets in a boat are not regulated by regulatory documents, but good maritime practice recommends having them to protect people from the cold. The last operation to prepare the boat is to push it off by briefly loosening the brake of the boat winch. Once all these operations have been completed, the boat is ready for use. If the captain has decided to abandon the ship, by his order a boat alarm is announced and an order is given to this effect via forced broadcasting of the broadcast installation. Everyone takes their places in the boats according to the schedule, the captains of the boats check the presence of all the people who should be in their boat, and give the command to lower if there are none absent. After the announcement of a boat alarm and in the process of boarding life-saving equipment, the senior officer himself or at the head of the law enforcement group controls that no one remains in the residential and service premises for one reason or another (loss of consciousness, injury, jammed exit, damage to communication channels, etc.) .d.). It must be remembered that the watch in the MP is located in the depths of the ship, the place farthest from the location of life-saving equipment, and at the same time, their evacuation routes may be difficult. Therefore, the command to leave the engine watch must be given before the announcement of the boat alarm or simultaneously with it, but not later.

Very It is important to ensure proper order when boarding life-saving equipment and to avoid panic when leaving the vessel. If on transport ship, on which there is a relatively small crew consisting of professionally trained people, the likelihood of panic is low, then on ships with a large number of people not related to the ship’s crew (passenger, expedition, training), you may encounter this problem. In a panic state, consciousness is blocked by the instinct of self-preservation and the person acts unconsciously. The purpose of such actions is to remove oneself from danger by any means, resulting in an ugly deformation of the personality. Panic rarely occurs in a group at the same time among several of its members. Panic begins with someone first, then spreading to the entire group. The causes of panic are the individual’s low emotional stability to the action of emotiogenic stimuli and the lack of information about the state of affairs under which this condition occurs. Thus, in the conditions of a ship accident, a professionally incompetent person may have an exaggerated idea of the danger that threatens him and, as a consequence of this, the thought of a lack of time to save him. Panic must be prevented by any means, because stopping it can be very difficult, and sometimes impossible. To prevent panic, the commander must strictly control, first of all, his behavior in an extreme situation, and in no case show confusion (even if it arose at some point). Study subordinates and workmates in order to identify potential alarmists in order to neutralize their influence on the group in extreme situations. You can stop the panic that has arisen with some unexpected and strong stimulus (sound, pain, personal example, threat, etc.). Panic is accompanied by a false sense of correctness of one's actions. In fact, it usually leads to catastrophic consequences, destroying everything achieved previously.

Rescue of the crew can occur in one of two ways possible ways: unorganized rescue - panic, everyone saves themselves, not taking into account the need to help others, and organized rescue - mutual assistance, waiting for those lagging behind, the weak, etc.

Disaster statistics indicate that the time factor in accidents plays a decisive role in the sense that as it increases, the probability of the ship's loss also increases. In other words, the function of the distribution law for the probability of ship loss is increasing.<.>n And

or
The above allows us to draw some conclusions.

1. The probability of rescue is maximized by the group organized rescue strategy (5) and (10). Indeed, on a six-person raft PSN-6, the probability of survival for everyone with this strategy is 4 times greater than in a panic, in a PSN-10 it is 7 times greater, and in a 70-seat boat it is 47 times greater.

2. Moral and ethical norms of behavior are based on their expediency. In other words, compliance with these norms from the standpoint of game theory is beneficial to everyone: those in relation to whom they are observed, and those who comply with them, since ultimately this is a matter of optimal strategy actions. When applied to this case, this is clearly proven, but in a broader sense, it seems to be provable.

3. When making a decision to abandon a sinking ship, the captain must be guided by inequality (4), since this condition not only guarantees a favorable outcome in rescuing the crew, but also a certain guarantee of the absence of panic. The main reason for panic is the fear of a lack of time for rescue, so panic does not arise if the crew trusts the captain, and for this everyone must know the conditions described by inequality (4).

Thus, boarding life-saving equipment must be carried out in an orderly manner, with priority given to saving women, children, the wounded and the elderly. When boarding the boat, the third mate takes with him maps of the area, the ship's log and a briefcase with ship documents, passports and diplomas of the crew members.

