When was the pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops built? Pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops

The Pyramid of Cheops is a rare case in Egyptology when we can be sure who owns the monument. Often the ancient monuments of Egypt were appropriated by later rulers. The technology of appropriation was very simple - the name of the pharaoh-builder (cartouche) was simply lost from the inscriptions in the temple or in the tomb, and another name was knocked out.

This phenomenon was very common. Take, for example, the famous Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Until 1922, when archaeologist Howard Carter dug up, Egyptologists doubted the existence of this ruler. There was almost no written evidence about him; everything was destroyed by subsequent pharaohs.

In the 19th century, archaeologists often used very barbaric research methods. In the Cheops pyramid, gunpowder explosions were used to find hidden rooms. You can still see traces of such methods on the surfaces of structures (see photo on the left).

During this study, small rooms were discovered above the main burial chamber. Explorers rushed there in the hope of finding treasure, but, of course, there was nothing there except dust.

These rooms were only 1 meter high and had clean technical purpose. These are unloading chambers; they protect the ceiling of the burial chamber from collapse and relieve mechanical stress. But it was on the walls of these unloading chambers that scientists discovered inscriptions made by ancient builders.

These were block markings. Just as we now put a label on a product, the ancient Egyptian foremen marked the blocks: “This block is for the pyramid of Khufu, produced at that time, laid at that time.” These inscriptions cannot be fake; they prove that this structure was built by Cheops.

A little about Pharaoh Cheops

In the last paragraph we used the name “Khufu”. This is the official Egyptian name of this pharaoh. Cheops is the Greek interpretation of his name, and not the most common one. Other pronunciations “Cheops” or “Kiops” are more common.

The name “Khufu” is more common in the world. If you are going on an excursion to Giza with a Russian-speaking guide, then there will be no problems, he will be aware of this phonetic difference. But if you communicate with local residents or tourists from other countries, we recommend using the name “Khufu”.

Although Pharaoh Khufu is one of the, it is impossible to write much about him. We know very little about him.

In addition to the fact of the construction of this pyramid, we know that Khufu organized expeditions to develop useful resources in the Sinai Peninsula. That's all. To this day, only two artifacts have survived from Khufu - a giant pyramid 137 meters high and a small ivory figurine only 7.5 centimeters high (pictured on the right).

Pharaoh Cheops remained in people's memory as a tyrant ruler who forced people to work on grandiose construction. We can read about this in the works of the Greek historian Herodotus, who visited Egypt and recorded the stories of the priests.

Surprisingly, his father, Pharaoh Snofru, remained in people's memory as a very kind ruler, although he built as many as three pyramids (and) and overexerted the country twice as much as Cheops.

- Oh Osiris, I don’t want to die! -Who wants it? - Osiris shrugged. “But I... I’m still a pharaoh!.. Listen,” Cheops whispered, “I will sacrifice one hundred thousand slaves to you.” Just allow me to immortalize my life alone! - One hundred thousand? And are you sure that they will all die during construction? - Rest assured. Such a pyramid as I conceived... - Well, if so... Perpetuate it, I don’t mind.

The Pyramid of Cheops

Nobody remembers Cheops alive. Everyone only remembers him when he is dead. He was dead a hundred, a thousand, and three thousand years ago and always, always will be dead - the pyramid immortalized his death.

1. What is called the first wonder of the world?
Already in ancient times, the pyramids of Giza were considered one of the seven “wonders of the world.” The largest of the pyramids was built by Pharaoh Khufu (2590 - 2568 BC), in Greek his name was Cheops. Currently, the height of the pyramid is 138 m, although originally it was 147 m: the top stones fell during earthquakes. The pyramid is made up of 2.5 million limestone blocks of different sizes, weighing an average of 2.5 tons. Initially, it was lined with white sandstone, which was harder than the main blocks, but the lining has not been preserved. At the base of the pyramid lies a square with a side of 230 m, oriented to the cardinal points. According to some legends, the corners of the square symbolize Truth, Reason, Silence and Depth; according to others, the pyramid is based on the four material substances from which the human body is created.
The greatest creations of antiquity among the pyramids include only the Pyramid of Cheops, also called the Great Pyramid.
At a distance of approximately 160 meters from the Pyramid of Cheops, the Pyramid of Chefre rises, the height of which is 136.6 meters, and the length of the sides is 210.5 meters. At its top, part of the original cladding is still visible.
The Pyramid of Mikerin, which is even smaller, is located 200 meters from the Pyramid of Khafre. Its height is 62 meters, and the length of the sides is 108 meters. But the most famous Egyptian monument in the world after the Pyramid of Cheops is the figure of the Sphinx, vigilantly guarding the city of the dead.
The three pyramids are part of a complex that also consists of several temples, small pyramids, and tombs of priests and officials.
The smaller pyramids further south were probably intended for the wives of rulers and were left unfinished.

2. How was the Cheops pyramid built?

Its height is 146.6 m, which approximately corresponds to a fifty-story skyscraper. The base area is 230x230 m. In such a space, five of the largest cathedrals in the world could easily fit simultaneously: St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey in London, as well as the Florence and Milan cathedrals. From the building stone used for the construction of the Cheops pyramid, it would be possible to build all the churches in Germany created in our millennium. The young pharaoh Cheops gave the order to build the pyramid immediately after the death of his father Snofru. Like all previous pharaohs since the time of Djoser (approximately 2609 -2590 BC), Cheops wanted to be buried after his death in a pyramid.
The ivory statue of Pharaoh Cheops is the only surviving image of the pharaoh. On the head of Cheops is the crown of the Ancient Egyptian kingdom, in his hand is a ceremonial fan.
Like his predecessors, he believed that his pyramid should surpass all other pyramids in size, splendor and luxury. But before the first of the more than two million blocks that made up the pyramid was cut from a quarry on the east bank of the Nile, complex preparatory work was carried out. First, it was necessary to find a suitable site for the construction of the pyramid. The weight of the huge structure is 6,400,000 tons, so the soil had to be strong enough so that the pyramid would not sink into the ground under its own weight. The construction site was chosen south of the modern Egyptian capital Cairo, on a ledge of a plateau in the desert seven kilometers west of the village of Giza. This strong rocky platform was able to support the weight of the pyramid.
First, the surface of the site was leveled. To do this, a waterproof rampart of sand and stones was built around it. In the resulting square, a dense network of small channels intersecting at right angles was cut out, so that the site looked like a huge chessboard. The channels were filled with water, the height of the water level was marked on the side walls, and then the water was drained. The stonemasons cut down everything that protruded above the surface of the water, and the channels were again filled with stone. The base of the pyramid was ready.
Over 4,000 people - artists, architects, stonemasons and other artisans - carried out these preparatory work for about ten years. Only after this could the construction of the pyramid itself begin. According to the Greek historian Herodotus (490 - 425 BC), construction continued for another twenty years, about 100,000 people worked on the construction of the huge tomb of Cheops. Only on radishes, onions and garlic, which were added to the food of construction workers, 1600 talents were spent, i.e. approximately $20 million. Data on the number of workers are questioned by many modern researchers. In their opinion, there would simply not be enough space on the construction site for so many people: more than 8,000 people would not be able to work productively without interfering with each other.
Herodotus, who visited Egypt in 425 BC, wrote: “The method used was to build in steps, or as some call it, in rows or terraces. When the foundation was completed, the blocks for the next row above the foundation were raised from the main level with devices made from short wooden levers; on this first row there was another which raised the blocks one level higher, so step by step the blocks were raised more and more Higher and higher. Each row or level had its own set of mechanisms of the same type, which easily moved loads from level to level. The completion of the pyramid began at the top with the highest level, continued down, and ended with the lowest levels closest to the ground."
At the time of the construction of the pyramid, Egypt was a rich country. Every year from the end of June to November, the Nile overflowed its banks and flooded the adjacent fields with its waters, leaving on them a thick layer of silt that turned the dry desert sand into fertile soil. Therefore, in favorable years it was possible to harvest up to three harvests a year - grain, fruits and vegetables. So, from June to November, the peasants could not work in their fields. And they were glad when, every year in mid-June, the pharaoh’s scribe appeared in their village, compiling lists of those willing to work on the construction of the pyramid.

3. Who worked on the construction of the pyramid?
Almost everyone wanted this work, which means it was not forced labor, but voluntary labor. This was explained by two reasons: each construction participant received housing, clothing, food and a modest salary during work. Four months later, when the waters of the Nile receded from the fields, the peasants returned to their villages.

In addition, every Egyptian considered it his natural duty and a matter of honor to participate in the construction of the pyramid for the pharaoh. After all, everyone who contributed to the accomplishment of this grandiose task hoped that a piece of the immortality of the god-like pharaoh would touch him too. Therefore, at the end of June, endless streams of peasants flocked to Giza. There they were housed in temporary barracks and grouped into groups of eight. Work could begin. Having sailed on boats to the other side of the Nile, the men headed to the quarry. There they cut down a block of stone, trimmed it using sledgehammers, wedges, saws and drills and obtained a block of the required dimensions - with sides from 80 cm to 1.45 m. Using ropes and levers, each group installed its block on wooden runners and on them she dragged him along the log flooring to the bank of the Nile. The sailboat transported workers and a block weighing up to 7.5 tons to the other side.

