Settlements of the Yamal Peninsula. Where is the Yamal Peninsula located? Populations of the Yamal Peninsula Population of Yamal

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) is a distant northern region, harsh and beautiful, a land where the traditions of indigenous peoples and the achievements of modern science are closely intertwined. unique, it intricately combines the severity of the northern climate and the kindness of the local residents, the stinginess of the polar sun and the generosity of northern nature, the endless whiteness of winter days and the fantastic colors of autumn.

Yamal has always attracted travelers and scientists with its uniqueness, natural and cultural riches, clean air and pristine nature. But in order to see all the beauties of Yamal, you need to devote a lot of time to the trip, and in our fast-paced age this is very difficult to do. With the help of this site, everyone can make a virtual, but exciting journey into the world of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

(obsolete - Samoyeds, Yuracs) - Samoyed people in Russia, inhabiting the Eurasian coast of the Arctic Ocean from the Kola Peninsula to Taimyr. The Nenets are divided into European and Asian (Siberian). European Nenets are settled in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk Region, and Siberian Nenets are settled in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Tyumen Region and in the Dolgano-Nenets Taimyr Municipal District of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Small groups of Nenets live in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions, and the Komi Republic.

Of the indigenous peoples of the Russian North, the Nenets are the most numerous. According to the results of the 2002 census, 41,302 Nenets lived in Russia, of which about 27,000 lived in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
The traditional occupation is large-scale reindeer herding. On the Yamal Peninsula, several thousand Nenets reindeer herders, keeping about 500,000 reindeer, lead a nomadic lifestyle. The home of the Nenets is a conical tent (mya).

The names of two autonomous districts of Russia (Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets) mention the Nenets as the titular ethnic group of the district; another such district (Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug) was abolished in 2007 and transformed into the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The Nenets are divided into two groups: tundra and forest. Tundra Nenets are the majority. They live in two autonomous okrugs. Forest Nenets - 1500 people. They live in the basin of the Pur and Taz rivers in the southeast of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.

carries a child from the maternity hospital

Due to the presence on the territory of the Sayan Highlands of tribes whose language in the recent past was classified as Samoyed, Stralenberg suggested that the Samoyeds of the Sayan Highlands are descendants of the Samoyeds of the circumpolar zone, where they were aborigines, that from the north some of the Samoyeds, under the influence of some reasons, moved to south, settling the Sayan Highlands.

Fischer-Castrena theory
The opposite point of view was expressed by the historian Fischer, who assumed that the northern Samoyeds (the ancestors of the modern Nenets, Nganasan, Entsy, Selkup and Yuraks) are the descendants of the Samoyed tribes of the Sayan Highlands, who advanced from southern Siberia to more northern regions. This is Fisher's assumption in the 19th century. was supported by enormous linguistic material and substantiated by Castrén, who assumed that in the first millennium AD. e., in connection with the so-called great movement of peoples, the Samoyed tribes were forced out by the Turks from the Sayan Highlands to the north. In 1919, A. A. Zhilinsky, a researcher of the Arkhangelsk north, spoke out sharply against this theory. The main argument is that such a resettlement would require a sharp change in the type of environmental management, which is impossible in a short time. Modern Nenets are reindeer herders, and the peoples living on the Sayan Highlands are farmers (about 97.2%)

KHANTY
The Khanty are a people who have lived in the north of the Russian Federation since ancient times, mainly in the territories of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs. Khanty is not the only name for this people; in the West it is known as Ostyaks or Yugras, but the more accurate self-name “Khanty” (from the Khanty “kantakh” - person, people) was established as the official name in Soviet times.

In historical chronicles, the first written mentions of the Khanty people are found in Russian and Arabic sources of the 10th century AD, but it is known for certain that the ancestors of the Khanty lived in the Urals and Western Siberia already in the 6-5 millennium BC; subsequently they were displaced nomads to the lands of Northern Siberia.
Usually the Khanty are short people, about 1.5-1.6 m, with straight black or dark brown hair, dark skin, and dark eyes. The type of face can be described as Mongolian, but with the eye shape of the correct shape - a slightly flat face, cheekbones noticeably protruding, lips thick, but not full.
The culture of the people, language and spiritual world are not homogeneous. This is explained by the fact that the Khanty settled quite widely and different cultures formed in different climatic conditions. The southern Khanty were mainly engaged in fishing, but they were also known for farming and cattle breeding. The main occupations of the northern Khanty were reindeer herding and hunting, and less often fishing.

The Khanty, who were engaged in hunting and fishing, had 3-4 dwellings in different seasonal settlements, which changed depending on the season. Such dwellings were made of logs and placed directly on the ground, sometimes a hole was first dug (like a dugout). Khanty reindeer herders lived in tents - a portable dwelling consisting of poles placed in a circle, fastened in the center, covered with birch bark (in summer) or skins (in winter).

Since ancient times, the Khanty have revered the elements of nature: the sun, moon, fire, water, wind. The Khanty also had totemic patrons, family deities and ancestor patrons. Each clan had its own totem animal, it was revered, considered one of the distant relatives. This animal could not be killed or eaten.
The bear was revered everywhere, he was considered a protector, he helped hunters, protected against diseases, and resolved disputes. At the same time, the bear, unlike other totem animals, could be hunted. In order to reconcile the spirit of the bear and the hunter who killed it, the Khanty organized a bear festival. The frog was revered as the guardian of family happiness and an assistant to women in labor. There were also sacred places, the place where the patron lives. Hunting and fishing were prohibited in such places, since the animals were protected by the patron himself.

Traditional rituals and holidays have survived to this day in a modified form, they were adapted to modern views and timed to coincide with certain events (for example, a bear festival is held before the issuance of licenses to shoot bears). Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

KOMI
It is known that the Komi people have lived in the northern lands since the 1st millennium BC. The name Komi comes from the self-name of the people - Komi Voityr, which translated means Komi people. Komi are often called Zyryans; the word Zyryans, translated from the Komi language, means living on the border. As a result of gradual settlement, the Komi people were conditionally divided into northern (Komi-Izhemtsy) and southern (Sysoltsy, Prilutsy) ethnic groups.
Komi mainly live on the territory of the Komi Republic, some Komi live in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug.
The Komi language (Komi language, Komi-Zyryan language) belongs to the Uralic language family. The Komi writing system is based on the Cyrillic alphabet. In the northern regions of the Russian Federation, television programs and printed publications are published in the Komi language.

Typically, Zyryans have average or slightly above average height (about 165-170 cm) and a regular physique. The low, slightly flattened face is framed by dark or black hair, the bridge of the nose is wide, and the eyes are gray or brown. Closer to the south, Komi people have blue eyes and blond hair.
Northern Komi were reindeer herders, hunters and fishermen, southern Komi were engaged in hunting and fishing, knew cattle breeding and agriculture, but until the 18th century these were rather auxiliary industries. In the 18th century, due to an increase in the production of game animals, there was a sharp reduction in their numbers; from that time on, cattle breeding, reindeer husbandry and agriculture became the main occupations of the Komi.

The Komi lived in villages and villages located on the banks of the river. They tried to place houses along the river in one row. The northern settlements were located at considerable distances from each other and consisted of several houses. Up to several hundred people could live in the southern settlements; often such settlements were formed due to the merger of neighboring villages.
The dwellings were log-framed rectangular huts with a high basement (the lower floor, most often non-residential), covered with a pitched roof. In the courtyard there were outbuildings and a two-story barn.
The clothing of the southern Komi was reminiscent of Russian clothing in style and cut. Women wore shirts, sundresses, fur coats; the men's wardrobe consisted of a shirt, canvas pants, a caftan and a fur coat. The difference from Russian costumes was in the colors of the fabrics used and the finishing features. Northern Komi often wore clothes typical of the Nenets. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

SELKUPY
The Selkups are the smallest people in the north of Russia. According to the results of the latest population census, the number of Selkups is only about 1,700 people. The largest number of representatives of the people live on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the northwestern territories of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and in the Tomsk region.
The official name of the people - Selkups - was approved only in the 30s of the 20th century; it comes from the self-name of the northern ethnographic group and is translated as forest people. However, this is not the only self-name of the people; the southern Selkups called themselves chumylkup (earthman), the Ob - sysyokup (taiga man).

The Selkups belong to the Ural small race, which means that their appearance contains Mongoloid and Caucasian features. The Selkups have dark straight hair, brown eyes, slightly darkish skin, a small nose, strongly concave at the bridge of the nose, and their faces are most often flat.
The Selkup language belongs to the Uralic language family. The Selkups did not have a written language for a long time; the first attempt to create a written language based on the Cyrillic alphabet dates back to the 19th century, but this attempt was not very successful since the Russian alphabet did not allow them to correctly convey the sound of the language.

