Slide 2

Slide 3

Toponymy

  • toponymy (from Greek topos - place and onyma - name, title)
  • a branch of onomastics that studies proper names representing the names of geographical objects
  • a set of geographical names for a territory
  • branch of linguistics that studies toponyms

  • Slide 4

    Toponymy classes

    Among toponyms there are various classes, such as:

    • oikonyms - names of populated places (from the Greek oikos - dwelling, dwelling);
    • hydronyms – names of rivers (from Greek hidros – water);
    • oronyms – names of mountains (from Greek oros – mountain);
    • urbanonyms – names of intracity objects (from Latin urbanus - urban);
    • hodonyms - street names (from the Greek hodos - path, road, street, channel);
    • agorononyms – names of squares (from the Greek agora - area);
    • drononyms - names of communication routes (from the Greek dromos - running, movement, path);
    • macrotoponyms – names of large uninhabited objects (from the Greek makros - large);
    • microtoponyms – names of small uninhabited objects (from the Greek mikros - small);
    • Anthroponyms are names of geographical objects derived from a personal name (from the Greek antropos - person).

  • Slide 5

    Toponyms

    • reflecting the specifics of the location and landscape of the region
    • reflecting the features of the region’s economy
    • names on the map, cities and regions
    • toponyms of indigenous peoples of Primorsky Krai
    • place names introduced by settlers
    • toponyms – evidence of historical events
    • Orthodoxy on the map of the region

  • Slide 6

    Toponyms reflecting the specific location and landscape of the region

    • Primorsky Territory, Primorye - a region located by the sea, next to the sea
    • Vladivostok - from the phrase “to own the East”
    • Naberezhnaya street - a street running along the seashore

  • Slide 7

    Primorsky Krai is a land of hills, hills, high mountains

    • Dalnegorsk
    • Vysokogorsk village
    • Gorny village
    • village Gornoe

  • Slide 8

    Taiga

  • Slide 9

    Toponyms reflecting the peculiarities of the region’s economy

    Nature has generously endowed the Primorsky Territory with minerals and natural resources, the use of which determines not only the economy of the region, but also, as a consequence, its toponymy.

    • Lesozavodsk
    • p.Novoshakhtinsky
    • Rudny village
    • Rudnaya Pristan village
    • Rudnaya Bay
    • village Moryak-Rybolov
    • Khrustalny village

  • Slide 10

    Toponyms - evidence of historical events in the region

    • Square of Fighters of the Revolution (Square of Fighters for Soviet Power)
    • Partizansky district, Partizansk, Partizansky Avenue (in Vladivostok)

  • Slide 11

    The intersection of the two oldest streets of Vladivostok: Svetlanskaya and Aleutskaya streets are named after the frigate Svetlana, on which Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich Romanov arrived in the city, and the schooner Aleut, which took an active part in the exploration of the southern coast of the Far East.

    Slide 12

    Names on the map of the city and region

  • Slide 13

    Names of discoverers and explorers of the region

    • The peninsula itself, on which the city and one of its streets is located, is named after the first Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, who discovered the Golden Horn Bay and founded the military post of Vladivostok on its shores.
    • One of the capes on the peninsula is called Cape Churkin in honor of Pavel Vasilyevich Churkin, who participated in the measurement of Diomede, Patroclus and Ulysses bays, the astronomical determination of the post and the drawing up of the first map of Vladivostok.
    • The name of a remarkable man, a researcher who made more than 20 expeditions and wrote over 80 books and articles, is named after the city of Arsenyev, the river near the city - Arsenyevka and the Arsenyev Museum in Vladivostok.

  • Slide 14

    Names of the first inhabitants of the city and settlers

    One of the oldest streets in Vladivostok - Semenovskaya - is named after the first civilian and first public elder of Vladivostok, an honorary citizen of the city, merchant of the 1st guild Yakov Lazarevich Semenov.

  • Slide 15

    Names of famous people on the map of the city and region

    • The village of Ekaterinovka, Primorsky Territory, is named after the Great Empress Catherine.
    • Leninskaya Street is or was in almost every locality
    • Peter the Great Bay
    • Peter the Great street

  • Slide 16

    The streets of many cities in Primorsky Krai bear the names of these famous writers.

    • A.S. Pushkin
    • M.Yu.Lermontov
    • N.V.Gogol
    • N.A. Nekrasov
    • L.N. Tolstoy
    • A. Fadeev

  • Slide 17

    Heroes of the Revolution, Civil and Patriotic Wars

    • Jerome Uborevich
    • The locomotive in which S. Lazo was burned
    • Sukhanova Street (Vladivostok, Arsenyev)
    • Uborevich Street (Vladivostok)
    • Lazo village
    • Lazo street (Vladivostok)
    • Lazovsky district
    • Memorial plaque to K. Sukhanov

  • Slide 18

    The role of settlers in the creation of toponyms of the Primorsky Territory

    Modern seaside villages serve as monuments to the tenacity and courage of our ancestors - discoverers and defenders.

    • Kievka village
    • Knevichi village
    • Surazhevka village
    • Chernigovka village
    • With. Khorol
    • Poltavka village
    • With. Danube (Shkotovsky district)
    • With. Khreshchatyk (Kavalirovsky district)
    • With. Perm (Olginsky district)
    • Chernigovsky district of Primorsky Krai

  • Slide 19

    Toponyms of the indigenous peoples of the Primorsky Territory

    Since ancient times, Primorye and the Amur region were inhabited by Tungus-speaking peoples.
    To this day, on the map of the region and in the conversations of local residents, you can find toponyms that are clearly not of Slavic origin:

    • Mount Falaza
    • Sikhote-Alin
    • city ​​and river Suchan
    • Telyanza River
    • village Ulitikha (Ulitovka)
    • Lanchikha
    • Suifun River
    • Amgu village
    • r.Armu

  • Slide 20

    • According to F.V. Solovyov, Sedan translated from Chinese means “an island in the sea bay, which gave the name to the Sedanka microdistrict, since in the waters of the Amur Bay opposite this place there is the famous Kovrizhka, or Skrebtsov Island
    • The name of Shamora Bay, a favorite vacation spot for Primorye residents, and the magical Mount Pidan also have Tungus-language origins

  • Slide 21

    Orthodoxy on the map of the region

    • The geographical and administrative map of the Primorsky Territory preserves and reproduces the history of Orthodoxy in many names of geographical locations
    • The villages of Olga and Valentin, as well as Olga Bay and Valentina Bay in the Olginsky district are named after the holy martyr Bishop Valentin and the Grand Duchess Olga of Kyiv.