4. What job was the most dangerous?
The stone was dragged along roads lined with logs to the construction site. Here came the hardest work, since cranes and other lifting devices had not yet been invented. Along an inclined entrance 20 m wide, built of bricks from Nile silt, runners with a stone block were pulled with the help of ropes and levers to the upper platform of the pyramid under construction. There, workers laid the block in the place indicated by the architect with millimeter precision. The higher the pyramid rose, the longer and steeper the entrance became and the more and more the upper working platform became smaller. Therefore, the work became more and more difficult.
Then came the turn of the most dangerous work: laying the “pyramidon” - an upper block nine meters high, dragged upward along an inclined entrance. We don’t know how many people died doing just this work. So, twenty years later, the construction of the pyramid body was completed, which consists of 128 layers of stone and is four meters higher than Strasbourg Cathedral. By this time, the pyramid looked much the same as it looks now: it was a stepped mountain. However, the work did not end there: the steps were filled with stones, so that the surface of the pyramid became, although not completely smooth, but without protrusions. To complete the work, the four triangular outer faces of the pyramid were lined with slabs of dazzling white limestone. The edges of the slabs were fitted so precisely that it was impossible to insert even a knife blade between them. Even from a distance of several meters the pyramid made an impression giant monolith. The outer slabs were polished to a mirror finish using the hardest grinding stones. According to eyewitnesses, in the sun or moonlight, the tomb of Cheops sparkled mysteriously, like a huge crystal glowing from within.

5. What's inside the Cheops pyramid?
The Cheops Pyramid is not made entirely of stone. Inside it there is an extensive system of passages, which through a large passage 47 m long, the so-called large gallery, leads to the pharaoh's chamber - a room 10.5 m long, 5.3 m wide and 5.8 m high. It is entirely lined with granite, but not decorated with any ornament. There is a large empty granite sarcophagus without a lid. The sarcophagus was brought here during construction, since it does not go into any of the passages of the pyramid. There are such chambers of the pharaohs in almost all Egyptian pyramids oh, they served as the last refuge of the pharaoh.
There are no inscriptions or decorations inside the Cheops pyramid, with the exception of a small portrait in the passage leading to the Queen's chamber. This image resembles a photograph on a stone. On the outer walls of the pyramid there are numerous curvilinear grooves of large and small sizes, in which, at a certain lighting angle, one can discern an image 150 meters high - a portrait of a man, apparently one of the deities of Ancient Egypt. This image is surrounded by other images (the trident of the Atlanteans and Scythians, a bird-plane, plans of stone buildings, pyramid rooms), texts, individual letters, large signs resembling a flower bud, etc. On the northern side of the pyramid there is a portrait of a man and a woman with their heads bowed towards each other. These huge images were painted just a few years before the main pyramid was completed and installed in 2630 BC. top stone.
Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three burial chambers, located one above the other. The construction of the first chamber was not completed. It is carved into the bedrock. To get into it, you need to overcome 120 m of a narrow descending corridor. The first burial chamber is connected to the second by a horizontal corridor 35 m long and 1.75 m high. The second chamber is called the “queen’s chamber,” although according to the ritual the wives of the pharaohs were buried in separate small pyramids.
The queen's chamber is surrounded by legends. A legend is associated with it, according to which the pyramid was the main temple of a certain Supreme Deity, a place where ancient secret religious rites were held. Somewhere in the depths of the pyramid lives an unknown creature with the face of a lion, who holds in his hands the seven keys of Eternity. No one can see it except those who have undergone special rites of preparation and purification. Only to them did the Great Priest reveal the secret Divine Name. A person who owns the secret of the name became equal in magical power to the pyramid itself. The main sacrament of initiation took place in the royal chamber. There, the candidate, tied to a special cross, was placed in a huge sarcophagus. The person accepting initiation was, as it were, in the gap between the material world and the divine world, inaccessible to human consciousness.
From the beginning of the horizontal corridor, another one goes up, about 50 m long and more than 8 m high. At the end of it there is a horizontal passage leading to the pharaoh’s burial chamber, trimmed with granite, in which the sarcophagus is placed. In addition to the burial chambers, voids and ventilation shafts were discovered in the pyramid. However, the purpose of many rooms and various void channels is not fully understood. One of these rooms is a room where on a table there is an open book about the history and achievements of the country during the period of completion of the pyramid.
The purpose of the underground structures at the foot of the Cheops pyramid is also unclear. Some of them were opened in different time. In one of the underground structures in 1954, archaeologists found the oldest ship on Earth - a wooden boat called solar, 43.6 m long, disassembled into 1224 parts. It was built of cedar without a single nail and, as evidenced by the traces of silt preserved on it, before the death of Cheops it was still floating on the Nile.

6. How was the pharaoh buried?
After death, the carefully embalmed body of the ruler was placed in the burial chamber of the pyramid. The internal organs of the deceased were placed in special hermetic vessels, the so-called canopies, which were placed next to the sarcophagus in the burial chamber. So, the mortal remains of the pharaoh found their last earthly refuge in the pyramid, and the “ka” of the deceased left the tomb. “Ka,” according to Egyptian ideas, was considered something like a person’s double, his “second self,” which left the body at the moment of death and could move freely between the earthly and the afterlife. Having left the burial chamber, the “ka” rushed to the top of the pyramid along its outer lining, which was so smooth that no mortal could move on it. The father of the pharaohs, the sun god Ra, was already there in his solar boat, in which the deceased pharaoh began his journey to immortality.
Recently, some scientists have expressed doubt that the Great Pyramid was really the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops. They put forward three arguments in favor of this assumption:
The burial chamber, contrary to the customs of that time, does not have any decorations.
The sarcophagus in which the body of the deceased pharaoh was supposed to rest was only roughly hewn, i.e. not completely ready; the cover is missing.
And finally, two narrow passages through which air from outside penetrates into the burial chamber through small holes in the body of the pyramid. But the dead do not need air - here is another weighty argument in favor of the fact that the Cheops pyramid was not a burial place.
7. Who was the first to penetrate the Cheops pyramid?
The entrance to the Cheops pyramid was originally located on the north side, at the level of the 13th row of granite slabs. It is now closed. You can get inside the pyramid through a hole left by ancient robbers.
For more than 3,500 years, the interior of the Great Pyramid was not disturbed by anyone: all the entrances to it were carefully walled up, and the tomb itself, according to the Egyptians, was guarded by spirits ready to kill anyone who tried to penetrate it.
That is why the robbers appeared here much later. The first person to penetrate inside the Cheops pyramid was Caliph Abdallah al-Mamun (813-833 AD), son of Harun al-Rashid. He dug a tunnel to the burial chamber in the hope of finding treasure there, as in other tombs of the pharaohs. But he found nothing except the droppings of the bats that lived there, the layer of which on the floor and walls reached 28 cm. After this, the interest of robbers and treasure hunters in the Cheops pyramid disappeared. But they were replaced by other robbers. In 1168 after R. Chr. part of Cairo was burned and completely destroyed by the Arabs, who did not want it to fall into the hands of the crusaders. When the Egyptians later began rebuilding their city, they removed the shiny white slabs that covered the outside of the pyramid and used them to build new houses. Even now these slabs can be seen in many mosques in the old part of the city. All that remains of the former pyramid is the stepped building - this is how it now appears before the admiring eyes of tourists. Along with the cladding, the pyramid also lost its top, the pyramidon, and the upper layers of masonry. Therefore, now its height is no longer 144.6 m, but 137.2 m. Today, the top of the pyramid is a square with sides of approximately 10 m. This site in 1842 became the venue for unusual festivities. The Prussian king Frederick William IV, known for his love of art, sent an expedition to the Nile Valley led by archaeologist Richard Lepsius with the aim of acquiring ancient Egyptian art objects and other exhibits for the Egyptian Museum being created in Berlin (it was opened in 1855).

Powerful, surrounded by mystery... - this is how the Cheops pyramid stood for 4500 years

The pyramid is called "Akhet-Khufu" - "Horizon of Khufu"(or more precisely " Relating to the firmament - (this is) Khufu"). Consists of blocks of limestone, basalt and granite. It was built on a natural hill. Even though the pyramid Cheops- the tallest and most voluminous of all the Egyptian pyramids, but still Pharaoh Snofru built the pyramids in Meidum and Dakhshut (Broken Pyramid and Pink Pyramid), the total mass of which is estimated at 8.4 million tons. This means that 2.15 million tons were used to build these pyramids. or 25.6% more material than was required for the Cheops pyramid.