The second attempt took place in the 30s of the 20th century, they adopted the Latin alphabet as a basis, and published a large amount of educational literature in the Selkup language. But just 7 years later, in 1930, the Selkup writing was again transferred to the Cyrillic alphabet, which caused a lot of confusion. Currently, the Selkup language is practically not used in printed sources; the main areas of application of the language remain folk crafts, family communication, and folklore.
The traditional occupations of the Selkups are fishing and hunting. The northern Selkups were engaged in reindeer husbandry mainly as an auxiliary industry (transport, skins, etc.).
The southern Selkups knew how to make ceramics, process metals, weave canvas, achieved great success in blacksmithing, and grew grain and tobacco. These industries actively developed until the 17th century, when they were replaced by higher quality imported goods.

ATTRACTIONS OF YNAO
The sights of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are unique and can bring a smile to a person unfamiliar with the life of the region. For example, here you can see a monument... to a mosquito. A veteran in the Far North is considered a person who not only survived the polar night, but also endured a terrible ordeal in the form of mosquitoes, which are especially evil here. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
The list of attractions of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug includes another sculpture dedicated to the animal: at the entrance to Salekhard there is a 10-meter monument to a mammoth. The remains of these extinct animals are often discovered in the region. 9-ton tusks were found here, and a century later scientists unearthed a perfectly preserved mammoth, whose age is close to 46 thousand years.

The most beautiful river Yuribey flows through Yamal, which ends its journey by flowing into the Kara Sea, namely into its Baydaratskaya Bay.

An intricate four-kilometer bridge on stilts was built across Yuribey - a local architectural landmark.

In the village of Novy Port you can visit the largest “natural refrigerator” in Russia - a complex of ice underground caves. The length of the tunnels exceeds a kilometer, the caves are constantly looked after, which allows them not to lose their cold, icy shine even in summer.

The Yamalo-Nenets District is famous for its natural areas; in the area there are 13 nature reserves and two reserves - Verkhne-Tazovsky and Gydansky. The territory of the first is dominated by taiga areas, while the second is famous for its tundra “lunar” landscapes. The Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve is one of the largest natural parks in Russia; reindeer and the unique Kondo-Sosvinsky beaver are found here.
On the territory of the Gydansky Nature Reserve there are the most beautiful peninsulas of Yavai, Oleniy, Rovny, as well as the islands of the Kara Sea. There are many “Red Book” fish, animals and birds here: sturgeon, polar bear, white-tailed eagle, walrus, narwhal, seal and many others.

Of all the reserves in the region, the most interesting is the Kunovatsky Park, located in the Shuryshkarsky district of the region in the floodplain of the Ob and Malaya Ob. The incredibly rare white crane lives here - a special type of crane that is listed in all the Red Books of the world. Many other species of migratory birds can be observed in the reserve.

One of the main archaeological monuments of the Yamalo-Nenets District is the Nadym settlement - the remains of a settlement of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, discovered on the territory of the city of Nadym. Children's toys made of wood, jewelry made of tin and copper, hunting skis and much more were found here.

The oldest surviving buildings of the district center were erected at the end of the 19th century. These include, for example, small one-story buildings on Republic Street and the Musical Drama Theater. In the city center, in the early 1990s, the Nikolskaya Tower of the Obdorsky fort, a monument of wooden architecture of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, was restored. It is decorated with a double-headed eagle, and from the tower there is a descent to the Poluy River. It is believed that Salekhard was founded on this site.

For more than twenty years, the ecological and methodological center “House of Nature” has been operating in Nadym, where you can get acquainted with the nature and ecology of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug, as well as with the ethnographic heritage of the region’s indigenous inhabitants - the Nenets.
In Noyabrsk you can visit the first Children's Museum in Russia, where you can play with most of the exhibits, and even make some of them yourself. The museum has a winter garden and a children's workshop, from where, among other things, you can take a virtual tour of exhibitions around the world.

In Labytnangi you can visit the cross-shaped Znamensky church-chapel - one of the most interesting in the area. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

SACRED SITES OF YNAO
1 Settlement (sacrificial place) Ust-Poluy. Salekhard. Located on a high cape of the river's bedrock terrace. Poluy, approximately 2 km upstream from its confluence with the river. Ob. 0.2 km southwest from the building of the Aviator sports complex. V century BC. to the 3rd century AD B.C. Adrianov 1932

2 Mangazeya settlement, Krasnoselkup district.
The right bank of the Taz River, at the mouth of the river. Mangazeika. 8.5 km north of the village of Sidorovsk. 17th century AD V.N. Chernetsov

3. A complex of ethnic cultural objects on the north-eastern shore of the lake. Maloe Muzykantovo Purovsky district, north-eastern shore of Lake Maloe Muzykantovo.

4. Cult place “Tareznzyakha-hekhe” Yamal district, left bank of the river. Yuribey, 3.9 km west of the proposed railway route.

3. Cult place “Lamzento-syo” Yamal region, on the watershed of the rivers Lamzento-syo (3.5 km to the west) and Ya-yakha (11.5 km to the east) between lakes Lamzento (14 km to the south) and Syavta- then (12.5 km north).

4. Holy place on the left bank of the Seyakha river, Yamal region, left indigenous bank of the river. Seyakha, coordinates N. 70°23"02.7", east. 068°35"06.7"

5. Sanctuary of Nyakharyakh Priuralsky district, r. Nyaharyakha, coordinates N 69°25"34.3", E 68°23"07.9"

6. Sidyapelyato Sanctuary, Priuralsky district, northern shore of Lake Sidyapelyato, coordinates north latitude. 69 °19"34.5", east 68°15"04.0"

7. A complex of log-type buildings in the village. Khanty-Muzhi Shuryshkarsky district, village. Khanty-Muzhi, natural park-museum "Zhivun" Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

VERKHNE-TAZOVSKY RESERVE
The reserve is located on the West Siberian Plain, in the Krasnoselkupsky district of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of Russia. Its length is 150 km from north to south and 70 km from west to east. The territory is divided into two forest districts - Pokolskoye and Tazovskoye, bordering each other along a water protection clearing along the left bank of the Ratta River.
The reserve was formed in 1986 to preserve and study the natural complexes of the area, unique for the West Siberian Plain and characteristic of its upland - the Siberian Uvals. The territory of the reserve is important for the protection of the declining population of taiga reindeer, and is promising for the re-acclimatization of the Sosvinsky beaver.

The fauna of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Reserve is typical for the northern taiga, however, it has not been sufficiently studied. Large animals include bear, elk, and wolverine. The latter occurs rarely, but constantly. Wolves rarely come here from the tundra. The Arctic fox comes to the Upper Taz during migrations. Foxes live along river valleys.

In the Verkhnee-Tazovsky Nature Reserve there are 310 species of vascular plants, 111 leaf-stemmed bryophytes, and 91 species of lichens. Forests with a predominance of pine in the reserve account for 59.4% of the forested area. Found in areas of river terraces. Dark coniferous forests do not occupy such large areas, but they are more diverse in their composition. They are dominated by cedar and spruce with an admixture of fir. The shrub layer is represented by rosehip, juniper, and rowan. The moss cover is continuous or almost continuous; in some places, foliose lichens are found, which gives the cover a northern appearance.

149 species of birds have been recorded in the reserve. About 310 species of vascular plants are found on its territory. The fauna of the reserve includes about 35 species of mammals. There are 20 species of fish. The animal world is represented by such species of animals and birds as brown bear, weasel, sable, wood grouse, and black grouse.

The main attraction of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve is the relatively rare park-type pine forests with rich reindeer moss forests. The reserve is the largest reserve of valuable fur-bearing animals - sable and ermine. Consists of one plot with an area of ​​631.3 thousand hectares; extends from north to south for 150 km, from east to west - 70 km.

The climate is continental, with long cold winters and fairly warm summers. The range of minimum winter and maximum summer temperatures reaches 100 degrees. The average duration of the frost-free period is 83 days. The reserve is located in a zone of discontinuous permafrost.

The rivers of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve are characterized by moderate currents, high tortuosity, the presence of numerous sandbanks and relatively high banks. There are blockages in some sections of the rivers. In river valleys there are processes of shedding and sliding of high banks. The main river of the reserve is the Taz River - one of the most important spawning rivers in Western Siberia for such valuable species of salmon and whitefish as nelma, muksun, whitefish, broad whitefish, peled, tugun. It begins on the Verkhne-Tazovskaya Upland. Other rivers flowing through the reserve, such as the Pokolka, Ratta, and Kellogg, also originate here.