  • Slide 22

    • St.Eustathius
    • St. Habakkuk
    • St. Vladimir
    • Estafia Bay
    • Panteleimonovka village
    • Voznesenka village
    • Vladimir Bay
    • Avvakumovka River
    • Novopokrovka village
    • Pokrovka village
    • source Pokrovsky
    • Spassk-Dalniy city

    • View all slides

    The editors of PrimaMedia City, together with the team of the Primorsky tourist portal PrimDiscovery, have compiled the Top 10 tourist places in the Primorsky Territory that simply need to be visited in order to get an idea of ​​the amazing beauty of the region.

    Participants of the PrimDiscovery project Alexander Khitrov and Daria Chervova time after time open Primorye for their readers, talk about amazing places, interesting people and their stories.

    1. Route "Arsenyev's Trail"

    A new ecological and educational route in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve.

    The route "Arsenyev's Trail" repeats the section of the path of the traveler, ethnographer and writer Vladimir Klavdievich Arsenyev during the 1906 expedition.

    A group of 3-4 people, accompanied by an inspector, walks 56 kilometers through the very heart of Sikhote-Alin for five days, completely immersing itself in the amazing history of this place.

    Five thematic huts on the trail are dedicated to the works of Vladimir Arsenyev. At the end of last year, PrimDiscovery even talked about his hike along the Arsenyev trail.

    The trail is accessible to tourists from August to October.

    2. Bikin National Park

    The new national park of Primorye - one of the main habitats of the Amur tiger - is located on the western macroslope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge in the Pozharsky district - the only large basin where large-scale logging has never taken place.

    Here, a guest of the park gets acquainted with the traditions and culture of the local residents - the Udege, and travels through the remote, often impenetrable taiga.

    A multi-day boat trip along the “seaside Amazon”, the Bikin River, is an unforgettable adventure. And in the village of Krasny Yar you can see the life of the Udege people, try their national dishes and learn more about the customs of the indigenous population.

    The best time to visit the national park is golden autumn.

    3. Village of Dersu, settlement of Old Believers

    Dersu (until 1972 Laulyu) is a village in the Krasnoarmeysky district of Primorsky Krai located on the right bank of the Bolshaya Ussurka River.

    The settlement of the Old Believers seems something exotic; their traditions and way of life always arouse interest.

    Tourists not only from all over Primorye, but also from all over the world come to Dersa to get acquainted with the culture of immigrants from Bolivia, who exchanged the benefits of civilization for beliefs and faith. Not far from the village there is a small hotel ready to receive guests.

    It is most colorful here in the warm season.

    4. Limestone Mountain (Height-611)

    Primorye residents love to go to the mountains, but as a rule, these are two or three of the most well-trodden peaks, suffocating from the attention of tourists. But there are other worthy options. For example, Izvestkovaya Mountain in Dalnegorsk. People often call it Height-611 (in accordance with the height of the mountain).

    This place is interesting in history and legends - ufologists around the world have heard a lot about the mysterious catastrophe - the “UFO crash” on Height 611 in January 1986. From the top of the mountain there is a magnificent view of Dalnegorsk, abandoned quarries and the valley of the Rudnaya River.

    It is best to conquer the peak in autumn; the ascent takes less than an hour.

    5. Lake Blagodatnoe

    The ecological trail of the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve partially runs along the shore of Lake Blagodatnoye and is named in its honor. The trail is a landscaped route with wooden decking, signs and observation platforms.

    In the summer, lush thickets of flowering rose hips are fragrant here, insects chirp and buzz, swans and grebes swim in flocks on the surface of the lake, graceful herons stand to the side, nuthatches and buntings flutter around.

    Sometimes traces of a bear and a tiger are visible on the trail, but tourists have nothing to worry about - the group is always accompanied by an experienced reserve employee with a flare and knowledge of safety precautions.

    6. Milogradovka River

    The river flows through the Call of the Tiger National Park, in one of its most beautiful places.

    Carved rocks and ledges, crystal water rushing along cascades and rifts - all this makes Milogradovka a “seaside Yellowstone”.

    A significant part of the river flows in a canyon formed by rocky outcrops up to 50 m high. The rocks have a bluish and pink color, which is why Blue (upstream) and Pink rapids were formed in the river.

    On the river there is the Divny waterfall - the largest waterfall in the Primorsky Territory in terms of water flow. On the tributaries of the river there are at least 10 waterfalls, including the highest in the Primorsky Territory, the Podnebesny waterfall (which is a cascade of three waterfalls with a total height of 59 meters).

    The most beautiful thing in these places is at the beginning of summer, when the snow melts from the Sikhote-Alin ridges and fills the mountain rivers with water.

    7. Waterfall "Star of Primorye"

    At the beginning of summer, it is best to go and see the Star of Primorye waterfall in the Lazovsky district. "Zvezda" is part of a cascade of several Benevsky (or Elomovsky) waterfalls ranging from 1 to 5 m in height.

    The path to it lies along a path along the murmuring cascades - you need to walk about 8 km.

    At the end of the path, at the foot of Mount Bald, a tourist will be able to see the “Star of Primorye”: an 18-meter handsome man who noisily falls on the stones.

    There is a convenient camping spot nearby where you can camp overnight with a tent.

    8. Furugelm Island

    The south of Primorsky Krai is famous for its beaches and natural beauty. Furugelma Island is the southernmost island in Primorye. On a small (only the size 1.5 by 2.5 kilometers) the island is beautiful, like in the tropics - transparent turquoise sea, white sand, lush greenery.

    It is best to get to Furugelma in August - as part of an excursion.