The pyramid was originally lined with white limestone, which was harder than the main blocks. The top of the pyramid was crowned with a gilded stone - the pyramidion. The cladding shone in the Sun with a peach color, like “ a shining miracle to which the sun god Ra himself seemed to give all his rays" In 1168 AD. e. The Arabs sacked and burned Cairo. Residents of Cairo removed the cladding from the pyramid in order to build new houses.

Pyramid structure

Strabo Caliph Abu Ja'far al-Ma'mun. He hoped to find the pharaoh's countless treasures there, but found there only a layer of dust half a cubit thick.

Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.

Rice. 2. Cross section of the Cheops pyramid: 1. Main entrance, 2. The entrance made by Al-Mamun, 3. Crossroads, “traffic jam” and the Al-Mamun tunnel made “bypassing” the traffic jam, 4. Descending corridor, 5. Unfinished underground chamber – ( Funeral « pit "), 6. Ascending corridor, 7. " Queen's chamber» with outgoing « air ducts ", 8. Horizontal tunnel, 9. Large gallery, 10. Pharaoh's Chamber With " air ducts ", 11. Antechamber, 12. Grotto.

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The entrance is formed by stone slabs laid in the form of an arch. This entrance to the pyramid was sealed with a granite plug. A description of this stopper can be found in Strabo. Today tourists get inside the pyramid through a 17 m gap, which was made in 820 by Caliph Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun. He hoped to find the pharaoh's countless treasures there, but found only a layer of dust half a cubit thick there.. Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three burial chambers . They are located one below the other - “ King's Chamber(Pharaoh)", " Queen's Chamber», Unfinished underground chamber – (Funeral « pit »).

Grotto, Great Gallery and Chambers (Chamber) of the Pharaoh with sarcophagus

Rice. 3. View King's Chambers ( Rice. 2. – point 10) with an empty sarcophagus. The precisely fitted granite flat blocks from which the walls, floor and ceiling of this room are made are clearly visible. The empty granite sarcophagus is located asymmetrically in relation to the dimensions of the room.

Rice. 4. Big slant Gallery(Fig. 2. – point 9), leading to “ Chamber of the King (Pharaoh)"(Fig. 2. - item 11 and item 10). The walls of the gallery are inclined, tapering upward and have symmetrical protruding ledges. On the right and left sides of the passage, rectangular grooves located at equal distances from each other are also clearly visible on the rectangular ledges. There are 28 pairs of these grooves in total. Since there are grooves, it means that something was definitely inserted there and, probably, was removed. However, the grooves could also perform another function, about which, unfortunately, nothing is known yet.

Another branch from the lower part of the Great Gallery is a narrow, almost vertical shaft about 60 m high, leading to the lower part of the descending passage. There is an assumption that it was intended to evacuate workers or priests who were completing “ sealing " main passage to " King's chamber" Approximately in the middle there is a small, most likely natural expansion - “ Grotto» ( Grotto) of irregular shape, in which several people could fit at most. Grotto– (Fig. 2 - (12)) located on “ junction» stone masonry pyramid and a small, about 9 meters high, hill on a limestone plateau lying at the base of the Great Pyramid. The walls of the Grotto are partially reinforced by ancient masonry, and since some of its stones are too large, there is an assumption that the Grotto existed on the Giza plateau as an independent structure long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation shaft itself was built taking into account the location of the Grotto. However, taking into account the fact that the shaft was hollowed out in the already laid masonry, and not laid out, as evidenced by its irregular circular cross-section, the question arises of how the builders managed to accurately reach the Grotto.

Big Gallery

Rice. 5. Black and white shot of the beginning Great gallery ( Rice. 2. - item 9) with a high step at which the fellah stands. On the right and left, rectangular grooves are clearly visible along the lower part of the side walls of the gallery. 1910

The large gallery continues the ascending passage. Its height is 8.53 m, it is a rectangular cross-section, with walls slightly tapering upward (the so-called “false vault”), a high inclined tunnel 46.6 m long. In the middle Great gallery along almost the entire length, there is a square recess with a regular cross-section measuring 1 meter wide and 60 cm deep, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of indentations of unknown purpose. The recess ends with the so-called. " Big step" - a high horizontal ledge, a platform of 1x2 meters, at the end of the Great Gallery, immediately in front of the hole in " hallway » - Prechamber ( Tsar) (Fig. 2 – item 11). The platform has a pair of ramp recesses, similar to the recesses, in the corners near the wall ( 28th and last pair of recesses BG.). Through the “hallway” a hole leads into the funeral “Tsar’s Chamber” lined with black granite, where an empty granite sarcophagus is located.

Above the “Tsar’s Chamber” are discovered in the 19th century. five unloading cavities overall height 17 m, between which lie monolithic slabs about 2 m thick, and above there is a gable ceiling. Their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) in order to protect the “King’s Chamber” from pressure. In these voids, graffiti was discovered, probably left by workers.

Rice. 6. Isometric plan with sections Tsar's chambers. On the left you can see the upper end of the inclined Galleries with grooves on the sides, a rectangular step in front of the entrance and a hole into the King's chamber. Bottom right King's chamber granite sarcophagus on the right side of the chamber Tsar. To the right there is a rectangular shaft above the sarcophagus, which ends with a unloading gable " roof "made of granite blocks - "Above the "Tsar's Chamber" are discovered in the 19th century. five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which lie monolithic slabs about 2 m thick, and above there is a gable ceiling.”

Rice. 7. Black and white photo " entrance and manhole"from inside the King's chamber. 1910

Ascending Corridor and Queen's Chambers

From the first third of the descending passage (18 m from the main entrance), an ascending passage goes up at the same angle of 26.5° to the south (Fig. 2. - p. 6 ) about 40 m long, ending at the bottom of the Great Gallery (Fig. 2. - p. 9 ).

Rice. 8. At its beginning, the ascending passage contains 3 large cubic granite “plugs”, which from the outside, from the descending passage, were masked by a block of limestone that fell out accidentally during the work of Al-Mamun - (Fig. 2 - item 3) Thus, the previous ones are approximately For 3 thousand years it was believed that there were no other rooms in the Great Pyramid except the descending passage and the underground chamber. Al-Ma'mun was unable to break through these plugs and simply carved out a bypass to the right of them in the softer limestone. This passage is still in use today. There are two main theories about traffic jams, one of them is based on the fact that the ascending passage has traffic jams installed at the beginning of construction and, therefore, this passage was sealed by them from the very beginning. The second claims that the current narrowing of the walls was caused by an earthquake, and the plugs were previously located within the Great Gallery and were used to seal the passage only after the funeral of the pharaoh. An important mystery of this section of the ascending passage is that in the place where the plugs are now located, in the full-size, albeit shortened model of the pyramid passages - the so-called. test corridors north of the Great Pyramid - there is a junction of not two, but three corridors at once, the third of which is a vertical tunnel. Since no one has yet been able to move the plugs, the question of whether there is a vertical hole above them remains open. In the middle of the ascending passage, the design of the walls has a peculiarity: in three places the so-called “frame stones” are installed - that is, the passage, square along its entire length, pierces through three monoliths. The purpose of these stones is unknown.

The second burial chamber from the lower part of the Great Gallery leads to south direction horizontal corridor 35 m long and 1.75 m high. The second chamber is traditionally called« Queen's chamber“, although according to the ritual the wives of the pharaohs were buried in separate small pyramids. " Queen's chamber", lined with limestone, measures 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; her maximum height 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.

Rice. 9. Isometric plan with sections Queen's chambers(Fig. 2 - item 7). Shown on the left stepped niche in the cell wall. On the right is the horizontal entrance to the Queen's chamber. Above the walls of the Queen's chamber there are stone blocks in the form of a gable roof to relieve pressure on the chamber. The “air ducts” coming out of the chamber are shown schematically.

Rice. 10. Login type into a stepped niche from Queen's chambers(Fig. 2 - item 7).

Rice. 11. Black and white image of the entrance to the Queen’s chamber from the inclined Gallery (Fig. 2 - item 8). 1910

Ventilation ducts

From " King's Chambers"(Fig. 2 - item 10) and " Queen's Chambers"(Fig. 2 - point 7) the so-called " ventilation » the channels are 20-25 cm wide in diameter. At the same time, the channels « King's Chambers», known since the 17th century, end-to-end, they are open both below and above (on the edges of the pyramid), while the lower ends of the channels " Queen's Chambers» separates about 13 cm from the surface of the wall; they were discovered by tapping in 1872. The upper ends of these channels do not reach the surface of the side faces of the Cheops pyramid. The end of the southern channel is closed with stone " doors", discovered in 1993 using the remote-controlled robot Upout II. In 2002, with the help of a new modification of the robot " door" was drilled, but behind it a small cavity and another " door». What's next is still unknown. Currently, versions are being expressed that the purpose of “ ventilation » channels is of a religious nature and is associated with the Egyptian ideas about afterlife journey souls.