On the territory of the Verkhne-Tazovsky Nature Reserve there are two types of lakes that differ in genesis - lakes of glacial origin and floodplain origin. The formation of the former is associated with the processes of formation of moraine deposits by the erosion of land areas by glacial waters; they are located in interfluves and usually have a rounded shape. Floodplain lakes are oxbow lakes of rivers, usually elongated, small in width, with marshy banks and a muddy bottom.

On the “ancient” floodplain terraces, which are found in places in the middle and lower reaches of the Ratta and Pokolka, raised bogs are common. The tree stand in the swamps is sparse, represented by pine and birch. The shrub layer is sparse and consists of dwarf birch and low-growing willows. Against the background of a continuous moss cover, cassandra, pommel, cranberry, blueberry, cloudberry, cinquefoil, marsh sedge, and cotton grass dominate.

Ecological tourism:
The reserve has developed an interesting ecological trail, there is a small nature museum and a visitor center.

MYSTERIOUS HOLE IN YAMAL
Scientists are exploring a giant hole in the ground that appeared in Yamal. A crater with a diameter of 60 (and according to other sources, up to 80) meters was discovered last week (July 2014) - it was accidentally noticed from a helicopter. All sorts of versions of its origin have already appeared on the Internet. Scientists have to find out whether it is the result of a man-made impact or the fall of a cosmic body.
Some media even suggested that the crater appeared as a result of alien intervention. But to accurately determine the cause of its appearance, you need to take soil samples. As Rossiya 24 reports, this is not yet possible, since the edges of the crater are constantly crumbling, and it is dangerous to approach it. The first expedition has already visited the site, and Marina Leibman, chief researcher at the Earth Cryosphere Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, spoke about what the scientists saw there.
“There are simply no traces of a person with any kind of equipment here,” she said. “We can assume something fantastic: a hot meteorite fell and everything melted here. But when a meteorite falls, there are traces of charring, that is, high temperature. And "There are no signs of being exposed to high temperatures. There are traces of water flows, there is some accumulation of water."
According to the Rossiyskaya Gazeta portal, scientists are considering several versions of the formation of this hole. The version that this is an ordinary karst failure is unlikely, because the crater is surrounded by soil emissions. If a meteorite formed a hole in the ground, then such a powerful blow could not go unnoticed.
Executive Director of the Subarctic Research and Training Site, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Anna Kurchatova suggested that a not very strong underground explosion occurred here. Gas had probably accumulated underground; at a depth of about 15 meters, pressure began to build. As a result, the gas-water mixture burst out, throwing out ice and sand, like a cork from a champagne bottle. Fortunately, this happened far from a pipeline or gas production and processing facility.

Reindeer herders of the Tazovsky district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug discovered a second crater, outwardly similar to the recently famous “bottomless pit” 30 kilometers from the Bovanenkovskoye deposit.
The new crater is located on another peninsula - Gydansky, not far from the coast of Tazovskaya Bay. The diameter of the crater is significantly smaller than that of the first one - approximately 15 meters. The other day, the deputy director of the state farm, Mikhail Lapsui, became convinced of its existence.
However, there is no need to talk about a discovery as such. According to the nomads, the crater appeared at the end of September last year. They just didn't make this fact widely public. And when they heard about a similar phenomenon on the neighboring peninsula, they told the local authorities about it.

The “hole” in Yamal could have appeared due to swamp gas
Mikhail Lapsui confirms the identity of the Gydan and Yamal natural formations. By the way, they differ little in distance from the Arctic Circle. Externally, except for the size, everything is very similar.
Judging by the soil bordering the upper boundaries, it was ejected to the surface from the depths of permafrost. True, those reindeer herders who call themselves witnesses to the phenomenon claim that there was first a haze over the area where the ejection occurred, then a fiery flash followed and the earth shook.
At first glance, this is speculation. However, this version of the release should not be dismissed out of hand, says Anna Kurchatova, executive director of the Subarctic Research and Training Site, Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, since when methane is mixed with air in certain proportions, an explosive mixture is formed.

SACRED SITES IN YAMAL

SACRED SITES IN YAMAL
Despite the many ancestral sacred places in Yamal, Taimyr and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, there have long been central religious places common to the entire Nenets ethnic group, such as Bolvansky Nos on Vaigach, Kozmin pereselok in the area of ​​the river. Nes (Nenets Autonomous Okrug), Yav'mal hekhe (Yamal), Sir Iri (Bely Island), Minisey in the Polar Urals.
The most revered among the Nenets were two idol stones on Vaygach - Vesoko and Khadako (Old Man and Old Woman). The island itself was named by the Nenets “Hebidya Ngo” - sacred land. The Vesoko Sanctuary is located on Cape Dyakonov. One of the first descriptions of this sacred place was left by skipper Stephen Borrow in 1556. He noted that on the cape there was a sanctuary of about 300 idols, made roughly and primitively, sometimes they were simply sticks with cuts indicating eyes and mouth. The mouths and eyes of the idols and some other parts were smeared with blood. In the “Notes” of Jan Huygens van Linschotten we find a description of a cape on the southern shore of Vaygach, on which there were about 300 idols [Linschotten, 1915].
In 1826, the Vesoko sanctuary was visited by Archimandrite Veniamin, who led the activities of the mission to convert the Nenets (Samoyeds) of the Arkhangelsk province to Christianity. By order of Benjamin, the Vasoko sanctuary was completely destroyed and the idols were burned to the ground. Despite the complete destruction of the most revered sacred place, the Nenets have repeatedly made attempts to restore it. In 1837, biologist A. Schrenk, who visited the island. Vaygach reported that the Samoyeds who returned to their places chose a place for sacrifices not far from the cross erected by the mission of Archimandrite Veniamin, and again placed their wooden idols here [Shrenk, 1855]. A.E. Nordenskiöld, who visited Vaygach in 1887, also wrote about Nenets idols with a bunch of deer antlers and skulls standing on the top of the cape six hundred meters from the cross [Nordenskiöld, 1936].
In 1984-1987 under the leadership of L.P. Khlobystin, a thorough archaeological study of this cultural site was carried out. In 1986, the Arkhangelsk Arctic expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, led by O. V. Ovsyannikov, examined the monument of spiritual culture of the Nenets - the Kozmin Pereselok sanctuary (Kharv Pod - the road to the larch thicket). In 1986-1997 The Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (MAE) under the leadership of P.V. Boyarsky carried out research on the island. Vaygach. Based on these materials, a map of sacred places of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug was created.
The main shrine of Neva-hehe-mother idol is located in the north of the island. Vaygach in the upper reaches of the river. Heheyaha, between lakes Yangoto and Heheto. Judging by the data of V.A. Islavin and A.A. Borisov, the Nenets called the highest rock with a crack resembling a female sign “Neva-hege”.

In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. There is an active interest in sacred places in Yamal. In his work “The Yamal Peninsula,” B. Zhitkov gives a description of the sacrificial place Yav’mal Hekhe, revered by the Nenets, a place of worship for various clans living on Yamal.

Ethnographer-researcher V.P. Evladov devoted a lot of time and effort to studying and describing sacred places, who organized a scientific expedition together with the Ural Committee of the North in 1928-1929. across the tundra of Yamal. He recorded basically all the major religious places of the Nenets. He also managed to visit and describe the main shrine of the Nenets, Sir Iri (White Old Man) on the island. Bel. The Nenets call it the island of the White Old Man (Sir Iri Ngo). Since ancient times, this island has been a kind of gateway to Yamal.
In July-August 2000, with the financial support of the administration of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, an ethnographic expedition was conducted to the Yamal region. Its purpose was to research, record and collect information about sacred and ritual places, describe historical and cultural monuments, sacred and religious places, national burial sites (certification, registration, recommendations for establishing the boundaries of protective zones and creating a map of sacred places).
The collected materials were processed, analyzed and a map of sacred places was compiled. Many of the points indicated on the map were examined by the author personally. Some designations of sacred places are recorded from the words of informants living in the area.
The sacred place of Sir Iri is located in the depths of Bely Island, 25-30 km from the Malygin Strait. It apparently has not been visited for a long time and seems neglected. In the center of the sanctuary there is a figure about 2-2.5 m high. There are logs of different sizes lying around, perhaps these are idols. Time and weather took their toll, some of them were destroyed under the influence of water and wind. The figure of Sir Iri is made of round wood, the master carefully processed the front part, the neck and the transition to the shoulder girdle are outlined, small arms are outlined, apparently, there were tree branches in this place, which made the task easier for the master. During our expeditions to Yamal, we often saw a similar figure in the sacred sledges of the Nenets. At the same time, the figure of Sir Iri was always dressed in a malitsa, but in the descriptions of researchers and travelers we do not find any mention of such an attribute of this image. Although informants claim that during the sacrifice, Sir Iri was dressed in the skin of a sacrificial deer (khan you) (Yaptik Ya.) or a bear (Sir Vark) (Khudi V.).