    The island is located on the territory of the Far Eastern Marine Reserve and is famous for its history (an animal farm where in the last century they wanted to breed blue foxes, the construction of a 130-mm battery of the Khasan sector of the Coastal Defense, which in 1945 took part in hostilities against Japan), bird markets and a colony black-tailed gulls.


    INTRODUCTION Medicinal plants have been known to man since ancient times. Today, medicinal plants include those plants whose organs or parts contain biologically active substances (BAS) and are used in folk and scientific medicine for medicinal purposes (Planthae medicinales). Pharmacognosy is one of the pharmaceutical sciences that comprehensively and comprehensively studies medicinal plants, medicinal raw materials of plant and animal origin, as well as their primary processing products. pharmacon (Greek) - medicine, poison, gnosis (Roman) - knowledge, teaching, i.e. Pharmacognosy is the study of drugs and poisons.


    BAS are substances that affect biological processes in the body of humans and animals. LRs are called official medicinal plants (from the Latin officina - pharmacy), those from which official medicinal plant raw materials are obtained. There are about 300 such plants in Russia. All of them are included in the State Register of Medicines and Medical Products. The most important official plants, as a rule, are included in the State Pharmacopoeias. Such plants are called pharmacopoeial.


    Pharmacopoeial status is given to those official types of raw materials that have served as a source of effective medicinal products (herbal medicines) for a long time. Medicinal plants serve as a source of medicinal plant raw materials (MPR). Medicinal plant raw materials (MPS) are dried or freshly harvested, whole medicinal plants or parts thereof, which are used as medicines or as raw materials for the manufacture of medicines.


    A medicinal product (MD) of plant origin is a product that has a certain pharmacological effect, approved in accordance with the established procedure for use for therapeutic, preventive or diagnostic purposes (for herbal medicine and herbal prophylaxis). A medicinal product is a drug in a specific formulation. form. Herbal medicine is a drug of plant origin in a specific dosage form. Medicinal herbal infusions are a mixture of several types of crushed (less often whole) plant materials, sometimes with an admixture of mineral salts and essential oils. Infusions and decoctions are prepared from the collections at home.


    Primorsky Krai Federal District: Far Eastern Economic Region: Far Eastern Area: sq. km. population: people car number plate index: 25, 125 Primorsky Krai has been an administrative unit of the Russian Federation since September 20, 1938. In the south and east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Japan, in the north it borders with the Khabarovsk Territory, in the west - with China and North Korea.


    The region includes numerous islands: Russky, Popova, Putyatina, Reineke, Rikord, Rimsky-Korsakov, Askold, Petrova and others. The names of many of these islands are given in honor of the Russian navigators who discovered or explored our Far Eastern seas and lands, as well as in honor of the ships on which the voyages were made. In world history, the territory of Primorye occupies a rather modest place.



    The northwestern coast of the Sea of ​​Japan did not become a center for the formation and development of a single continuous cultural tradition. This was not facilitated by factors such as geography and climate, and to a large extent, the proximity to the ancient Chinese civilization. Its destiny is to be the periphery of initially East Asian and then European (Slavic) civilizations, a zone of intercultural contacts, migrations, from time to time an administrative outskirts of medieval and modern states, or nominally someone’s vassal territory. However, man settled on the territory of Primorye at least 30 thousand years ago, and even then demonstrated the characteristic feature of a “Primorie” - extensive contacts and very stable ties with neighboring cultures of North-East Asia.




    It is located in the southernmost part of the Far East on the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. The territory of the region is 165.9 thousand km2, which is about 1% (0.97%) of the area of ​​the Russian Federation. The Primorsky Territory is one of the medium-sized regions of our country, but nevertheless, in area it is significantly larger than such states as Greece (131.9 thousand km2), or Bulgaria (111 thousand km2), or Iceland (103 thousand . km2); and the area of ​​Belgium, Holland, Denmark and Switzerland taken together is smaller than the area of ​​our region.


    The northernmost point of the Primorsky Territory is located near the sources of the Dagda River (a tributary of the Samarga River, and the extreme southern point is at the mouth of the Tumannaya River (Tumangan, Tumenjiang) on ​​the border with the Democratic Republic of Korea. The westernmost point lies near the source of the Novgorodovka River (Khankaisky district) on border with the People's Republic of China, the easternmost point is Cape Zolotoy on the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan.


    The distance between the extreme points - northern and southern - is exactly 900 km, between the western and eastern points it is 430 km. Of the total length of the Primorsky Territory's borders of 3,000 km, the maritime borders account for about 1,500 km. The western section - the state border with the People's Republic of China goes in the northwest direction to the Zaozernaya hill (height 167 m), and further to the north, crossing the marshy area. It reaches the peak of Povorotny (height 454 m), and then passes along the ridge of the Black Mountains. Further along the river. Granitnaya, crossing the river. Razdolnaya, overlooks the watershed of the border ridge and goes to the mouth of the river. Tour. Then the state border crosses Lake Khanka in a straight line, reaches the source of the Sungach River flowing from Lake Khanka and follows it until it flows into the Ussuri River, then follows the river to the administrative border between the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.


    The geopolitical position of Primorsky Krai is determined by the fact that the territory of Primorye Russia borders for more than 1000 km with the largest country in the world - China and with North Korea (about 30 km), and through the Sea of ​​Japan it reaches the maritime borders of Japan and South Korea, and other Asian countries. -Pacific region (APR). At the same time, Primorye performs a kind of connecting, contact function in the international relations of Russia with many countries of the Asia-Pacific region.


    GEOGRAPHY OF PRIMORYE Physico-geographical features of the region of the Far East of the Russian Federation The main large physical and geographical divisions of the Primorye Territory are the Sikhote-Alin (southern half) and East Manchuria (eastern outskirts) mountain regions, as well as the West Primorsky Plain separating them. Along the main watershed, the Sikhote-Alin mountain region is divided into the Sea of ​​Japan (eastern and southern) macroslope and the Ussuri-Khanka (western) macroslope, which differ from each other in the structure of the relief and natural and climatic factors.