Funeral "pit"

A descending corridor 105 m long, going at an inclination of 26° 26'46, leads to a horizontal corridor (Fig. 2. - point 4) 8.9 m long, leading to the chamber (Fig. 2. - point 5), which was named Funeral "pit". Situated below ground level, in a rocky limestone bedrock, it remained unfinished. The dimensions of the chamber are 14x8.1 m, it extends from east to west. The height of the chamber reaches 3.5 m. At the southern wall of the chamber there is a well about 3 m deep, from which a narrow manhole (0.7 × 0.7 m in cross-section) stretches southward for 16 m, ending in a dead end. Engineers John Shae Perring and Howard Vyse in the early 19th century dismantled the floor of the cell and dug a deep well 11.6 m deep, in which they hoped to discover hidden burial room. They were based on the testimony of Herodotus, who claimed that the body of Cheops was on an island surrounded by a canal in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations came to nothing. Later research showed that the camera was abandoned unfinished, and burial chambers it was decided to arrange it in the center of the pyramid itself.

Rice. 12. Black and white image of the interior " underground» cameras. 1910. On the left you can see half the body of a fellah leaning out of the passage into the cell.”

A COMMENT:

Now we can show on the plan the Pyramid of Cheops in the matrix of the Universe the position “ Libra in h ale Judgment Maat over the hearts of Ab (Ab)Living creatures" Figure 13 shows a cross-section of the Cheops pyramid according to Weiss. It is more accurate than the one shown in Figure 2 from the free encyclopedia Wikipedia.

Rice. 13. Section of a pyramid Cheops (Khufu, Khufu) in Giza. According to Weiss.

Rice. 14. The figure shows the result of combining a section of the Cheops pyramid (according to Weiss) in Giza with “ energy matrix of the universe "or simply the matrix of the Universe. This drawing is similar to Figure 8 from our work - Amun-Ra discovered the secret of the original floor plan in the Cheops pyramid. All the main elements of the section of the Cheops pyramid are located in the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe. The top of the vault above The King's Chamber" aligned with the third position from the left on the 7th level, base " King's Chambers"with a sarcophagus combined with the 10th level. Base " Queen's Chambers» – with the 12th level, the base of the pyramid – with the 14th level. Passage to the gallery - from level 13, passage to " Lower horizon"in the rocky base of the pyramid - with the 14th level, and the " Lower horizon"combined with the 17th level of the Lower World of the matrix. The remaining elements of combining the cross-sectional plan of the pyramid with the matrix of the Universe are clearly visible in the figure. Angles of inclination of the side of the pyramid Khufu and the matrix pyramids are clearly different. Right side of the pyramid section Khufu is directed to the north, and the left side is directed to the south.

Now the Egyptian pattern of weighing the heart is compatible with the matrix of the Universe Ab from our work - The Mystery of the Tombstone of the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova together with a plan of the section of the pyramid Khufu, which is shown in the previous Figure 14.

In the well-known Egyptian The myth of Osiris « Council of the Gods"in the retinue of Osiris ( Asar) was called – “ Pout – Paut" Their total number was - 42. « Council of the Gods“helped Osiris analyze and evaluate the affairs of a deceased person during his life. The number 42 exactly corresponds to the sum of the “positions” of levels 13, 14 and 15 – 13+14+15 = 42 – The lower world of the matrix of the Universe. In the same area of ​​the matrix of the Universe was located “ Double Hall » Maati (goddess of truth and truth), where “ heart » – Ab – Ab – (aspects of a creature's soul). On one pan of the scales there was placed Maati feather, and on the other side of the scale was placed “ heart » Ab. If " heart » Ab it turned out to be harder" feather Maati ", or Maat herself with open hands on the scales, ( the creature sinned a lot), then this is the heart " ate " creature Ammit with the head and half of the body of a crocodile, and the back half the body of a hippopotamus.

Rice. 16. The figure shows the result of joint combination of the pyramid plan in the matrix of the Universe Khufu and Egyptian scene drawing " weighing the heart » « Ab" It is clearly visible that the vertical axis of the scales is aligned with the vertical axis of the matrix pyramid and the section of the Khufu pyramid, and the transverse crossbar of the scales is aligned with the 14th level of the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe, which is also the base of the Khufu pyramid on the rocky plateau. The remaining alignment details are visible in the figure.

Now let’s write the word on top of this picture in Egyptian hieroglyphs Paut, which will show us the location area in the matrix of the 42 gods - advisors to Osiris.

Rice. 17. The figure shows the recording of the word WEB – PAUT Egyptian hieroglyphs into the Lower World of the matrix of the Universe, which “ will determine Osiris (Asar). The lower hieroglyph is in the form of a “circle with a square inside” “ defines "in the matrix of the Universe, the area where the 42 gods - advisors are located Osiris (Asar). Hieroglyph T(t) combined with the Queen's camera. Hieroglyph U(U) practically occupied the entire space from the base of the King's chamber to the sharp top of the rectangular shaft above the sarcophagus in the King's chamber. The mine ends with an unloading gable " roof "made of granite blocks - "Above the "Tsar's Chamber" are discovered in the 19th century. five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which lie monolithic slabs about 2 m thick, and above there is a gable ceiling.” The position of the remaining hieroglyphs is clearly visible in the figure. If we assume that the word Pout (Paut) was for the priests of Egypt one of the " prayer words » inside the Cheops pyramid, for example, when they were indoors Tsar's chambers in front of the sarcophagus, which could simply be open, then such a ritual can be called an appeal to advice 42 gods - assistants of Osiris (Asar). Wherein Pyramid of Khufu, How " resonant device "in its likeness translated the words of the prayer into the matrix of the Universe. If we add the Egyptian word to the words of the prayer appeal of the priests Paauta, meaning like " creature male" and " creature woman"(Fig. 13) from our work - Who are you Russians, and we know who they are! , then you get the following meaningful prayer appeal, for example, “ We pray to Osiris and his council of gods (Pout) about sending forgiveness and blessing to the soul of the King - Pharaoh and/or to his close associates for future incarnation into a human being - (Paauta)". Wherein Khufu's pyramid again, How " resonant device "in its likeness translated the words of the prayer into the matrix of the Universe. Although our assumption seems fantastic, it may correspond to the true state of affairs, and determine the real purpose of construction pyramids of Khufu. Probably other Egyptian pyramids too. This is indicated by the surprisingly accurate results of combining the plan of the Khufu pyramid, Egyptian drawings and Egyptian words written in hieroglyphs in the matrix of the Universe. Additional " resonant devices ", which could be installed in the grooves of the inclined Gallery, strengthened " Effect "such a connection. Thus, all Pyramid of Khufu and its specific interior spaces constituted a single “ resonant device " to contact " subtle worlds of the Universe "and their inhabitants. The priests of ancient Egypt were wise scientists, possessed sacred knowledge, and, for sure, knew how to work with this even “ hermetically sealed » « resonant device " Today, with the availability of a large number of " destruction - changes in the parameters of the resonant device "its quality may be " impaired or deteriorated ».

Figure 18 shows the result of writing the word Paauta - “male being” in Egyptian hieroglyphs into the matrix of the Universe and comparing it with the writing in Sanskrit of the word Jiva Loka - “ Jiv space - Shower"in the matrix of the Universe.

Rice. 18. This is how the Egyptian priests understood what “ Creature Man" The picture on the right shows an ancient hieroglyphic inscription Paut – Paauta – Paauta – « Creature Man" It was enough to change the last hieroglyph to the image of a woman and the hieroglyphic entry would read: “ Creature Woman", and it would sound the same - Paut – Paauta – Paauta. On the left in the figure is the word written in Sanskrit - Jeeva Loka- space Shower – Jeev in the matrix of the Universe. Comparing the hieroglyphic notation on the right and the Sanskrit notation on the left, we see that the upper hieroglyph Pa (Pa) in the form of a bird with open wings means opportunity Souls - Jivas rise above the previous space and rush further into the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. Egyptian priests knew about this possibility for Souls - Jivas, which the Lord gave her, and reflected it in hieroglyphic text.

Properties of the Cheops pyramid.

Veynik V.A.

Word " pyramid"" was produced by the famous "ancient" author Pliny the Elder from the word "flame", which means in Greek pyr - fire, heat. And since the sounds "r" and "l" were mixed in Egypt, the word "pyramid = pyramid" immediately comes close to the Slavic word "flame". So, the words "pie", "flame", "pyramid = pyramid" turn out to have the same root! Perhaps they all came from the Slavic word "flame".
Pyramid- a polyhedron, the base of which is a polygon, and the remaining faces are triangles having a common vertex.
Center of gravity of the pyramid volume(or cone) lies on a straight segment connecting the top of the pyramid (cone) with the center of gravity of the base, at a distance equal to 3/4 of the length of this segment, counting from the top.

Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

Wikipedia help: Pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops is the Greek spelling of the Egyptian name), The Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the “Seven Wonders of the World” that has survived to this day. The supposed architect of the Great Pyramid is Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. Construction time - IV dynasty (2560-2540 BC). In Egypt, the date for the start of construction of the Cheops Pyramid is officially established and celebrated - August 23, 2480 BC. This date was obtained using the astronomical method of the Englishwoman Kate Spence.
Spence Keith(Spence Kate), British Egyptologist. He currently teaches Ancient Egyptian Archeology at the University of Cambridge. In 1997 she was awarded a doctorate from Christ's College, Cambridge. Email: [email protected]
There is a story by a certain “ancient Greek” historian Herodotus(nickname Herodotus - the Old Giver, probably lived in the 14th-15th centuries AD) about the pyramids, which received significant attention in his work “Muses” or “History” [“History. Euterpe”, book 2]: paragraph 124. “The construction of the pyramid itself lasted 20 years. It is four-sided, each side is 8 plephres wide and the same height, and is made of hewn stones carefully fitted to each other. Each stone is at least 30 feet long.”
Here plephr(or pletra, ancient Greek pletron) - a unit of length in Ancient Greece, equal to 100 Greek or 104 Roman feet (feet), which is 30.65 m; Byzantine length measure from 29.81 to 35.77 m.
IN 1638 English mathematician and astronomer John Greaves(John Greavs, 1602-1652), who graduated from Oxford and taught geometry in London, decided to go to Egypt. He explored the internal passages of the Cheops pyramid and was the first to take measurements. The height of the pyramid was 144 m, or 149 m if the missing capstone is taken into account. The errors in his calculations did not exceed three to four meters. Greaves published the results of his measurements and research in the book “Pyramidography, or Discourse on the Pyramids in Egypt” (London, 1646). This was actually the first scientific book about pyramids.
IN 1661 English traveler Edward Melton(Edward Melton) measured Great Pyramid and was the first to visit the pyramids of Dashur (the southernmost “pyramid field”, 26 km south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile). In his work “Sights and Ancient Monuments Seen During a Travel in Egypt” (Amsterdam, 1661), he also included images of the pyramids.
IN 1799 year in his multi-volume work, the French engineer, geographer and archaeologist Edme-François Jomard(Edme Francois Jomard, 1777-1862), together with other scientists (at least 175), accompanied Napoleon’s army to Egypt (1798-1801), compiled the first scientific description of the Cheops pyramid and carried out the first accurate measurements - he was the first to establish the exact height of the pyramid - 144 m , the angle of inclination of its sides is 51°19"14" and the length of the edge from top to base is 184.722 m.
In 1842-1862. E.-F. Jomar published a collection of "Monuments of the History of Geography".
Jomard Edme Francois, "Les monuments de la geographie; ou, Recueil d"anciennes cartes europeenes et orientales, (Atlas)" ("Monuments of the history of geography; or, Collection former cards, European and Oriental, (Atlas)", Paris: Duprat, etc. 1842-1862).
IN 1837 English colonel William Howard-Weese(William Howard-Vyse, 1784-1853) measured the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid: it turned out to be equal to 51°51". This value is still recognized by most researchers today. The indicated value of the angle corresponds to a tangent equal to 1.27306. This value corresponds to the ratio of the height of the pyramid to half of its base.Wise's research was published in the three-volume work "Works Carried out on the Pyramids of Giza in 1837" (London, 1840-1842).

Fig.1. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the east).

The main dimensions of the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

1) Platform at the top: originally crowned with a granite pyramid (pyramidion). The summit was supposedly destroyed by an earthquake in 1301. Today, the top of the pyramid is a square with sides of about 10 m. During the Second World War, a British air defense post was located on the site.
2) Pyramid height: 146.721  148.153 m (calculated). Most likely, the exact size is 146.59 m, and the remaining values ​​are just varying degrees of rounding.
Height of the pyramid (today): ≈ 138.75 m.
3) Base length: 230.365  232.867 m (calculated).
Length of the sides of the base: south - 230.454 m (+/- 6 mm); north - 230.251 m (+/- 10 mm); west - 230.357 m; east - 230.394 m.
4) Apothem of the lateral face: 186.539  188.415 m (calculated).
5) Side face (rib) length: 230.33 m (calculated).
Side length (currently): about 225 m.
6) Side face angle(Alpha main): 51°49"  51°52"06".
7) Number of layers (tiers) of stone blocks- 210 pcs. (at the time of construction).
Now there are 203 layers.
8) Entrance to the pyramid is located at an altitude of 15.63 m on the north side.

Fig.2. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the north).

Some size ratios.

According to experts, the estimated height of the Great Pyramid 146,59 m.
a) The ratio of the height of the pyramid to the length of the base is 7:11. It is this ratio that determines the angle of 51°51", the angle of inclination of the side faces.
b) The ratio of the perimeter of the base (921.453 m) to the height (146.59 m) gives the number 6.28, that is, a number close to 2π.
A study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not provide a clear answer to the question of the original proportions of this structure. It is assumed (!) that the Egyptians had an idea of ​​the “golden ratio” and the number “Pi”, which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid.

On the side is the “golden ratio”.

Wikipedia help: Golden ratio (golden ratio, division in extreme and average ratio) - the ratio of two quantities, equal to the ratio of their sum to the larger of the given quantities. The approximate value of the golden ratio is
1 = 0,6+ 0,381966011250105151795413165634362.
For practical purposes, approximate values ​​of 0.62 and 0.38 are often used. If segment AB is taken to be 100 parts, then the larger part of the segment is 62, and the smaller part is 38 parts.
It is generally accepted that the concept of the “golden” division was introduced into scientific use by Pythagoras(VI century BC), although he did not write his treatises, in addition, none of the subsequent “ancient” authors ever quoted from the works of Pythagoras or even pointed to the existence of such works. However, take note, reader: “Pythagoras’s place in the history of world philosophical and religious systems is on a par with Zarathushtra, Jina Mahavira, Buddha, Kong Fuzi and Lao Tzu. His teaching is imbued with clarity and enlightenment.”
In the old literature that has come down to us, the “golden” division is first mentioned in Euclid’s Elements (the author’s nickname, meaning “Illustrious,” or even the title of the book itself, “Well Bound”). The ancient text of Euclid’s “Elements” has not reached our time, but nevertheless, the first translation into Latin was allegedly made from Arabic in the 1st quarter of the 12th century. And finally, as soon as they fell, the first printed edition of Euclid’s Elements with drawings in the margins of the book appeared in Venice in 1482!
Around 1490-1492 Leonardo da Vinci(Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519) introduced the name “golden ratio” for the drawing of the Vitruvian Man, as an illustration for a book dedicated to the works of Vitruvius (the drawing was called the “square of the ancients” or “Golden Section”). It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with his arms spread to the sides, describing a circle and a square.
If a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - is tied with a belt and then the distance from the belt to the feet is measured, then this value will relate to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, just as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the waist to the feet.
Second golden ratio.
In 1983, the Bulgarian artist Tsvetan Tsekov-Karandash published calculations showing the presence of a second form of the golden section, which followed from the main section and gives a different ratio of 44: 56 [Magazine "Fatherland" (Bulgaria), 1983, No. 10].
Tsekov-Pencil Tsvetan(1924-2010), Bulgarian cartoonist, illustrator and researcher of the work of Leonardo da Vinci. Died due to an accident that happened to him in December 2009.

"Energetic" properties of the pyramid.