According to informants, at the sacred site of Ilebyampertya (Bely Island, Cape Malygina, 15-20 km from the strait), sacrifices of a polar bear or a white deer were carried out. The skin of a sacrificial animal was used to wrap the central figure of the syadeya (idol). During our examination of this sacred place, no fresh sacrifices were found, but the remains of rotten skins and skins were lying around. Many skulls of polar bears and deer were scattered around the altar, and a whole mountain of skulls was piled near the central figure.

The Yamal hehe ya sacrificial place is a place of worship and sacrifice for seven clans living on the Yamal Peninsula. According to reindeer herders, anyone can come here, regardless of clan and tribe. The seven ancestral sacrificial places are located at a great distance from each other. The central sacred place is about 2.5 m high and several meters wide. Sacrifices were found on all altars. On each of them there are figures of idols of different sizes stuck, there are small freshly cut syadeys, and traces of deer blood are visible on their faces, and sacred poles (sims) were also discovered, with different colored scraps of fabric tied to them. Not far from the altars, traces of a fire and burnt logs are visible.
Syur’nya hehe I is located 25 km from the village. Syunai-Sale behind the small river Kharvuta. The base is made up of five larches. Under them there are several chests (caskets). There are antlers of sacrificial deer, ribbons of different colors, and a lot of dishes hanging everywhere. According to the legend told by the village residents, the owner sometimes appears at this sacred place and scares people who have come not for sacrifice, but for pampering. Women are generally prohibited from appearing here.

The sacred narta Kharvuta hehe khan is located on the high bank of the Kharvuta River. Apparently, it has been here for a long time, since part of it has gone underground. The sledge is three-toothed, gray-greenish in color, and in some places overgrown with yellowish-white moss. On the sledge there is a casket, the right side of which is broken. There are boards from the casket and pieces of birch bark lying around; perhaps cult objects were previously wrapped in it. A cult sculpture measuring 50 cm in size was discovered in the sledge. The front part is clearly processed, the neck is marked, downwards the figure becomes narrow and less detailed. During the examination of the sacred sledge, two more cult sculptures were discovered: one about 25 cm, most likely male (the figure has been destroyed by time and there are no clear contours), the second is about 30 cm, more complex in processing, the front part is very clearly detailed, the neck and shoulder parts are marked . Most likely, this is a female figure, since the lower part of the body is worked out in great detail: legs, waist. The master was not without interest in working on female genitalia.
Hebidya to Hehe I is located 15 km from the village. Syunai-Sale, on the high shore of a large lake. Previously, this cult place was very often visited by reindeer herders, who drove herds of reindeer from the Han side to summer pastures on Yamal. But several years ago this place was partially destroyed (a large larch tree on which many sacrificial skulls hung was demolished by a tractor). According to informants, a small larch grew not far from the broken larch, and the Nenets began to make sacrifices to this place. Traces of sacrifices, deer skulls, and colored scraps of fabric were found here. A very modest sacred place, there are no bulky piles of sacrificial skulls, as is the case in Northern Yamal.

During the expedition, new, previously unexplored religious places were discovered: Limbya Ngudui hehe ya; Nyarme hehe I; Sarmik yara hehe ya; Munota yaram hehe ya; Parne Sale (mouth of the Mordyyakha River); Yasavey hehe I; Tomboy hehe me; Si'iv Serpiva Khoy (R. Turmayakha); Serotetto seda (Yuribey river, Yamal); Tirs Seda (upper reaches of the Yakhadyyakha River); Varnge yakha hehe ya (Varngeto district); Labahey then (upper reaches of the Sebesyakha River).
Nenets ancestral burial grounds are scattered throughout the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Many travelers and researchers described Nenets burials and burial methods [Zavalishin, 1862; Zuev, 1947; Bakhrushin, 1955; Gracheva, 1971; Khomich, 1966, 1976, 1995; Susoy, 1994; Lehtisalo, 1998]. Since ancient times, the Nenets tried to locate cemeteries (halmer’) on ancestral territories near summer pastures. Usually these were dry places and high hills on the banks of lakes and rivers. In Yamal we discovered burials of various forms. These are burials in a kaldanka (khoi ngano), the sharp ends of which are processed to the size of the figure; burials in logs, in elongated shapes resembling barrels for salting fish; burials on sledges, in structures similar to shipwrecks (large boats); in structures similar to sacred sledges (with caskets), perhaps this is how shamans were buried in ancient times.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Kushelevsky Yu. I. The North Pole and the land of Yalmal: Travel notes. - SPb.: Type. Ministry of Internal Affairs, 1868. - II, 155 p.
http://regionyamal.ru/
Brief report on the trip to the Yamal Peninsula: (Read in the general collection of I. R. G. O. February 19, 1909) / B. M. Zhitkov p. 20. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
Evladov V.P. In the tundra I am small. - Sverdlovsk: Gosizdat, 1930. - 68 p. — 5,000 copies.
Vasilyev V.I. Historical legends of the Nenets as a source in the study of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the Northern Samoyed peoples // Ethnic history and folklore. M.: Nauka, 1977. pp. 113-126.
Vasiliev V.I., Simchenko Yu.B. Modern Samoyed population of Taimyr // SE. 1963. No. 3. P. 9-20.
Golovnev A.V., Zaitsev G.S., Pribylsky Yu.P. History of Yamal. Tobolsk; Yar-Sale: Ethnographic Bureau, 1994.
Dunin-Gorkavich A.A. Tobolsk North. M.: Liberea, 1995. T. 1.
Evladov V.P. Across the Yamal tundra to White Island. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS, 1992.
Zhitkov B.M. Yamal Peninsula / West. IRGO. T. 49. St. Petersburg: Type. MM. Stasyulevich, 1913.
Kurilovich A. Gydan Peninsula and its inhabitants // Soviet North. 1934. No. 1. P. 129-140.
Lar L.A. Shamans and gods. Tyumen: IPOS SB RAS, 1998.
Minenko N.A. Northwestern Siberia in the 17th - first half of the 19th centuries. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 1975.
Obdorsky region and Mangazeya in the 17th century: Sat. documents / Author-comp. E.V. Vershinin, G.P. Vizgalov. Ekaterinburg: “Thesis”, 2004.
http://www.photosight.ru/
photo by S. Vagaev, S. Anisimov, A. Snegirev.

The harsh northern region is beautiful and distant. These definitions fully apply to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. On this land, surrounded by pristine nature, indigenous peoples live according to the customs of their ancestors, and the rich mineral resources are developed using modern technologies. Yamal has always attracted travelers with its unique appearance. Here, the stinginess of the sun and the originality of nature, the severity of the climate and the hospitality of the local residents, the fantastic palette of autumn and the silent whiteness of winter are combined in the most amazing way. Scientists love Yamal for its cultural richness and unique nature. Therefore, be sure to come to the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (capital Salekhard) to enjoy the cleanest air and see more closely the beauty of remote corners of our big country.

Geography

Russia is beautiful and rich: the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the black pearl of the northern part of our country. And it occupies neither more nor less - 770 thousand square kilometers of the West Siberian Plain. The district includes: Gydansky and, of course, the Yamal Peninsula. Most of the district is located beyond the Arctic Circle. From the north, the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is washed by the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug from the south, its eastern neighbors are the Taimyr and Evenki Autonomous Okrug, and from the west it borders on the Arkhangelsk region and the Komi Republic. The relief of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug can be divided into flat and mountainous. All three peninsulas are dotted with small rivers, hollows, ravines and swamps. The mountain range stretches for two hundred kilometers in a narrow strip along the Polar Urals. The climate of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is sharply continental, harsh, and is divided into three zones: the northern zone of the West Siberian Lowland, subarctic and arctic. The population is approximately 500 thousand people with a density of less than one person per square kilometer.

Flora

The vegetation cover in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a pronounced latitudinal zonation. Five landscape zones can be distinguished: northern taiga, forest-tundra, shrub, moss-lichen and arctic tundra. In the northernmost, arctic zone, vegetation is very sparse. Here you can only find mosses, lichens and sedges. Small bushes and herbs are already growing in the moss-lichen tundra. In the next zone (shrub tundra) dwarf birches and willows grow, and berries and mushrooms grow along the rivers. There are many swamps and small rivers in the forest-tundra. Dwarf birches, larches, and small spruce trees grow here. In the southernmost zone of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - the taiga, there are many lakes, swamps, and rivers. The entire territory is covered with dense light and dark coniferous forests.