    In the northern part there are the Samarginskoe and Zevinskoe, and in the southern part there are the Artemovsk basalt plateau. Within their boundaries, flat, table-shaped watersheds are developed, where raised bogs often form in depressions. Large areas are covered with larch forests with peaty, waterlogged soils. The marginal parts of the plateau are cut by narrow river valleys, transverse ridges and river valleys, followed by large fault zones. The Sea of ​​Japan macroslope is divided into a series of independent natural and climatic complexes with sufficient contrast.


    The southern Sikhote-Alin is especially colorful for its rugged coastline, rocky cliffs and gently sloping sandy beaches, a wealth of natural monuments, a mild maritime climate, the proximity of an extensive transport network and high economic development with a natural, often undisturbed landscape. All this has made southern Primorye a favorite holiday and tourism destination for residents of the entire Russian Far East and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region.


    The Ussuri-Khanka macroslope is morphologically divided into Central and Western Sikhote-Alin. The mountain ranges of Central Sikhote-Alin have a predominantly NNE direction. This part of the mountain region is home to the most elevated sections of massive middle mountains with absolute elevations of up to 1850 m and exceeding m. The rivers are steep, mountainous with rapids and rifts. Western Sikhote-Alin consists of separate NE-trending ridges, separated by intermountain depressions and dissected by wide transverse river valleys of the rivers Ussuri, Malinovka, B. Ussurka, Bikin, etc. The heights of the mountains rarely exceed 1000 m, the relative elevation is m, and the slopes are gentler , in comparison with Central Sikhote-Alin.


    The East Manchurian Highlands extends within the Primorsky Territory of its eastern component and is divided into three parts: Pogranichny, Khasan-Barabashsky mountain regions, as well as the Borisov basalt plateau. The border and Khasan mountain regions are already typical low mountains - hilly areas. The border region is a system of low (absolute elevations m, relative elevations m) mountain ranges, which decrease towards Lake Khasan, turning into a hilly plain.


    In the Khasan-Barabash region, absolute elevations (m) and relative elevations (m) are noticeably higher. The main mountain range "Black Mountains" is arched towards the Amur Bay. The valleys of most watercourses are open to southern and southeastern humid sea winds, which leaves a unique imprint on the climate, vegetation and soils. In the inner part of the Western Primorsky Plain region, the total area of ​​which is 20% of the region's area, there is a lake. Hanka. Around it there is a lowland of the same name - swampy flat spaces separated by wide river valleys.




    Climate The climatic conditions of the region are largely determined by its geographical location - at the junction of Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. In summer, southerly winds from the Pacific Ocean predominate, and in winter, northerly winds, bringing cold but clear weather from continental regions. At the same time, the monsoon climate has a “mitigating” effect, especially on coastal areas. Spring is long, cool, with frequent temperature fluctuations. The main feature of summer is heavy rainfall and fog. Summer is the time for typhoons; these tropical cyclones visit the region every year. The average temperature in July is +17C...+26C. The coldest summer in the region is on the coast of the Tatar Strait in the northeast of Primorye. The hottest place is on the Khanka Plain.


    Autumn is usually warm, sunny and dry. Winter with little snow, cold and windy. In the central and northern regions of the region the climate is more continental. The total annual precipitation is mm, most of it falls in summer. The cold Primorsky Current runs along the sea coast from north-east to south-west, causing prolonged fog. The average January temperature is from 8°C to 18°C ​​on the coast, which, coupled with humidity and winds, reduces it by 2 times, and in mainland areas, with a drier climate, the temperature reaches 38°C.


    The warmest winter is in the south of the Khasansky district and in the vicinity of Nakhodka, the coldest is in the mountainous regions of the central and northern part of the region. The absolute minimum is -54°C, recorded in the Krasnoarmeysky district near the village. Deep, associated with temperature inversion in the intermountain basin. Coldest months: January, February, March. The warmest months are July, August, September, October. Growing season days.


    Flora and fauna Flora and fauna are distinguished by a combination of southern and northern species. Up to 80% of the territory of the region is occupied by exclusively diverse forests: coniferous, broad-leaved, small-leaved trees and shrubs, many of which are endemic (Manchurian apricot, actinidia, true ginseng, Komarov lotus, etc.).


    The animal world is also diverse. It is represented by both hunting and commercial species: Elk, wapiti, roe deer, wild boar, musk deer, squirrel, mink, otter, weasel, sable, ermine, etc., and rare species: Amur tiger, leopard, red wolf, Ussuri sika deer, etc. .




    Floristic zones. Far East is a mountainous country, more than 1/4 of its territory has mountainous terrain. Usually the height of the mountains does not exceed 1000 m above sea level. m. The uniqueness of the vegetation of the Far East is determined by a number of factors: the large extent of this region in latitude and longitude, which causes climate change from oceanic to continental, long-term seasonal and permafrost, mountainous terrain, a wide variety of rocks and soil conditions. All this allowed V.L. Komarov to allocate the space east of the Stanovoy Ridge into a special Oceanic flora.


    The floras of the Far East are more diverse and richer in the number of species than the floras of the regions of Siberia and the European part corresponding to them according to zonal conditions. Ancient relict plant species have been preserved here. The floras of the Far East are in direct and very ancient related relationships with the floras of the mountainous regions of the southeastern and central parts of Asia and North America, less clear and more recent connections are made with the floras of the trans-Ural parts of Eurasia. Botanists and florists distinguish four types of floras.


    The Manchurian flora, the richest and most diverse, occupies Southern Primorye, the river basin. Ussuri, the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan, the Middle Amur basin and Northeast China. A larger number of heat-loving forest tertiary plant species are represented here, the closest relatives of which are distributed in the subtropics and partly in the tropics of East Asia, as well as in the forests of the corresponding zones of North America.


    Characterized by numerous deciduous tree species, from conifers (Korean cedar), which form mixed coniferous-deciduous forests. The Far East occupies a vast territory in the northeastern part of the Asian continent. Such a vast region is characterized by natural contrasts due to its latitudinal elongation, complex mountainous terrain, and the influence of the seas.


    A forest is a complex plant community of many different plants, differing in size, structure, reproduction, type of nutrition, closely related to each other and influencing each other. Forest is one of the main types of plant communities, the dominant layer of which is formed by trees of one or more species with closed crowns. Forests are the predominant type of vegetation in the Far East. They cover more than 60% of its territory.