Wikipedia help: Energy pyramids - in New Age ("Western" mysticism) and esotericism this is the name for a structure in the shape of a pyramid, which is supposedly a converter or accumulator (accumulator) of some bioenergy unknown to science.
IN 1864 English (Scottish) astronomer Charles Piazzi Smith(Charles Piazzi Smyth, 1819-1900) went to Egypt and became interested in research into structure and orientation great pyramids. The results of the research are presented in three monographs "Our inheritance in the Great Pyramid" ("Our research of the Great Pyramid", 1864), "Life and work in the great Pyramid" ("Life and work on the Great Pyramid", in 3 volumes, 1867), "On the antiquity of intellectual Man" ("On the antiquity of the intelligent man", 1868). Smith's measurements are still classic today. background information on metrology of the Great Pyramid. For this work he was awarded the Keith Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
However, in these books, Smith emphasized his mystical views and assumptions about the essence of the Great Pyramid to the detriment of strictly scientific approach. This caused a break with many scientists and even Smith’s resignation from the Royal Society of London (1874).
In addition, Smith took the first photographs of the Great Pyramid and its internal passages and chambers using a special camera, and during these photographs, apparently for the first time in photography, he used magnesium as a flash lamp. Smith was, apparently, the first to obtain in his photograph the image of "ghosts" that were not visible to the naked eye at the time of photographing. It is unclear whether this was an astronomer’s joke, his design sophistication in photographing, or an accidental exposure twice, but since then, for a hundred and fifty years, this phenomenon has been actively discussed in publications on “alternative” science, and ghosts appear in photographs with enviable regularity.
IN 1958 Kabbalist and Egyptologist Mikhail Vladimirovich Saryatin(1883-1963) conducted a series of experiments inside the Cheops pyramid, identifying several types of its radiation. Saryatin showed that the radiation of any pyramid has a complex structure and special properties:
a) “Pi” ray, under the influence of which tumor cells are destroyed and microbes are destroyed;
b) The second ray, causing mummification of organic substances (drying) and destruction of microorganisms;
c) The third mysterious ray "Omega", under the influence of which food products that have been in the pyramid do not spoil for a long time, and which has a beneficial effect on the human body, increases its immune properties.
IN 1969 American experimental physicist Luis Alvarez(Luis Alvarez, 1911-1988) used cosmic rays to try to find out whether there were yet to be found (secret) rooms in the pyramid of Khafre. He installed cosmic radiation counters in it and conducted computer research. Alvarez's experiments caused a huge resonance in the scientific world - the geometry of the pyramid inexplicably disrupted the operation of all instruments, forcing scientists to temporarily stop conducting experiments.
IN 1976 year French radiaesthetists (dowsers) Leon Chomery(Leon Chaumery) and Arnold Belizal(Arnold Belizal) first suggested the role of the Great Pyramid as a transmitting station. They proved that, due to the enormous mass, the radiation from the shape of the pyramid reached such a force that from a very long distance, using the model of a small pyramid, it was possible to catch this radiation. Next, without a compass, accurately orient the route of a ship at sea or a camel caravan in the Sahara using a cardboard pyramid.
Chaumery L., Belizal A. de, "Essai de Radiesthésie Vibratoire" ("Essay on Vibrational Radioesthesia"), Paris: Editions Dangles, 1956.
IN 1988 hydrogeological engineer Alexander Efimovich Golod(born 1949) began to conduct the first experiments, when in the Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye regions thousands of hectares were sown with sunflower, corn and sugar beet seeds, processed in a pyramid. The results were impressive: the yield increase ranged from 30 to 50%. Cucumbers from the pyramid stopped suffering from chronic “cucumber” diseases, and also tolerated drought and acid rain with enviable ease.
According to the teachings of Golod, “firstly, proportions: the height of an untruncated pyramid should be related to the side of the base as 2.02:1; secondly, the pyramid itself, if biological objects are supposed to be placed in it, should be slightly truncated. As for the dimensions, then they can be anything, but it’s better to make them higher.With the doubling of the pyramid, the impact on the objects placed inside increases millions of times.

Fig.3. Pyramid diagram by engineer A.E. Hunger.

The material for construction can be any dielectric, but the walls must be made as thin as possible. You need to orient the constructed pyramid with its face (any) towards the North Star. Seeds, seedlings and other items that you want to process in the pyramid can be placed anywhere in its internal facility for a period of at least 24 hours."
And one last thing. “The period of “acceleration” of any pyramid to its full radiation power is about three years.”

Bovi-Drbala zone.

The zone is concentrated at a height of 1/3 from the base. A French radioesthetist drew attention to its existence. Andre Bovy(André Bovis, 1871–1947), also called Antoine or Alfred by some authors.
IN 1935 year, Bovey, while exploring the Great Pyramid, discovered in the king’s chamber the remains of several cats and other small animals that had accidentally wandered here. Their corpses looked rather strange: there was no smell and there were no visible signs of decomposition. Surprised by this phenomenon, Bovey examined the corpses and found that they were dehydrated and mummified, despite the humidity in the room. Assuming that the whole point was in the shape of a pyramid, Bovey made a wooden model of the Cheops pyramid, the side of the base of which was 90 centimeters, and oriented it strictly to the north. Inside the pyramid, at one-third of the height, he placed a cat that had just died. A few days later the corpse was mummified. Bovey then experimented with other organic materials, particularly those that deteriorate quickly under normal conditions, such as bovine brains. The food did not spoil, and Bovey concluded that the shape of the pyramid had miraculous properties.
IN 1949 Czechoslovakian radio engineer Karel Drbal(Drbal Karel), inspired by the discovery of the Frenchman Bovy, invented a new way to keep razor blades sharp. He built a 15-centimeter model of the Cheops pyramid out of cardboard, oriented it north and south, and placed a razor blade inside. Drbal claimed that this blade could be used to shave at least 100 times and still remain sharp. The result is recorded in patent No. 91304 dated 04/01/1952 “Method for sharpening razor blades and straight razors.” Application No. R2399-49 dated November 4, 1949. Published on 08/15/1959.
"In accordance with the invention, the blades are stored in the magnetic field of the Earth under the surface of a pyramid of dielectric materials, such as thick paper, wax paper, cardboard, hardened plastic. The pyramid has a hatch of square, round, oval, etc. shape, in which the blades are inserted in. Pyramids with a square base are best suited, and better with a side of the square equal to the height of the pyramid multiplied by half the Ludolf number. For example, for a height of 10 cm, a base of 15.7 cm is selected. The razor is placed on a substrate of dielectric material, the same as a pyramid material, or other such as cork, wood, ceramics, paper, wax paper, etc., the height of which is chosen between 1/5 and 1/3 the height of the pyramid.This substrate lies on a table made also of dielectric material. The size of the backing is chosen so that the blades rest freely on it, its height may differ from the specified range. Although this is not a mandatory requirement, it is recommended to install the razors on the backing with their sharp edges facing east and west, and the longitudinal axes are directed north and south respectively."

Fig.4. Scheme of the Cheops pyramid.

Chronal batteries.

Few people know that thermophysicist A.I. Veynik experimentally studied a certain physical (material) connection between biological creatures and the cosmos. The simplest and oldest communication device discovered in the last century (!) is considered to be the huge pyramid of Cheops. Scientists have enthusiastically set about searching for unusual oddities in the properties of the models of this pyramid. To our great regret, they lost sight of the fact that it is not miracles - anomalies - that need to be identified, but fundamentally new radiation, the existence of which modern physics forbade (and forbids) completely.
Veinik, studying the so-called “chronal” radiation of polyhedra, noted [TRP, chapter XVIII, paragraph “5. Chronal batteries”]: “Even more curious is that the ancient Egyptian priests were well aware of the properties of chronal radiation. This is evidenced by geometry - dimensions and configuration - their pyramids. At the location of the sarcophagus with the pharaoh, radiation is concentrated to such high intensities that they have a detrimental effect on many microorganisms. And not only on microorganisms: reports periodically appear in the press that all people who spent a long time in the pyramids subsequently they die from unknown diseases. This is how chronal radiation works. It is no coincidence that in Czechoslovakia a plastic model of a pyramid was used instead of a refrigerator for storing perishable foods - microorganisms feel uncomfortable in such a pyramid. And in a small model of a pyramid, blades are even sharpened" [KS].
“However, even simpler and accessible chronal sources for everyone are chronal accumulators, or accumulations, or temporal accumulators - it was with them that I began the study of a truly simple chronal phenomenon” [TRP, p. 332].
"Another type was suggested by the Egyptian pyramids. American researchers have discovered about 150 different exotic effects manifested in the pyramid. Some of them are directly related to the chronal phenomenon. Consequently, a polyhedron with a certain aspect ratio and corresponding orientation in relation to the cardinal points can also serve as a chronal accumulator Polyhedra with the ratio of the lengths of the edges of the Cheops pyramid are very effective: if the side of the square at the base of the pyramid is equal to one, then the height is 0.63, and the side edge is about 0.95" [TRP, p. 332].
“There are other types of effective polyhedra. For example, a cylindrical prism, at the base of which lies a regular heptagon with a side of 7.5 cm; the height of the prism is 17 cm, at the top and bottom it is crowned with seven-sided pyramids with an edge length of 12-12.5 cm, in total 21 edges" [TRP, p. 333].
“Experiments show that any such polyhedron in the general case can be monolithic or hollow, made, for example, from paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, etc. You can also do without faces altogether; it is enough to reproduce only the edges of the polyhedron from wire. This is explained as follows.
As is known, the strength of any field increases with the curvature of its isointension lines. This is where, for example, the tip effect comes from - let's remember the lightning rod pointed at the end. This also applies to the chronal field. The adherence of the latter to the interface between media greatly increases its concentration along the line or at the point of intersection of surfaces, especially if many of them intersect at once, because the curvature of the isochronal lines is great here. As a result, the influence of the surfaces themselves is reduced to a minimum and it is possible to do without them altogether, limiting oneself to only the ribs - the wire frame of the polyhedron, but the area covered by the frame is very significant.
The important role of the interface leads to the fact that the power (capacity) of any described battery is directly related to its size. For the same reason, capillary-porous bodies have a high chronological capacity. The colossal power of chronal radiation in the giant Cheops pyramid becomes clear.
Polyhedra have a set of amazing and varied properties, which depend on the composition and structure of the material, configuration, design and size of the polyhedron, etc. Currently, only a small part of these properties has been deciphered and almost nothing is known about the information they emit. For example, in Czechoslovakia, K. Drbal patented a method for keeping razors and razor knives sharp. After shaving, the blade is placed in a paper, cardboard or plastic Cheops-type pyramid 10 cm high at a height of 1/3 to 1/5 from the base. Changes occur in the material that allow you to shave 50-200 times with one blade (depending on the thickness of the beard). Larger pyramids in Czechoslovakia are used for storing perishable foods, because the chronal field inside the pyramid has a detrimental effect on microbes. This same field preserves mummies in Egyptian and other similar pyramids.
Living nature is well aware of the property of various configuration systems to accumulate chronal matter and widely and skillfully uses this property for its own purposes. For example, V.S. Grebennikov discovered a strong effect of nesting bees and wasps on protozoa and some types of microbes; bee honeycombs with a clearly consistent repeating geometry are especially indicative in this sense.
The nature of the influence of the chronal field on biological and other objects is discussed in more detail below. What is important for us here is that, using the simplest means, it is easy to produce a chronal accumulator, which is necessary for studying the properties of a truly simple chronal phenomenon. Each such battery spontaneously receives radiation from Space, as well as from terrestrial objects, especially biological ones, and after a few hours is ready for use; It reaches maximum power after many days, when it gradually charges not only itself, but also charges all surrounding objects, including the walls of the room. Unfortunately, almost all batteries of this kind are more or less harm the body, especially with prolonged exposure. In this sense, one can sympathize with the people working in the Louvre in Paris, over which a giant glass pyramid was recently built" [TRP, pp. 333-334].
Reference: The glass pyramid of the Louvre is installed in the center of the Napoleonic courtyard (cour Napoléon), it houses the entrance hall, ticket offices, wardrobe and shops, as well as rooms for temporary exhibitions, a lecture hall, and a parking lot. It was built from 1985 to 1989. The prototype was the Cheops pyramid. The architect is Chinese American Yo Ming Pei(English: Ieoh Ming Pei, born 1917).
On March 30, 1989, the official opening of the glass pyramid of the Louvre took place.
Around the large pyramid there are three smaller pyramids, they serve only as portholes. The faces of the pyramids consist entirely of glass segments, thus ensuring optimal illumination of the underground lobby, where the ticket office, information desks and entrances to all three wings of the museum are located.
Somewhat later, Yo Ming Pei returned to his project. On November 18, 1993, he built the so-called "Place du Carrousel" next to the Great Pyramid. inverted pyramid", which serves as another skylight to illuminate the underground halls of the Louvre.
Its height is 7.5 m. With a base length of 13.29 m, each side face of the pyramid has an area of ​​66.6 sq.m. Under the top of the "inverted pyramid", which falls short of the floor of the underground hall by about 1.4 m, is placed a small pyramid three feet high, or slightly less, of polished stone.