Fauna

If the flora of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is quite scarce, the animal world is rich and diverse. Thirty-eight species of mammals live in the district's five climate zones. Most of all there are predators and rodents here - fourteen species each. Five names of pinnipeds, three - insectivores, two - ungulates. Twenty species of fur-bearing animals are of great commercial importance.

Mineral natural resources

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (capital Salekhard) is famous for its hydrocarbon reserves. About 78% of the total reserves of Russian oil and gas are concentrated here. The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the world's largest hydrocarbon resource base. Developments for the extraction of valuable raw materials are being carried out at the Nakhodka and Urengoy gas fields, Ety-Purovskoye, Yuzhno-Russkoye, Yamburgskoye oil fields. In the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, about 8% of the total production of “black” and about 80% of “blue gold” is produced annually. The mining of chromium, molybdenum, tin, iron, lead, phosphorites, barites and other minerals is carried out.

Indigenous peoples of the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug

Today twenty peoples live in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. But the true indigenous inhabitants are the Khanty, Nenets, Selkup and Komi-Izhemtsy, who have lived in this territory since time immemorial. The rest settled only in the second half of the twentieth century. This is due to the development of the territories of the Far North during the era of the Soviet Union.

Khanty: this people have lived since ancient times in the territories of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The culture, language and customs of this people are very heterogeneous. This is due to the fact that the Khanty settled over a fairly vast territory and therefore became somewhat scattered.

The Nenets inhabit a vast territory of Russia - from to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. These people migrated from southern Siberia in the first millennium AD. He belongs to the Samoyed group.

It is known that he has lived in this territory since the 1st millennium BC. This people is divided into northern and southern Komi. From time immemorial, the first people were engaged in reindeer herding, fishing and hunting. The second were hunters and fishermen.

The Selkups are the most numerous people of the North. The Selkups traditionally engaged in fishing and hunting. Those representatives of the people who lived at higher latitudes also bred deer.

Administrative center

The capital of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the city of Salekhard. It was located on the bank of the Ob (on the right side). The city is located on the Arctic Circle (the only one in the world). The population is about 40 thousand people. The city was founded in 1595. At first it was a small fort called Obdorsky. Half a century after its founding, permanent residents appear here. Since 1923, the village of Obdorsk has become the center of the Obdorsky district of the Ural region. And already in 1930, the village was given the status of the administrative center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Three years later, Obdorsk was renamed Salekhard. Nowadays, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the capital of the Autonomous Okrug in particular, is developing at a fairly rapid pace. There are many enterprises in the city: Yamalzoloto, a river port, a fish canning plant, Yamalflot and others. The Yamal-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex has been opened in the city, which houses an exhibition center, a local history museum and a scientific library. Also in Salekhard is the District House of Crafts, a state budgetary cultural institution of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. There are many branches of various universities in the capital of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It should be noted that the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (capital Salekhard) is experiencing great problems with Internet access. The fact is that there is no fiber optic network in the region yet.

Cities and districts of the Yamalo-Nenets District

The Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug consists of seven districts, eight cities, five and forty-one rural administrations. Districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Yamalsky, Shuryshkarsky, Tazovsky, Purovsky, Priuralsky, Nadymsky and Krasnoselkupsky. As mentioned above, the population density is very low. Despite the vast territory, there are very few cities in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Cities: Noyabrsk (97 thousand), Novy Urengoy (89.8 thousand), Nadym (45.2 thousand), Muravlenko (36.4 thousand), Salekhard (32.9 thousand), Labytnangi (26, 7 thousand), Gubkinsky (21.1 thousand inhabitants). Some cities of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug will be described in more detail below.

Gubkinsky

The city of Gubkinsky (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) became a city of district significance in 1996 and was named after the Soviet geologist. It is located on the left bank of the Pyakupur River, two hundred kilometers from the Arctic Circle. This city was formed as a base center for the development of oil deposits. Therefore, Gubkinsky (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) mainly specializes in the oil and gas production and processing industries. The city does a good job of working with young people: there are sports and cultural centers, a dance school, and a recording studio. Young people have the opportunity to get an education in their hometown.

Muravlenko. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

The city was founded in 1984. Received district status in 1990. Named in honor of oil engineer Viktor Ivanovich Muravlenko. The city budget is mainly replenished from oil industry enterprises. Muravlenko (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) has its own radio and television companies. The following newspapers are published: “Our City”, “Kopeyka”, “The Word of the Oilman”.

Noyabrsk. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

After Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk is the second most populous city in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The founding date of the city can be considered 1973, when the first oil well was drilled on the site of present-day Noyabrsk. Two years later, the first settlers arrived here, who mainly consisted of workers. Back in 1976, the village of Noyabrsk could only be found on oil workers’ maps, and already in 1982 the village was given the status of a district town. Oil and gas industry is very well developed. More than thirty companies operate in this field.

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a national state entity. The district was created on December 10, 1930. As an equal subject, the district is part of the Russian Federation. The administrative center of the district is the city of Salekhard.
The area of ​​the district is 750.3 thousand km2. Its territory could accommodate Spain, Portugal and Greece combined.
The total population of the district is more than 508 thousand people. The most densely populated areas are along railways and river transport arteries. The average population density of the district is less than 1 person per 1 km2. The industrial development of the district in recent decades has contributed to the rapid growth of the urban population (more than 85% of the total number of residents of the district)
Now in the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug there are 8 cities of district subordination - these are Salekhard, Labytnangi, Muravlenko, Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Tarko-Sale and Gubkinsky, 7 urban-type settlements: Korotchaevo, Limbayakha, Pangody, Stary Nadym, Tazovsky, Urengoy, Kharp and 103 small rural settlements.. The number of rural residents is declining due to the transformation of rural settlements into urban ones and as a result of the outflow of population from rural areas. Among rural Yamal settlements, non-agricultural (rotational, oil and gas, transport) and small national settlements (fishing, reindeer herding, hunting) predominate. The number of inhabitants in rural settlements averages 910 people. The presence of mobile settlements of indigenous peoples (pastures, tents, huts) is also characteristic.

SALEKHARD

Salekhard, the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, is a city in Western Siberia, the center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The city is located 2436 kilometers northeast of Moscow and 1982 kilometers north of Tyumen.
The city of Salekhard is located on the Poluyskaya Upland, on the right bank of the Ob River, at its confluence with the Poluy River, near the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. It is the only city in the world located on the Arctic Circle.
The climate here is sharply continental and harsh. Average temperatures in January are from –22 to – 26 degrees, in July - + 4 - +14 degrees. Precipitation is 200 - 400 mm per year.
The nearest railway station is Labytnangi (line to Kotlas) - 20 km from Salekhard, on the opposite bank of the Ob; It is connected with Salekhard in the summer by a river bus, and in the winter by bus.
The population of modern Salekhard is more than 35.5 thousand inhabitants (end of 2002). Of these, 5 thousand 600 are foreigners and 4 thousand 450 are temporary residents.

Historical reference. The city was founded by the Siberian Cossacks more than 400 years ago, or more precisely in 1595, under the name Obdorsk (from the name of the Ob River and the word “dor”, translated from the Komi language - “a place near”, “near something”), however, the Nenets have long been They called the village Sale-Harn, that is, “settlement on the cape.”
In the mid-18th century, merchants came here for fairs, and at the end of the 18th century, the fortress was abolished. Since the 20s of the 19th century, Russians began to settle permanently in Obdorsk.
In the XYII - early XX centuries, Obdorsk became part of the Belozersky district of the Tobolsk province. In 1897, in the settlement of Obdorsk there were 30 houses, 150 trading shops, and there were 500 permanent residents who were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and trading. At that time the village was famous for its large fairs. Every year from December 15 to January 25, the Obdorsk Fair was held here (the turnover exceeded 100 thousand rubles). During this period of time, the population of the city exceeded several thousand people. Russian traders, mainly from Tobolsk, brought flour, bread, wine, cloth, iron and copper products, tobacco and jewelry, receiving in return furs, fish and fish glue, bird feathers, mammoth ivory and walrus tusks. The monetary unit was mainly considered to be arctic fox skins and paws.
In 1897, a fishing school was founded in the city of Obdorsk.
In December 1930, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug was formed, its center became the city of Obdorsk, and since 1933 it began to be called Salekhard. The village received city status in 1938. This is the first and only city in the Arctic Circle.
Modern Salekhard is a large cultural and industrialized city.