    The forest has unique environmental conditions: lighting, temperature, soil composition. The temperature regime varies depending on the time of year: in summer the air temperature in the forest is 8-10° lower, and in winter it is 1-5° higher. Forests delay the movement of air, reduce the force of the wind, i.e., soften the climate. In addition, the forest cleans the air of dust, enriches it with oxygen and absorbs harmful gases, disinfects it from harmful organisms, while releasing volatile substances - phytoncides.


    A characteristic form of relationships between forest plant communities is the struggle for existence, competition for light, nutrients and water. The attitude to light determines the tiered arrangement of terrestrial plant organs: the upper tier is formed by the most light-loving trees. They are also dominant or edificatory plants that determine the ecological conditions of a given forest plant community; shade-tolerant plants form the lowest tier.


    It is customary to distinguish the following tiers: Woody tier - more than 10 m in height: Mongolian oak, poplar, Manchurian walnut, Amur apricot, velvet, linden, calopanax, birch, aspen. Undergrowth m: Types of bird cherry, hawthorn, willow, alder, viburnum, aralia, rowan. Shrub m: Lespedeza, Eleutherococcus, hazel, rose hips, grapes, raspberries, Securinega, currants. Herbaceous and shrub – cm; Schisandra, black cohosh, dioscorea, lily of the valley, adonis, hellebore, valerian, lure. 5th tier - Moss-lichen cm; The dead remains form the forest floor.


    The pearl of Far Eastern vegetation is coniferous-deciduous or cedar-deciduous forests (mixed). Edifiers (dominants) are deciduous trees. Only here such economically valuable and medicinally valuable species as Korean cedar (Korean pine), Amur velvet, Amur linden, whole-leaved fir, Daurian larch, Ayan spruce, Manchurian ash, Manchurian walnut, dimorphant, and valley elm grow in their natural form. , pointed yew, Ussuri pear and many others.


    Conditions are favorable for the growth of numerous medicinal and industrial plants, including endemic ones such as ginseng, Aralia Manchurian, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Schisandra chinensis, etc. The forests of the southern part of the Far East, rich in linden, Amur velvet, lespedeza and many other honey plants, are one of the the country's largest honey bases. In general, coniferous species predominate in the Far East. The most common species is larch. The second place in distribution is occupied by spruce and fir, which predominate in Primorye and Sakhalin, but also play an important role in the Khabarovsk Amur region.


    In Primorye, the most common dominant deciduous species is Mongolian oak. In addition to oak and birch trees, linden and Manchurian ash are also of great importance. Mixed forests are most often polydominant, i.e. each layer includes several dominant species. The first tier is a tree stand: usually consists of 1-2 types of tree species (Korean cedar, Mongolian and jagged oak, Amur and Manchurian linden, birch (white, Daurian, yellow, Manchurian, ribbed, black), Amur velvet, Korean and Maksimovich poplar , calopanax, Amur apricot, Manchurian walnut) The second tier is the undergrowth: made up of smaller trees (rowan, maple, hawthorn, willow, bird cherry, viburnum, aralia, alder, etc.).


    The third tier is represented by shrubs: Manchu hazel, honeysuckle (golden, Maksimovich, Maaka, edible), rosehip (Maksimovich, wrinkled, oggated, Daursky), Amur grapes, two -tone and core, semi -bucket, Maksimovich and Manchurian, Sakhalinsky and Boyarsky -Boyarsky. Street and etc.). 4th tier - The grass-shrub cover is rich in species: Keiske lily of the valley, Amur and Korean valerian, arcuate aconite, Dahurian hellebore and Maaka, two-leaved maynika, Amur adonis, Dahurian and simple black cohosh, Dioscorea nippon. There is almost always a layer of mosses, but mosses do not form a continuous cover.


    In mixed forests, the layering of root systems is well expressed. Tree roots penetrate deep into the soil, and the roots of most grasses lie directly under the litter. Trees and shrubs of mixed forests annually produce a large amount of litter, several times higher than the amount of litter in purely coniferous forests. Litter, as a rule, does not accumulate, reaching greater thicknesses in the fall. During the first half of summer, it almost completely decomposes, which is facilitated by the looseness of the soil, good heating, and a large supply of moisture, until the trees put on leaves. As a result, humus is formed, which can retain soluble decomposition products.


    Coniferous forest Forest dominated by conifers (Siberian spruce, bud fir, Korean cedar) occupies up to 30% of the forested area of ​​the Far East. Under the thick and dark canopy of spruce or fir, only shade-tolerant shrubs and herbs are found, such as honeysuckle, grapes, actinidia, liceweed, and eleutherococcus. And in the brighter places along the edges, at the site of clearings: aspen, birch, alder.


    The grass cover, depending on the lighting conditions, can either be absent or have transitions to dense grass. Common grasses of these forests are wood sorrel, bileaf moss, mosses, and mosses. Amur fern is found in illuminated areas. On screes or along the edges of screes: Pacific bergenia. On rocky hills - lingonberries, Manchurian thyme. In swampy lowlands - blueberries, rarely - blueberries. There is lichen on the branches of spruce and fir trees. There are no pine forests in the Primorsky Territory. Grave pine is found in the south of the region on the sea coast.


    Larch forest Larch forests in the Primorsky Territory are found in separate isolated forests. The dominant tree of larch forests is larch. Often larch trees may contain an admixture of oak, birch, aspen, spruce, and fir. Larch trees always have a small density. In the shrub layer there are birch, wild rosemary, meadowsweet, and blueberry. Larches in humid conditions have different moss or lichen covers


    Broad-leaved forest Broad-leaved forest is formed from the same trees that are found in mixed groups; there are no conifers in these forests. Common trees include Amur linden, Manchurian ash, valley elm, Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Mongolian oak with typical shrubs: hazel, bicolor lespedecia. The grass cover is usually continuous and consists of wormwood, bells, and clematis.