Application in metallurgy.

"Of doubtless interest is the effect of a generator (concentrator of cosmic chronal radiation) in the form of a pyramid, made according to the proportions of the famous pyramid of Cheops (Fig. 4). Its faces are oriented along the compass to the north, east, south and west. With the length of the side of the square at the base A, the length ribs B = 0.95 A, height H = 0.63 A. The solidifying casting is placed inside the pyramid at its focus at a distance of one-fifth to one-third of the height - marked in the figure with a double solid vertical line. In pyramids made of roofing iron and cardboard without a bottom at A = 600 mm, the tensile strength of the previous casting increased by 12%, the yield strength by 24%, and the elongation decreased by 14%. This option is interesting because it does not require any energy costs. Pyramid material (steel, cardboard ) has virtually no effect on the properties of the casting.
The colossal penetrating ability of the chronal field makes it possible to control the solidification process of the casting at a distance, determine the position of the crystallization front inside the casting, etc. For example, a tube made of corrosion-resistant steel with a length of 1 m and an internal diameter of 15 mm was directed onto a bismuth casting; through it, the chronal radiation of the casting is supplied to the DG-1 sensor with a quartz microresonator [TRP, p. 342]. The metal in the mold (crucible) first melts and then solidifies, while its chronal field and temperature are simultaneously recorded using a thermocouple mounted in the body of the casting.

The measurement results are presented in Fig. 5. Solid curve 1 corresponds to a change in the frequency of resonant oscillations of a quartz plate (in Hertz), and dashed curve 2 corresponds to a change in the temperature of bismuth (in degrees Celsius, scale on the right). Between vertical dashed lines 3 and 4, the metal in the mold is melted, heat and chronal charge are supplied. The supply of charge is accompanied by an increase in the chronal, which determines the rate (speed) of all processes, including the oscillation frequency of the quartz plate of the sensor. In the liquid state, between straight lines 4 and 5, the charge flows off, the frequency returns to its original (zero) value. Between straight lines 5 and 6, the metal solidifies, heat and charge are removed, and the frequency (and chronal) drops below zero. On temperature curve 2, the processes of melting and solidification correspond to clear horizontal sections that are in good agreement with the chronal curve. Consequently, research shows that the chronal method completely allows for non-destructive remote control of foundry technology" [PVB, pp. 216-219].

Stimulation of vital activity.

“I’ll start with microorganisms. For example, bread yeast in an aqueous solution of sugar at a temperature of 15 ° C, placed in focus and on the diagonal of the base, under the edge, at a distance of 80 mm from the corner of the previous tin pyramid, behaved differently. All the sugar is in focus successfully turned into alcohol, the water became clear, the sediment had a light yellow color, the smell of wine. Under the rib, after a week, the smell of wine was combined with a putrid one, in the end everything rotted, the color was dark brown, the smell was disgusting. This indicates a different intensity, structure and the usefulness of chronal radiations within the same pyramid, it can both stimulate and inhibit the vital activity of organisms.
Now about the plants. Under the same conditions, 35 flax seeds were germinated in a glass bottle in damp gauze. After 4 days, 29 seeds sprouted at the focus of the tin pyramid, but not a single one under the edge.
The conditions are the same, but the pyramid is cardboard. After 4 days, not a single grain sprouted in the focus, 15 under the rib. After 11 days, there were 18 and 25 sprouted seeds, and the average length of the sprouts was 40 and 90 mm, respectively. Consequently, not only the zones of the pyramid, but also its material are important for living organisms.
The conditions are the same, but the pyramid consists only of ribs bent from copper wire (busbar) with a cross-section of 3x5 mm. After six days, 20 grains sprouted at the focus, 9 under the rib, the length of the sprouts was 45 (green leaves, well developed) and 17 mm (stunted leaves), respectively. As you can see, the absence of edges did not have a significant impact on the processes; edges are more important.
The effect of the chronal field on living organisms is an endless topic. Here I will only refer to melt water, which has a beneficial effect on plants and animals, stimulating their growth; at one time a lot was written and said about this. From Fig. 5 it can be seen that melting, and therefore melting, according to our experiments, increases the chronal charge and chronal of the substance, which sharply accelerates all life processes. This is the main thing physical essence the problem under discussion. After the charge drains from the thawed water, the effect disappears. For example, molten bismuth discharges after 20 minutes (Fig. 5), water - after an hour or two. To increase the duration of the vacuum, melt water should be kept in a vessel insulated with several layers of plastic film, and each such layer should be separated from the adjacent one by paper. The important role of snow retention in the fields becomes clear: it provides not only additional moisture, but most importantly, when the snow melts, plant growth is chronally stimulated" [PVB, pp. 220-221].
Warning to experimenter. “We must remember that the main functions of regulation of the body at all levels are of a chronal nature. At first, the chronal field is perceived easily, but the effect accumulates and then failures occur” [TRP, p. 392].
February 16 1923 year British expedition led by an archaeologist Howard Carter(Howard Carter, 1874-1939) in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor found the main treasure in the pyramid: the stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. When the sarcophagus was opened in February, a golden coffin containing his mummy was found inside. The sarcophagus was gold and contained more than 100 kg of pure gold, and the body of the pharaoh located there was mummified.
In subsequent years, rumors spread about the “curse of the pharaohs,” which allegedly led to the death of 12 “victims of the curse” who were present at the opening of the tomb. The curse is predominantly associated with deaths that occurred over the next few years after the opening of Tutankhamun's tomb.
Sometimes the “curse of the pharaohs” is also attributed to the opening of old burials outside Egypt - the tomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand (1941), the tomb of Casimir the Great in Krakow (1973), the mummy of Otzi in the Alps (1991). The magical nature of the “curse” is denied by science.

Conclusion.