Industry of the city. There is no serious manufacturing industry in the city and therefore the city is always supported by the district. The city industry is represented by: factories - fish canning and dairy, and a house-building plant.
Salekhard is the center of geological exploration expeditions. This is a major transport hub. The Salekhard fish canning plant is the largest in the Tyumen region and is one of the first-born of the industrial development of the north of Western Siberia.
The city of Salekhard is a large river port. 72 years ago (in 1933) the North Ural Trust of the Main Northern Sea Route was created in Salekhard. He is engaged in shipbuilding, fur harvesting, hunting, and timber exports.
In the city of Salekhard, a mink fur farm has been operating since 1951, where fur animals are bred - arctic foxes, nutria and minks
There is also a modern airport, the grand opening of which took place on May 31, 2000. “Iron Birds” fly to many cities in Russia and even abroad (for example, to the city of Budapest. It is also planned to carry out flights to Cyprus and Turkey).
Air communication with the capital of the Tyumen region, the city of Tyumen, was opened back in 1935; in 1937, the first regular air line Salekhard - New Port began operating.
A recently built highway connected the regional capital with other cities and towns of Yamal.

Cultural life of the city. There are five secondary specialized educational institutions in the district center: a pedagogical college, a veterinary technical school, a school of culture and art, a trade school, and the oldest medical school in the country. The medical school has a preparatory department for indigenous northerners.
In 1932, the oldest national pedagogical college in Yamal was opened, which over the years has trained many excellent teaching staff.
There is a local history museum in Salekhard, where local arts and crafts are collected - bone carving, bead jewelry, embroidery and appliqué (a design made using scraps of various materials) on fur, leather and cloth.
In 1990, the city of Salekhard was included in the list of historical cities. A protected historical zone has been created in the city, because there are many buildings of historical and architectural value.

Sports life of the city. Salekhard is a sports city, here almost every resident goes in for sports. This is facilitated by a large number of cultural and sports institutions in the city. The Ice Palace, which recently opened its doors to lovers of active recreation, is very popular. There are so many sections there, and so many competitions that haven’t been held here!
On April 9, 2001, a polar chess school named after world chess champion Anatoly Karpov was opened in the city of Salekhard. Nowadays, chess competitions are held here every year. There is a tennis club in the city with the beautiful name “Polar” (this is a veteran’s club, more than 30 people participate in it). Members of the club - Vladimir Medvedev, Viktor Chikhirev and others - took part in the Russian personal championship and took 8 prizes. There is a children's and youth sports school here, which has trained a lot of sports personnel.
For ski lovers, a ski base has been created in the city, where there is an excellent illuminated ski track and equipped buildings for recreation.
Republican championships in national sports are held annually in the capital of the district; they have been held since 1974. This proves that Yamal pays great attention to national sports.

In recent years, the ancient city of Salekhard, which no one has occupied for more than 400 years, can be said to have been born again. Currently, it has become a major cultural and industrial center, with modern, comfortable houses.
The appearance of the district capital is constantly changing, there is a lot of construction going on there and colossal work is being done to improve the urban area. The city amazes today's average citizen with its architectural sophistication and uniqueness. The city has great prospects and plans for the future; according to the leaders of the city and district, it will be a city designed for 40 thousand residents.

Truly, the age of Siberian cities is considerable. And our city is one of the oldest among them.
Yes, it is comparable in age to Siberian cities. However, it is not comparable - not only with Siberian, but also with all other cities of the world - in terms of its geographical location. Salekhard (formerly Obdorsk) is the only city in the world located directly on the Arctic Circle. The only one... But he is not spoiled by Mother Russia.
The city grew slowly, as if looking with disbelief at the rapid development of its Siberian sister cities, older and younger, which survived the whirlpool of history and disappeared in it. He didn’t want the latter, but rushing towards the former, wanting to survive in life, he was modest and unfussy. He lived with dignity, maintaining a sense of proportion in everything: both in humility and in self-awareness.
The date of birth of Obdorsk is called differently in many sources: in some – 1592 or 1593, and in others – 1595. The difference, of course, in the scale of history is insignificant. Besides Each of the mentioned dates certainly has the right to exist. It all depends on what is considered the founding of Obdorsk: whether the Cossacks came to the lower reaches of the Poluy, the construction of a small winter hut near its confluence with the Ob, or the emergence here of a solid – by the standards of that time – fortification.
Time passed as usual...
And now Salekhard is increasingly gaining strength as the capital of a powerful gas and oil power. It is becoming a real Russian outpost, coordinating the supply of powerful flows of hydrocarbon raw materials not only on the territory of the Russian Federation, but also abroad. Salekhard residents have something to be proud of...

In recent years, our ancient city, one might say, , born again. Literally before our eyes, new five-story buildings are rising, modern highways are being laid, a modern airport has been built, and the entire infrastructure of the Yamal capital is rapidly developing. Salekhard's second youth, which came to him as a result of intensive construction, amazes today's average person with its architectural thoughtfulness and originality. Keep it up, Salekhard!

//Yamal Meridian.-2000.-No.9.-P.24-25

SALEKHARD, center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 2436 km to the north-east. from Moscow and 1982 km north of Tyumen. Located on the Poluyskaya Upland, on the right bank of the river. Ob, at the confluence of the river. Poluy, near the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. The climate is sharply continental and harsh. Average January temperatures from -22 to - 26°C, July 4-14°C. Precipitation is 200-400 mm per year. Nearest railway station - Labytnangi (line to Kotlas) - 20 km from Salekhard, on the opposite bank of the Ob; It is connected with Salekhard in the summer by a river bus, and in the winter by bus. River port. Airport. Population 30.6 thousand people (1992; 13 thousand in 1939; 17 thousand in 1959; 22 thousand in 1970; 25 thousand in 1979). Founded in 1595 as a Cossack fortress (at that time the northernmost in Siberia) under the name. Obdorsk (from the name of the Ob river and the word “dor”, translated from the Komi language - a place near, near something), however, the Nenets have long called the village Sale-Kharn, i.e. a settlement on the cape. From the middle of the 18th century. merchants came here for fairs; at the end of the 18th century. the fortress was abolished. Since the 20s 19th century Russians began to settle permanently in Obdorsk. In the 18th - early 20th centuries. became part of the Berezovsky district of the Tobolsk province. In 1897 in Obdorsk there were 30 houses, 150 trading shops, there were 500 permanent residents who were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and trade; Every year from December 15 to January 25, the Obdorsk Fair was held (turnover exceeded 100 thousand rubles); During this period, the population of Obdorsk increased to several thousand people. Russian traders (mainly from Tobolsk) brought flour, bread, wine, cloth, iron and copper products, tobacco and jewelry, receiving in return furs, fish and fish glue, bird feathers, mammoth ivory and walrus tusks. In 1897, a fishing school was founded in Obdorsk. In 1930, the Yamalo-Nenets National District was formed, the center of which was Obdorsk; Since 1933 it has been called Salekhard. The city - since 1938. In modern Salekhard: factories - fish canning, dairy; house-building plant. Timber transshipment base. Salekhard is the organizational center of geological exploration expeditions. Museum of Local Lore (on display are artistic products of local craftsmen: bone carving, embroidery and appliqué on fur, leather and cloth - “malevu”).
Near Salekhard there are sites of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages (2-1st millennium BC).

//Cities of Russia: encyclopedia. – M.:
Great Russian Encyclopedia, 1994. – P.391.

Salekhard(Salyahard), a city on the right bank of the Ob near the Arctic Circle and the mouth of the river. Poluy, center of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. At the end of the 16th century. in this place was the Obdorsky Nosovoy town, which belonged to the Khanty (Ostyaks). They, according to G.F. Miller, called it Puling-avat-vash - “Poluy Nose Town.” The Nenets (Samoyeds) called it Salia Garden, which translated meant the same thing: “Nose (Cape) Town.” or “City on the nose (cape).” The Komi-Zyryans of the land adjacent to the mouth of the Ob called obdor, i.e. “a place near the Ob” or “the mouth of the Ob” (dor - “a place near something”, “the mouth "). Already in one of the charters of the early 16th century, Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich is called the Prince of Kondinsky and Obdorsky. Therefore, the Ostyak Nosovoy town was often called the Obdorsky Nosovoy town. The Russians, developing the lower reaches of the Ob, built the Obdorsky fort on this strategically advantageous place in 1595 , which they often called Nosovy Gorodok. Therefore, a complex name was used - “from Obdor from Nosovy Gorodok.” In 1933, Obdorsk was renamed Salekhard, from the Nenets sale - “cape”, hard - “house”, “settlement”, i.e. “settlement on the cape”. In 1938, Salekhard became a city.