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    Slide captions:

    Traveling around the cities of Primorye Repko Tatyana Anatolyevna Primary school teacher MOBU secondary school No. 2 in the town of Luchegorsk. Primorsky Krai. 1938- 2013 75 years old

    Primorye is on the edge of Russia, You are the first to greet the sunrise, You are the first to say goodbye to the sunset, There is no sweeter region in your heart. (To Storozhenko)

    Dalnerechensk is the northernmost city in the Primorsky Territory. It is located in a picturesque place in the valley of the Ussuri, Bolshaya Ussurka and Malinovka rivers, which connect within the city limits. On clear sunny days, from almost anywhere in the city you can see the contours of mountains and mountain ranges - these are the spurs of the Sikhote-Alin. The famous Ussuri taiga begins there. Not far from the city, on the very bank of the Bolshaya Ussurka River, rise the bizarre shapes of the Salskaya Sopka, an extinct volcano. Proximity of taiga; rich and varied nature, fauna and flora, many rivers and lakes (where lotus grows from below), the proximity of the mineral springs “Swallow”, “Shmakovka”, as well as healing mineral springs (“Sour Spring”, “Mineral Spring”) , the abundance of sunny days combined with the calm, measured life of the city make Dalnerechensk a wonderful place for recreation and tourism. Founded 1859

    Children's park Monument to the Daman events Railway station Administration building Along the city streets.

    Lesozavodsk The history of the city dates back to the formation in 1894 of villages on the banks of the Ussuri River by settlers from the Kyiv, Chernigov and Poltava provinces. At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, the first sawmill appeared on the left bank of the Ussuri next to the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1924, a sawmill was founded on the right bank of the river, which later grew into the Ussuri Wood Processing Plant, the largest in the Far East of the country. The first settlement was called Dalles; in 1932 the village was merged with the village of Novostroika, receiving the modern name Lesozavodsk. In 1938, the village received city status as a result of the merger of the villages: Donskoye, Lutkovka, Medveditskoye and Ruzhino station. In 1972, a large plant for the production of feed yeast was established, in 1974 - the Ussuri clothing factory, in 1987 - a furniture factory. Founded 1894

    Along the city streets

    OUR CITY There are no large squares in this small city. Many different and wonderful people live there. There is bad and good, as always with everyone. There are tears and joys, there are sorrows and laughter. There is a glorious story, Where no one is forgotten. There are pressing problems, Where is all the prose and everyday life. And on the map of Russia, Where there are so many roads, Spassk, even Near, even Far, But it is our town. Year of foundation 1929 Spassk-Dalniy

    The settlement on the site of the city was founded by settlers from Ukraine in 1886 as the village of Spasskoye. In 1906, the Evgenievka railway station and a workers’ settlement near it were built nearby. Nearby, the Spasskaya Sloboda was formed, in which traders and craftsmen lived. In 1917, the territory of the Evgenyevka station, the workers' settlement and Spasskaya Sloboda formed a city, which was given the name Spassk-Primorsky. In 1929 the city was renamed Spassk-Dalniy. The village of Spasskoye was not included in the city; it is located at a very short distance (about two kilometers) from the historical center and the railway station. The village of Spassk is a satellite of the city of Spassk-Dalniy; in the village there is the Spassky Pedagogical College, the Transfiguration Church, and a number of industrial and cultural institutions of the city.

    Along the city streets

    Ussuriysk was founded in 1866 as the village of Nikolskoye (in honor of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker) by 13 families who arrived to settle from the Astrakhan and Voronezh provinces. In 1898, the village of Nikolskoye received city status and the name Nikolsk-Ussuriysky. The city included the village of Nikolskoye, the railway village of Ketritsevo station and the village of Suifunsky. Later, the number of residents of the newly formed settlement was replenished by immigrants from Ukraine who moved en masse to the south of the Far Eastern region of the Russian Empire Year of foundation 1866

    On February 20, 1935, the city was renamed Voroshilov in honor of the Soviet military leader K. E. Voroshilov. On November 29, 1957, the name of the city was changed again, from now on it is called Ussuriysk. Old city

    STREETS OF THE MODERN CITY

    The city of Arsenyev (the village of Semenovka) was founded in 1902, uniting three small settlements: the settlements of the village of Petropavlovka, the village of Khalaza and the village of Semenovo (named after the first settler Semyon Guryev). During the revolution and subsequent intervention, the village was not too large to participate in the events taking place, but was located on one of the important routes of partisan resistance. In 1938, the sequential construction of two military factories, an aviation and a shell factory, began; with the growth of the population, multi-storey buildings began and the village was transformed into the working village of Semenovka. Both the village and, since 1952, the city of Arsenyev, named after the famous Russian scientist, traveler, writer and explorer of the Far East Vladimir Klavdievich Arsenyev, had a closed status for a long time due to the strategic importance of the factories. In the late 80s - early 90s, the Progress plant began mastering the production of Ka-50 Black Shark combat helicopters, and later the Ka-52 Alligator; the Askold plant switched to the production of household appliances. At the same time, with the “discovery” of the city, the development of the sports industry began. In 2002, the city of Arsenyev celebrated its 50th anniversary and the 100th anniversary of the settlement.

    Helicopter Black Shark, the pride of the country Produced at the Progress plant in Arsenyev

    The village of Nakhodka was located on the site of the current Portovaya Street and Central Square; in total there were about 50 private houses. People in the village were engaged in subsistence farming and fishing. The port point was a 125-meter-long pier built in 1935, warehouses and access railway tracks. On May 18, 1950, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the working village of Nakhodka was given the status of a city. On May 23, 1950, the Executive Committee of the Nakhodka Workers' Council adopted Resolution No. 155 on the approval of the first streets

    On June 17, 1859, the corvette steamship America, on board which was the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia, Muravyov-Amursky, was heading to the Russian shores. The ground appeared. Having rounded a rocky cape, the ship entered the waters of an unknown bay. There was a thick fog, making visibility difficult, and it was drizzling. The ship slowly sailed deeper into the bay, keeping a distance of two miles from the shore, and anchored not far from a high mountain (Sestra Hill). At 6 o'clock in the morning we weighed anchor and went to inspect the shore; noticing a depression, we opened the bay. By order of his Excellency (Count Muravyov-Amursky), the bay was named Nakhodka. In 1861, having entered Nakhodka Bay on the clipper “Strelok”, Alexey Peschurov noted: “The time will come, God willing, in our lifetime, when the present silence will be replaced by thousands of sounds, which will merge into the continuous dull noise of the trading port.” The first settlements of the city of Nakhodka

    Along the city streets

    City of the Golden Horn, Hello, captain city! The Pacific Ocean is near your doorstep. In 1859, the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky, going around the shores of Peter the Great Bay on a ship, paid special attention to the well-sheltered bay. It resembled the Golden Horn Bay in Constantinople, and the Governor-General proposed to call it the same, and on the shores of the bay he ordered the establishment of a military post, which he named Vladivostok. Another variant. The bay stretches from west to east. If you look at the bay at sunrise or sunset, you can clearly see the reflection of the sun in the form of a horn in the bay. Golden Horn [.