If we ignore the academic zaum, as well as the entertaining mysticism and MES-jumps (mathematical nonsense) of some pseudo-scientific prospectors, you will find that they all attribute today’s knowledge, skills and fantasies to ancient people.
In ancient times (more than 1-2 thousand years ago), people were primarily interested in preserving food. In deserts it was easy to store food under a pile of sand. Any person knew that this heap has the shape of a “cone” with two eternally constant angles (see Fig. 4):
- angle of repose(Alpha αosn) - the angle formed by the surface of the sand cone with the horizontal plane. For dry sand, Alpha base = 34°.
- opening angle(Alpha in) - the angle at the apex of the cone. For dry sand Alpha b = 112°.
Those who were involved in burying the dead probably paid attention to the effect of mummification (German: mumifizieren< араб. мум - воск, благовонная смола) человека (животного) в жарком и сухом воздухе. Естественно, появилась мысль хоронить фараонов в могильных курганах, но не под простой кучей песка, а под каменной пирамидой. Почему? Кучу песка над могилой соплеменника может насыпать каждый египтянин, а вот согнать мужиков в управляемую толпу и заставить её строить каменную кучу особой формы, может только сам будущий покойник - фараон! Сделать снаружи пирамиду ровной более или менее легко, чего не скажешь о размещении камер внутри по некоему плану. Достаточно взглянуть на рис.4 и обнаружится, что точность внутренней планировки пирамиды равна " трамвайной остановке".
The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid, also known as the angle of repose (αbas), was chosen to be about 51°50" not for any abstruse reasons, but simply obviously greater than 34°. Sand blown by the wind must be guaranteed to fall from the surface of the pyramid to the ground, where it will pick up, and not spoil the “majestic” appearance of the monastery of the “dried” deceased.
The question remains vague: did the Egyptians link the mummification of corpses with the “reception” of congratulatory telegrams from extraterrestrial civilizations, treating a pharaonic family, preserving especially valuable delicacies, or sharpening razor axes?
To a Jewish writer Sholom Nokhumovich Rabinovich(pseud. Sholom Aleichem, 1859-1916) is credited with a chic phrase that has become a “scientific” law for mathematicians, cosmologists and science fiction writers: “ If you can’t, but really want to, then you can"The conclusion suggests itself: pseudo-scientific prospectors will definitely find the answer!
However, who will study the location and properties of the Bovi-Drbala zone depending on the opening angle (αв). number of faces and material of the pyramid? Who will study physical properties incomprehensible radiation captured by the pyramids, the same one that thermophysicist A.I. Did you call Veynik “chronal”? Who will invent “informationoscopes” to receive information from the “subtle” worlds and decipher it?
Why do all the prospectors focus their remarkable efforts on “extracting” money from the pyramids, first of all, and only in the last place do they notice something unusual?

Additional information.

Literature.

TRP. Veynik A.I., “Thermodynamics of real processes”, Minsk: “Navuka and technology”, 1991
http://www..html

KS. Veinik A.I., “Book of Sorrow”, Minsk: manuscript, 10/03/1981. 287 mash. sheets.
http://www..html
http://www..zip

PVB. Veinik A.I., “Why I believe in God. Study of manifestations of the spiritual world”, Minsk: Belarusian Exarchate Publishing House, (1st edition - 1998, 2nd - 2000; 3rd - 2002; 4th - 2004; 5th - 2007; 6th - 2009).
http://www..html

The Pyramid of Cheops is a legacy of ancient Egyptian civilization; all tourists coming to Egypt try to see it. It amazes the imagination with its grandiose size. The weight of the pyramid is about 4 million tons, its height is 139 meters, and its age is 4.5 thousand years. It still remains a mystery how people built the pyramids in those ancient times. It is not known for certain why these majestic structures were erected.

Legends of the Cheops Pyramid

Shrouded in mystery, ancient Egypt was once the most powerful country on Earth. Perhaps his people knew secrets that are still inaccessible to modern humanity. Looking at the huge stone blocks of the pyramid, which are laid with perfect precision, you begin to believe in miracles.

According to one legend, the pyramid served as a grain storage facility during the great famine. These events are described in the Bible (Book of Exodus). Pharaoh had a prophetic dream, warning of a series of lean years. Joseph, the son of Jacob, sold into slavery by his brothers, managed to unravel Pharaoh's dream. The ruler of Egypt instructed Joseph to organize the procurement of grain, appointing him as his first adviser. The storage facilities must have been huge, given that they fed many nations for seven years when there was famine on Earth. The slight discrepancy in dates - about 1 thousand years old - is explained by adherents of this theory by the inaccuracy of carbon analysis, through which archaeologists determine the age of ancient buildings.

According to another legend, the pyramid served to transfer the material body of the pharaoh to the higher world of the Gods. An amazing fact is that inside the pyramid where the sarcophagus for the body is located, the mummy of the pharaoh was not found, which the robbers could not take. Why did the rulers of Egypt build such huge tombs for themselves? Was their goal really to build a beautiful mausoleum that testified to greatness and power? If the construction process took several decades and required enormous amounts of labor, it means that the final goal of constructing the pyramid was vitally important to the pharaoh. Some researchers believe that we know very little about the level of development of ancient civilization, the mysteries of which have yet to be discovered. The Egyptians knew the secret of eternal life. It was acquired by the pharaohs after death, thanks to technology that was hidden inside the pyramids.

Some researchers believe that the Cheops pyramid was built by a great civilization even more ancient than the Egyptian one, about which we know nothing. And the Egyptians only restored existing ancient buildings and used them at their own discretion. They themselves did not know the intention of the forerunners who built the pyramids. The Forerunners could be giants of the Antediluvian civilization or inhabitants of other planets who flew to Earth in search of a new homeland. The gigantic size of the blocks from which the pyramid is built is easier to imagine as a convenient building material for ten-meter giants than for ordinary people.

I would like to mention one more interesting legend about the Cheops pyramid. They say that inside the monolithic structure there is a secret room in which there is a portal that opens paths to other dimensions. Thanks to the portal, you can instantly find yourself at a selected point in time or on another inhabited planet of the Universe. It was carefully hidden by the builders for the benefit of people, but will soon be found. The question remains whether modern scientists will understand the ancient technologies to take advantage of the discovery. In the meantime, archaeological research in the pyramid continues.

In the era of antiquity, when the Greco-Roman civilization began to flourish, ancient philosophers compiled a description of the most outstanding architectural monuments on Earth. They were called the "Seven Wonders of the World." These included the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, the Colossus of Rhodes and other majestic buildings built before our era. The Pyramid of Cheops, as the oldest, is in first place on this list. This wonder of the world is the only one that has survived to this day; all the others were destroyed many centuries ago.

According to the descriptions of ancient Greek historians, the large pyramid shone in the rays of the sun, casting a warm golden sheen. It was lined with meter-thick limestone slabs. The smooth white limestone, decorated with hieroglyphs and designs, reflected the sands of the surrounding desert. Local residents later dismantled the cladding for their homes, which they lost as a result of the devastating fires. Perhaps the top of the pyramid was decorated with a special triangular block made of precious material.

Around the Cheops pyramid in the valley there is a whole city of the dead. Dilapidated buildings of mortuary temples, two other large pyramids and several smaller tombs. A huge statue of a sphinx with a broken nose, which was recently restored, is carved from a monolithic block of gigantic proportions. It was taken from the same quarry as the stones used to build the tombs. Once upon a time, ten meters from the pyramid there was a three-meter thick wall. Perhaps it was intended to protect the royal treasures, but it could not stop the robbers.

History of construction

Scientists still cannot come to a consensus on how ancient people built the Cheops pyramid from huge blocks of stone. Based on the drawings found on the walls of others, it was assumed that workers cut each block into the rocks and then dragged it to the construction site along a ramp made of cedar. History does not have a consensus on who was involved in the work - peasants for whom there was no other work during the Nile flood, slaves of the pharaoh or hired workers.

The difficulty is that the blocks had to not only be delivered to the construction site, but also raised to a great height. Before its construction, the Cheops Pyramid was the tallest structure on Earth. Modern architects see the solution to this problem differently. According to the official version, primitive mechanical blocks were used for lifting. It’s scary to imagine how many people died during construction using this method. When the ropes and straps holding the block broke, it could crush dozens of people with its weight. It was especially difficult to install the upper block of the building at a height of 140 meters above the ground.

Some scientists suggest that ancient people had the technology to control Earth's gravity. The blocks weighing more than 2 tons, from which the Cheops pyramid was built, could be moved with ease using this method. The construction was carried out by hired workers who knew all the secrets of the craft, under the leadership of the nephew of Pharaoh Cheops. There were no human sacrifices, backbreaking labor of slaves, only the art of construction, which reached the highest technologies that are inaccessible to our civilization.

The pyramid has the same base on each side. Its length is 230 meters and 40 centimeters. Amazing accuracy for ancient uneducated builders. The density of the stones is so great that it is impossible to insert a razor blade between them. An area of ​​five hectares is occupied by one monolithic structure, the blocks of which are connected with a special solution. There are several passages and chambers inside the pyramid. There are ventilation holes facing different directions of the world. The purpose of many interior spaces remains a mystery. The robbers took away everything valuable long before the first archaeologists entered the tomb.

Currently, the pyramid is included in the UNESCO cultural heritage list. Her photo adorns many Egyptian tourist brochures. In the 19th century, Egyptian authorities wanted to dismantle the huge monolithic blocks of ancient structures to build dams on the Nile River. But the labor costs far outweighed the benefits of the work, which is why monuments of ancient architecture still stand to this day, delighting pilgrims in the Giza Valley.