//Atlas of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. – Omsk, 2004.- P.296

In 1953, near the mouth of the Northern Sosva, on the site of the Ostyak yurts of Sumgut-vozh, the fortress-fortress Berezov was founded by governor Nikifor Trakhaniotov. The Ostyaks and Voguls, who previously depended on Vymy, were assigned to the new town. In 1595, under the leadership of the same Berezovsky governor N. Trakhaniotov, it was cut down Obdorsky fort. The northern Ostyaks and Samoyeds, charged with yasak, brought tribute to the Obdorsky town of the Cossacks sent from Berezov. In the “Drawing Book of Siberia” by S. Remezov, the Obdorsky fort is depicted extremely schematically: four triangles - the tent coverings of the fortress towers and a church with a bell tower. At the mouth of the Poluy River, “the yurts of Prince Taisha Gindin and his comrades” are indicated, and on the Kunovat River - the yurts of “Prince Danilko Gorin”. In the “Description of the Tobolsk Viceroyalty” it is said about Obdorsk: “Abdorsky fort 1, by the Poluya River on the right bank on the mountain, in it there is a church, a quadrangular fortress, fenced off with a standing fence, two roadways and two northern corners of the tower, surrounded by slingshots, in which there is for caution against... wild peoples, two cannons, some gunpowder and buckshot. And they are sent from Berezov to an annual guard with one Cossack foreman, 12 people each, in which baptized and unbaptized Ostyaks and nomadic Samoyeds gather in the Obdorsk volost in November and December to the position of tribute, and in the first days of January they migrate.”

//Yamal: the edge of centuries and millennia. – Salekhard, 2000. - P.333.

OBDORSK FORTRESS, fortification structure. Replaced by Obdorsky fort after gen. reconstruction in 1731. Unlike the fort, the O.K. had powerful double walls with loopholes, floors and a roof. In the center of the O.K. there was a voivode's house, an official hut with a treasury. premises, amanat hut. A new church of St. Basil the Great with a chapel of St. Nicholas of Myra and a bell tower was erected. In O.K. there were streets along which “tenants’ houses” were located; there were many barns, there was a treasury. bathhouse, bread hut, barracks, teahouses. Ostyats yurts were located in O.K. and Samoyeds, princes and princes. Huts and yurts were also installed from the outside. side O. K. Garrison originally composed. 50 yearlings, in 1754 it was increased to 100 people. By the end of the 18th century. O.K. began to decline. The number of households was reduced to 5. In 1799 they stopped sending yearlings; the guns were dismantled and taken to Tobolsk. In 1807, by order of the Tobolsk governor A. M. Kornilov, the fortress became dilapidated. walls and towers were demolished. O.K. ceased to exist, and the remaining village. received a new status - p. Obdorskoe (Obdorsk).

in 3 volumes. T. 2. – Tyumen: Tyumen State University Publishing House, 2004. – P.221.

OBDORSK FOREIGN GOVERNMENT, organized in the 40s of the XIX century. In the administrative territorial in relation to the Obdorsk non-Russian volost. At the head of the council were representatives of the princely dynasty of the Taishins - Matvey Yakovlevich and Ivan Matveevich. Since the 50s of the 19th century. the council was attended by “one of the elders closest to Obdorsk, chosen by the prince.” In 1858, the council of the Main Administration. Zap. Siberia recognized it as necessary for the head-prince to be elected “from the people.” In 1865 O. and. u. divided into Obdorsk Ostyak and Obdorsk Samoyed councils. Both councils were located in Obdorsk, located in the same premises. The office work of both councils was managed by a common clerk.

//Yamal: encyclopedia of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug
in 3 volumes. T. 2. – Tyumen: Tyumen State University Publishing House, 2004. – P. 221.

GUBKINSKY

Gubkinsky- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. A municipal entity is a city of district subordination. The city is located two hundred kilometers from the Arctic Circle, on the left bank of the Pyaku-Pur River, 16 km from the Purpe station on the Tyumen - Surgut - Novy Urengoy railway. It is connected to the “Big Land” by a highway; the nearest airport is 250 km away in the city of Noyabrsk.

Historical reference. The city of Gubkinsky arose as a base center in connection with the industrial development of a group of the northernmost oil and gas fields in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, promising in terms of reserves and distinguished by unique properties. At the beginning of 1986, troops landed on an almost empty place to build the Gubkinsky gas processing plant and a city that did not even have an exact name.
The history of the city of Gubkinsky begins on April 22, 1986, on the birthday of V.I. Lenin, when specialists, workers and builders gathered for a meeting on the occasion of the founding of a new city called Purpe (a memorial stone dedicated to this event was installed on the central square of the city), but the city later became known as Gubkinsky.
The name of the city was not easy. At first they wanted to give it the name Tarasovsky - after the name of the first field being developed, but this hasty (in a good way) initial version could not withstand the competition with two other names - Purpe and Gubkinsky, and the main struggle unfolded between them.
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated April 18, 1988, the village on the territory of the Purpeisky village council of the Purovsky district was given the name Gubkinsky (the city has now left the Purovsky district).
The settlement of oil and gas workers Gubkinsky received city status on December 2, 1996.
According to its geographical location, Gubkinsky is located in the northeastern part of the West Siberian Lowland in the forest-tundra zone, which here is represented by larch and coniferous open forests (birch, willow, pine, cedar, larch), peat bogs, swamps with moss-lichen cover. There is an abundance of berries in the forests and swamps: cloudberries, cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, princeling, as well as many porcini and other mushrooms. The animal world is very diverse and interesting. The local forests are inhabited by: flying squirrel, mountain hare, chipmunk, brown bear, elk, wolf, fox, wolverine, marten, sable, lynx, weasel, ermine, badger, otter, muskrat... Wild deer enters the taiga from the north. Families of birds are widely represented: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, pine pine, and many waterfowl. All animals are of hunting and commercial importance. The abundance of food and spawning grounds favors the reproduction of fish - the rivers and surrounding lakes are rich in valuable species.
According to the schematic map of climatic zoning, the territory of the city of Gubkinsky belongs to the first uncomfortable climatic zone, which is characterized by harsh, long winters and short summers: the absolute minimum is minus 61°C, the absolute maximum is plus 34°C.
The total area of ​​the city is 7220 hectares. Of these, 45% are forests; 36.4% - reservoirs (rivers, lakes, swamps); the remaining 18.4% is under residential, industrial, communal, warehouse development and personal plots, including 1.7% occupied by transport communications.
The most important development potential of the city is its multinational population - people of 37 nationalities live in the city of Gubkinsky.
Over the past ten years, the population of the municipality has grown rapidly, largely due to migration, and to date it has reached the optimal value for the city of 21.1 thousand people. The average age of Gubkin residents is 29 years, and the birth rate exceeds the death rate by 2.8 times. In general, the demographic structure of the city favors economic recovery. In the city of Gubkinsky, 776 enterprises are registered, representing almost all sectors of the economy (industry, culture, art, agriculture, communications, finance, credit, trade, etc.)

Industry of the city. A distinctive feature of the city's economy is the clear majority of oil and gas industry enterprises, which together produce up to 97% of industrial output. The oil and gas production industry is represented by the open joint-stock company Rosneft-Purneftegaz of the vertically integrated company Rosneft, which is the main city-forming enterprise of the city and produces about 65% of the company's total production.
Processing of associated gas is carried out by OJSC Gubkinsky Gas Processing Complex, where the associated gas resources of the Tarasovskoye and Barsukovskoye fields of OJSC Rosneft-Purneftegaz are used as raw materials. The enterprise produces dry gas, stable gasoline, oxygen, antifreeze, and propane.
The commissioning of the Gubkinskoye gas field in 1999 marked the beginning of the development of the gas production industry, which is represented by the enterprise ZAO Purgaz.
In addition, a branch of Noyabrskgazdobycha LLC of Gazprom OJSC is deployed in the city - the Komsomolsk gas field, which produces 29 billion m3 of natural gas per year, which is 61% of the total gas production of Noyabrskgazdobycha.
Subsoil exploration, field geophysical research and perforation and blasting work in wells of oil and gas fields is carried out by the Purneftegeofizika Municipal Unitary Enterprise.
The city’s economy employs 24.8 thousand people, including 14.2 thousand permanent residents; the rest work on a rotational basis.
The city is getting better and better every year. The work is being carried out in accordance with the adopted “Comprehensive City Improvement Program”.