After boarding the boat, it is lowered into the water with the engine running and, when it touches the water, the lifeboat hoists are quickly and simultaneously laid out, the brake painter is pulled out, and the boat moves away from the side, since otherwise it could be smashed against the side of the ship by a wave. In addition, you need to free up space clean water at the side of the ship for the safe jump into the water of people who remained on board and did not board the boats (those who lowered the boat, the captain, etc.). In any case, the captain is the last to leave the ship. And when sailing on life-saving craft on the high seas, two basic principles must be observed: all life-saving craft must stay together, being connected by painters, and be located at the place where the ship is lost. This is due to the fact that people will be searched in this area. You should not leave the area where the ship was lost if there is no real and reasonable hope of reaching the shore. It is necessary to conserve reserves of fuel for the boat engine, which may be needed to assist rafts or boats without an engine or to keep the boat's bow against the wave in case of changing and deteriorating weather. In any case, even if the ship did not have time to broadcast about the accident, they will start looking for it,

if it does not get in touch at least once within the established time frame. However, if there is a real opportunity to reach the shore or enter shipping routes, this must be done. The boat's equipment includes a boat magnetic compass, which can be used to determine directions. If for some reason it cannot be used (lost, broken), the direction can be determined in other ways. In the northern hemisphere, the direction to the north is shown by the North Star, and in the tropics of both hemispheres, a line drawn to the horizon through the major axis of the constellation Southern Cross will show the direction to the south. The sun points south at about 13:00 local time. At high latitudes in summer, the Sun points south twice a day - around 13 and 01 o'clock local time. In spring and autumn, the directions east and west can be roughly determined by sunrise and sunset. In addition to astronomical methods of orientation at sea, the direction can be determined by the direction of swell and waves, since their direction was known before the ship accident. If the ship suffered an accident in the zone of trade winds or monsoons, then you can navigate in the direction of the wind, since these types of weather are quite stable in the direction of the wind over large areas of the ocean. For example, the northeast trade wind in the northern hemisphere and the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere operate for about 1000 miles each along west coast Africa.

Phenomena similar to these are observed in many areas of the World Ocean. The appearance of branches with leaves on the water indicates the relative proximity of the shore. A separate stationary cumulus cloud on the horizon at clear sky may indicate the presence of a volcanic island or atoll lagoon underneath. Some species of gulls, such as gannets and phaetons, move no more than 150 miles from the coast and return to the shore before sunset. By observing their behavior, one can judge the proximity of the shore and the direction towards it.

25. Survival

The organization of life on life-saving equipment is very important. In extreme conditions of existence, the role of the group leader becomes especially important. If the life-saving craft is sailing in a group, the captain or the person replacing him continues to perform his functions and his orders are binding on everyone in the life-saving craft, regardless of whether the people are at sea, on board the ship that rescued them or on shore, up to before arriving at a Soviet port or even at the ship's home port. If for some reason it happens that the life-saving craft makes a solo voyage, then in the absence of the captain, all the fullness of his power and responsibility passes to the commander of the boat. The ideal case is one in which formal and informal leadership are represented in one person. In this case, the necessary effect of team management is achieved with less effort and the preconditions for conflict are significantly weakened, which is especially important in these conditions.

It must be said that in real life this does not always happen. In this case, the commander should use the capabilities of the informal leader, exercising leadership through him or with him. According to data available in special studies,

However, not all people who find themselves in an emergency situation are capable of activity and appropriate action. 50-75% of victims find themselves in a state of stupefaction and psychological or physiological stress, remaining a relatively calm, but inactive part of the team, 12-25% experience hysterical reactions, which manifest themselves in strong excitement, erratic actions, or, conversely, in lethargy and depression , indifference to what is happening, complete inability to act. And only 12-25% maintain composure, quickly assess the situation and act decisively and wisely. It is this active part of the people that at the first moment must be entrusted with the responsibilities of providing assistance to those in need and carrying out other necessary operations. Nervous stress is a temporary condition and after a certain period of time the vast majority of people calm down, begin to adapt to new conditions and can and should be involved in activities to preserve life and health. The moral factor is of dominant importance among all other survival factors. Survival factors are understood as a complex of subjective and objective reasons that determine the outcome of autonomous existence (Fig. 24).

Fear. The history of disasters and cases of autonomous existence shows that many people died without using up their water and food supplies, without realizing the available opportunities. Fear killed them. French doctor Alain Bombard, who crossed the river in an inflatable boat in 1952. Atlantic Ocean for 65 days without food and water, he wrote: “Victims of the legendary shipwrecks who died prematurely, I know: it was not the sea that killed you, it was not hunger that killed you, it was not thirst that killed you! Rocking on the waves to the plaintive cries of seagulls, you died of fear.”

150
As can be seen from Fig. 24, survival stressors include pain, thirst, hunger, fatigue, fear in cold, heat, or loneliness.

Pain - a normal physiological reaction of the body, indicating a disorder or threat to an organ or part of the body. This is a signal from the periphery to the central nervous system, reaching consciousness. Severe pain takes over the entire consciousness, making a person incapable of activity. To prevent pain shock, pain is suppressed with special painkillers and anesthetic drugs -

Mental state (emotional stability, will to live, activity)

Survival

Training to act in conditions of autonomous existence
Emergency supplies

§ 122. Lifeboat equipment and life-saving equipment sea ​​vessels

More on the topic § 57. Life-saving equipment:

§ 122. Lifeboat equipment and life-saving equipment sea vessels