    Vladivostok On June 20 (July 2, new style), 1860, the military transport “Manchu” under the command of Lieutenant Commander Alexei Karlovich Shefner founded a military post, which has now officially received the name Vladivostok. The following entry was made in the Manchurian logbook about this event: “On this date, one chief officer, 2 non-commissioned officers and 37 privates of the 4th line battalion were sent ashore to occupy a post.” Soldiers and sailors under the command of Warrant Officer Komarov began building the post. This day is officially considered the founding day of the city. Founded 1860

    In May 1891, Tsarevich Nicholas, the future Emperor Nicholas II, visited Vladivostok. He was returning from a trip to the countries of the East, and the first Russian city upon his return was Vladivostok. During his visit, the Tsarevich laid the foundation for a railway with a stone station, a dry dock for ship repairs and a monument to Admiral Nevelskoy. In 1893, railway traffic opened between Vladivostok and Nikolsk (Ussuriysk), in 1897 the Khabarovsk-Vladivostok railway was built, and in 1903, direct railway communication with Moscow along the Trans-Siberian Railway opened. Railway Station 1924

    The city is actively being built up and in 1891, Tsarevich Nicholas (the future last emperor of Russia) visited it, for whose arrival the Arc de Triomphe was built (now a popular landmark

    Photo 1920-1922

    Modern city

    T R I U M F L N A Y A R K A

    GOLDEN BRIDGE OVER THE Golden Horn BAY

    Our ancestors lived here, we live here, and our children will live here. There are mountains

    forest... You are the best land in the world!

    http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki http://www.zapoved.net/index. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Russia_edcp_location_map.svg?uselang=ru http://travelenc.ru/node/823 http://protown.ru/russia/city/articles/articles_803.html http ://www.zolotou.com/foto-ussuriisk/fotografii-ussurijska u.wikipedia.org/ wiki /Arsenev_(city) http://www.dv-reclama.ru/b/progressaviation/6255/vizitnaya_kartochka_zavoda_quot_progress_quot_g_arsenev_primorskogo_kraya_boevye_vertolety_ka_50_ quo/ http ://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki http://photovladivostok.ru/gallery/cities/nahodka http://www.etoretro.ru/city42.htm http://gorod-vladivostok.ru/istoriya.html


    Primorsky Krai is located in the very south of the Russian Far East,
    stretching from north to south along the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. In the west it borders
    with China, in the very south - with Korea, in the north - with the Khabarovsk Territory. Its area
    is 165 thousand square kilometers, this approximately corresponds to
    the size of the average region of Russia. However, by European standards the region is huge,
    countries such as Belgium, Holland, Denmark and
    Switzerland combined. The south-eastern part of the region is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Petra
    Velikogo, dissected off the coast by many bays and bays.
    Briefly about the region as a whole, we can say that it is a large industrial
    region of the Far East, whose economy specializes in fisheries
    industry, mining and beneficiation of non-ferrous metal ores, timber and
    woodworking industry. Agriculturally
    it is known as a producer of soybeans, rice, wheat, oats, as well as orchards and
    vineyards

    Travelers are attracted by the unique nature of the region. Most of it
    The territory is occupied by the Sikhote-Alin mountains. These are mainly ridges with rounded
    domed peaks and gentle slopes, the average height of which
    600-700 meters. However, there are also real mountains. The highest mountain here
    Cloudy - 1855 meters. Mountain ranges run parallel to each other
    friend, but there are very few lowlands, they exist only along river valleys, near lakes
    Khanka and along the sea. 80% of the entire territory is hills. The mountainous country of SikhoteAlin stretches for 1000 kilometers and is 250 kilometers wide.
    In the south, chains of mountains run parallel to the Peter the Great Gulf,
    breaking up into numerous spurs, one of which forms a peninsula
    Muravyov-Amursky. The shores of the peninsula are indented by numerous
    bays and are washed from the west by the waters of the Amur Bay, and from the east -
    Ussuri Bay. Here on the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula in the very
    its southern part and the city of Vladivostok is located - the capital of Primorsky
    the edges.

    Lotus Komarova is a very beautiful elusive pearl of the Far East,
    listed in the Red Book. Lotus is a tropical East Asian plant,
    growing only in the Far East, a representative of the most ancient flowering plants,
    has scientific value as a relict of the Gondwanan (first continent) flora,
    existed more than a hundred million years ago during the Mesozoic era. Our lotus Komarov,
    survived glacial invasions, not afraid of Amur frosts, decorates reservoirs
    Khabarovsk Territory, Bikinsky District (lake villages of Lermontovka and Lonchakovo).
    The great vitality of this relic is amazing. Under unfavorable conditions, seeds
    lotuses do not germinate, but do not die, but go into the stage of suspended animation. Managed
    germinate seeds discovered in a Manchurian peat bog - they are older than
    1000 years.
    Lotus flowers are large, 25-30 cm in diameter, and rise high above the water at
    straight peduncle. They have a weak but very pleasant aroma.
    The leaves, rising above the water, are located on erect petioles, have
    funnel-shaped and larger than floating ones - up to 50-70 cm in diameter.

    Amur tiger (also known as Ussuri, Siberian or
    East Siberian tiger) is one of the smallest subspecies
    tiger, the northernmost tiger. Listed in the Red Book. Habitat
    tigers are concentrated in a protected area in southeast Russia, according to
    banks of the Amur and Ussuri rivers in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, in total
    In Russia in 1996 there were about 415-476 individuals. About 10%
    (40-50 individuals) of the Amur tiger population lives in China (Manchuria).
    Ussuri tigers are most common in the foothills of Sikhote Alin in the Lazovsky district of Primorsky Krai, where they are relatively
    Every sixth wild Amur tiger lives in a small area
    (2003).

    Ussuri taiga - An invaluable creation of nature, equal in
    importance of Lake Baikal. Unique animal and plant
    world:
    lotus, ginseng, cork tree, richest deposits
    fossils. The main attraction is the Ussuri
    tiger, the largest representative of the cat family in
    world, a rare subspecies preserved only in the territory
    Russia.

    In the Russian Far East, characterized by large
    variety of forests, the most valuable are cedar broad-leaved forests, the main species of which is Korean cedar.
    These forests provide food and habitat for various species
    game animals and birds, are distinguished by a unique set of
    medicinal plants, including lemongrass, ginseng, zamanika,
    Eleutherococcus, etc. Unfortunately, the area of ​​cedar forests is very limited.
    Forests containing cedar account for only about 3% of the forest area of ​​Dalny
    East.
    Characterizing the range of Korean pine in Russia, it follows
    It should be noted that along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Strait of Tartary it
    stretches to the northeast, along the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin
    in a strip 40 to 100 km wide it reaches the Sovetskaya Gavan area

    Primorsky Krai is one of the most forested regions of the Russian Federation.
    Federation. In terms of its richness and diversity, Primorsky forests
    unique. About 400 species of trees grow in the Primorsky Territory,
    shrubs and vines. In total, 2592 species grow in the Primorsky Territory
    vascular plants from 800 genera and 168 families. On the territory of Primorye
    the highest level of species endemism and flora originality was noted
    among other regions of the Russian Far East. Endemics make up 3.4% of the total
    vascular plants. Almost 500 vascular plants of Primorsky Krai are not
    found in other regions of the Russian Far East. 89 species are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation
    vascular plants of the Primorsky Territory, there are 343 species in the Red Book of the Primorsky Territory.

    It is located between the Kievka and Chernaya rivers in the southern part of the Sikhote-Alin (ridge.
    Reserved). It includes the islands of Petrov and Beltsov in the Sea of ​​Japan.
    The relief is mountainous, the average height of the mountains is 500-700 m above sea level. m., separate peaks
    (Nageevskaya, Chernaya) reach 1200-1400 m.
    The main rocks are shales, sandstones, granites, basalts, andesites and
    porphyrites. About 1000 species of higher vascular plants have been recorded in the reserve.
    plants, about 250 bryophytes and about 150 species of lichens. Of them
    pointed yew and calopanax are listed in the Red Book of Russia
    seven-lobed, Olgin larch, hard juniper, zamanikha
    high, ginseng, Schreber braznia and endemic to the Far East -
    microbiota is cross-paired.

    A lake on the border of the Primorsky Territory of Russia and the Heilongjiang Province of China.
    Khanka is the largest freshwater body of water in the Far East.
    Area 4070 km² (at average water level), length 95 km, dominated by
    depths 1-3 m, greatest - 10.6 m.
    16 rivers flow into the lake, in particular Ilistaya, Melgunovka, Komissarovka;
    The Sungacha River flows out, a tributary of the Ussuri (Amur basin).
    The village of Kamen-Rybolov is located on the lake.
    The international Russian-Chinese Khanka event was organized on the lake.
    reserve.

    a predatory mammal from the cat family, one of the subspecies of leopard.
    The body length is 107-136 cm. The weight of females is up to 50 kg, males - up to 70 kg.
    Distributed in the mountain taiga forests of the Far East, in the region
    borders of three countries - Russia, China and North Korea.
    Currently, the Far Eastern leopard is on the verge of extinction.
    This is the rarest of the subspecies: no more than 30 - 35 have survived in nature.
    individuals. Specimens kept in zoos and nurseries are in
    close relationship and their offspring degenerate
    In the 20th century, the species was included in the IUCN Red Book, the Red Book of Russia, and also
    in a number of other security documents. Leopard hunting has been prohibited since 1956

    Bay in Peter the Great Bay of the Sea of ​​Japan. On both banks
    The city of Vladivostok is located. The bay is a convenient parking place
    ships. There are also commercial and fishing ports, ship repair
    enterprises. However, it divides the city into two parts, creating obstacles
    transport links between them. Currently running
    construction of a cable-stayed bridge across the bay. Completion of construction and commissioning
    operation is scheduled for 2011.

    Length 897 km, basin area 193,000 km². The river's sources are
    on the slopes of Mount Snezhnaya in the Sikhote-Alin mountains; for the most part
    flat river (only in the middle reaches spurs approach the valley
    mountains forming rocky steep shores); in many areas
    The Ussuri River has meanders and branches, in the channel there are groups of islands.
    It flows opposite the village of Kazakevichevo, Khabarovsk region, into
    shallow and low-water channel of Kazakevichev (channel of the Amur).
    After this, the new body of water begins to be called the Amur Channel
    (channel of the Amur). The Amur Channel flows into the Amur opposite
    Amur cliff (center of Khabarovsk).
    Ussuri is connected to Lake Khanka (height 69 m) by the Sungacha River.
    The largest island is Kutuzov.

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    http://trvlworld.net
    http://images.yandex.ru
    http://www.primkray.ru
    http://reka-amur.narod.ru
    http://ru.wikipedia.org
    http://www.ecosystema.ru

    My city is surrounded by the sea
    And the greenery of river valleys.
    It is decorated with lace of hills
    Under the sky is clear - blue.
    My city knows the price of the sea. It is accustomed to severe storms.
    And it’s like an artist on stage,
    His proud disposition often changes.
    Then he is gloomy, angry, anxious,
    When the cyclone rushes towards him,
    He smiles at passers-by,
    Suddenly scorched by the bright sun.
    My city stands by the surf,
    Spreading out your streets.
    And the waves wash the piers with salt,
    Meeting ships from the sea.
    Them, hardened by the unsteady sea,
    Flying joyfully home
    Greets you with a sunny smile,
    Vladivostok is my favorite.