Education. Taking into account that the average age of the population is less than 30 years, local governments pay special attention to the education and cultural system
The city has 6 preschool educational institutions with 1,125 places, 8 secondary schools, the Northern Lights folk dance school, the Olympus sports school for children and youth, a vocational school, including an interschool training center. A branch of the Udmurt State University has been opened in the city with various levels of education: secondary specialized and higher education; forms of education - full-time and part-time. Thus, the city has developed a system of continuous education: kindergarten - school - college - college - university.
Informatization of education has made it possible to reach a qualitatively new level of management of the educational process and to effectively use new pedagogical technologies.

Issues of health protection and restoration growing Gubkin residents are a priority. Sanatorium groups for tubi-infected children were opened at the Skazka preschool educational institution and a special general education correction school for children with developmental disabilities (120 students); Physical therapy groups have been created at the Youth Sports School.
General medical care for the city population is provided by the municipal health care institution "City Hospital" with a hospital complex with 283 beds and all specialized departments. The city employs 87 doctors of all specialties and 297 paramedical personnel, more than 70% of whom have qualified categories. Over the past years, the Gubkin hospital, which recently celebrated its 15th anniversary, has been known for one of the best treatment indicators in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Cultural life of the city. The city authorities pay great attention to supporting cultural and national traditions. The network of cultural institutions is widely developed: three cultural and sports complexes: “Neftyanik”, “Fakel” and “Olympus”, a recording studio, a centralized library system, including three libraries (including a computer one), a municipal art workshop. The city has the only Museum of Northern Development in the region, two children's art schools, and a youth center. Two years ago, the public organization of Gubkin writers and poets “Gubkinsky Spring” was born in the city. The city has 62 writers and poets, the youngest of whom is 9 years old, the most mature is 72 years old. The library publishes the city literary almanac "The Taste of Yamal Berries." The city is famous for its folk groups: "Pearl of Yamal", a choir of art school teachers, a song and dance ensemble, an ensemble "Northern Lights", a Tatar-Bashkir group; variety groups: RecSaund and Image.

The city has a television and radio company "Vector", which includes television, radio "Vector Plus" and the newspaper "Vector Inform"; the newspaper "Neftyanik Pripolyaria".

Sports life of the city. Taking into account the extreme living conditions in the Far North and recognizing that diseases are easier to prevent than to treat, the municipality is constantly working to develop a healthy lifestyle among the population, which is facilitated by a network of physical education and sports institutions. For residents of Gubkinsky there are: Youth Sports School (Children and Youth Sports School "Olympus"), the sports club "Vityaz", the ski base "Snezhinka" with artificial lighting of the ski track, the sports and recreation complex "Yamal", the sports and leisure complex "Yunost", the city Fortuna shooting range. Gubkinsky resident Nikolai Chipsanov became the first Russian world karate champion in 2003.

The city of Gubkinsky is a comfortable and beautiful northern city where oil and gas workers live and work. The city looks to the future with confidence.

The city of Gubkinsky is a member of the Association of Siberian and Far Eastern Cities, the Union of Cities of the Arctic and the Far North.

LABYTNANGI

- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. It is located 20 km from the capital of the district, Salekhard. The city is located on the eastern slopes of the Polar Urals, beyond the Arctic Circle. This is a marina city on the left bank of the Ob River. The population of the city with the villages of Kharp and Polyarny is more than 40 thousand people. Kharp and Polyarny are satellite villages of Labytnangi, the base of the construction industry of the entire district.

Historical reference. Labytnangi is a Khanty phrase. It means “seven larches”. It is known from Khanty folklore that the number “seven” has magical powers. Larch is a sacred tree for the indigenous population, so seven larches are a doubly sacred concept. Previously, this was a settlement of Khanty reindeer herders living in temporary dwellings - chums. The village received city status on August 5, 1975 (this is the first workers' village in Yamal to receive city status).
In 1975, it was a small village with 11 thousand inhabitants. There were two industrial enterprises here: a timber depot, which employed about two thousand people, and a basic refrigerator for the fishing industry - there were 150 jobs there. The city had one school and a small hospital.
The settlement was given new life by the railroad that came here - the brainchild of Stalin's Gulag. Thanks to this road, the city became a springboard for the development of the Urengoy, Yamburg and other major gas fields. In 1986, the construction of a new Labytnangi-Bovanenkovo ​​railway began and is now almost completed.” It is the northernmost railway in the world. Built for the development of the Bovanenkovskoye gas field. A comfortable railway station building was also built.

Industry of the city. Modern Labytnangi is a timber transshipment base, a laboratory of the Institute of Animal and Plant Ecology of the Ural Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Wood from here is sent to the mines of Vorkuta and Donbass, to Moldova, Krasnodar, the Moscow region, the Baltic states, Belarus and even abroad - to England, Finland, Hungary.
The city's industry is represented by such large enterprises as Yamalneftegazzhelezobeton OJSC. It is a city-forming enterprise. The following enterprises operate in the city of Labytnangi: Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Labytnangi Dairy Factory” (June 1988), bakery (October 1993)

Cultural life of the city. The cultural space of the city is very large. This is evidenced by the fact that more than 250 holidays are held in the city. There are 15 cultural institutions operating here.
Among the cultural and general educational institutions in the city there are: the city library (opened in 1998), a children's art school (opened in 1998), the House of Culture “30 Years of Victory” (opened in 1975), which includes the Center of National Cultures, 11 preschool educational institutions (more than 1.5 thousand children attend them), 10 secondary schools, a Children's Creativity Center, the only press club for teenagers in Yamal, an orphanage (it was given the status of a “City Experimental Site”), and a city museum. The funds of the city museum contain unique exhibits about the history of the North, about the development of those places where the city of Labytnangi is located.
The city is home to several higher educational institutions: the hospital of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (established in 1953 on the initiative of Academician S.S. Schwartz), which marked the beginning of a systematic study of the nature of Yamal. The local newspaper “Vestnik Zapolyarya” is published in Labytnangi (the first issue of the newspaper was published on April 13, 1989). It has had its own television studio since April 1991.

Sports life of the city. Labytnangi is one of the most sporting cities in the district. Sports are given great importance in the city.
The municipality has 2 shooting ranges, one hockey court, one swimming pool, 16 sports clubs, 20 gyms and facilities, a modern ski base, and a ski slope is being built in Kharp. More than 2 thousand people train in the city’s sports arenas.
A whole galaxy of famous athletes grew up here. For example, Luiza Noskova (Cherepanova), who was the first Yamal athletes to become an Olympic champion in Lillehammer, as well as the famous biathlete Albina Akhatova, who became a silver medalist at the Olympic Games in Nagano.
Since 1999, the city has been hosting the Khanty national holidays “Raven Day”, which symbolize the arrival of spring, the awakening of nature and the revival of the traditions and customs of the indigenous peoples of the North.

The city of Labytnangi is not just a base city, but a supporting city of the polar oil and gas complex. This is a base for geologists, seismic surveyors, and a major center for the construction industry. Without him there would be no Urengoy, no Medvezhy, no Yamburg, no other famous giants. This is an advantageous transport hub, which in the future will become an outpost for the development of the Polar Urals. And the city connects all its prospects with the further development of this complex.

MURAVLENKO

Muravlenko- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. The birth of the city is directly connected with another Yamal city - Noyabrsk, from which it is located 95 km.

Historical reference. By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on August 6, 1990, the village of Muravlenkovsky (that’s what it was called before) was given the status of a city of district subordination and the name Muravlenko. This is how the name of one of the discoverers of great Siberian oil and gas, the head of Glavtyumenneftegaz, Hero of Socialist Labor Viktor Ivanovich Muravlenko was immortalized. The date of the beginning of the city (then still a small village of Muravlenkovsky) is considered to be November 5, 1984, when the Muravlenkovsky village council was formed. Today the city's population is more than 58 thousand people, representing more than 70 nationalities.

Industry of the city Muravlenko is a city of oil and gas workers. The main city-forming industrial enterprises are the Oil and Gas Production Department "Sutorminskneft", "Muravlenkovskneft", "Sugmutneft". They are engaged in mining. The largest of them is Muravlenkovskoye, opened in 1978.
There is also a gas processing plant (opened in 1987), which employs more than 400 people.

Cultural life of the city. The city's cultural organizations are represented by: the recreation center "Ukraine" with 450 seats (opened in 1988), the city leisure center (there are 11 interest groups), the Children's Art School (opened in 1993), the City Museum of Local Lore (opened in October 1997). ), the Children's Art School, the Children's Music School, the city library system (in total there are 5 libraries in the structure of the Central Library), the "Chance" club (it trains young models).
In addition, since 1996, the Culture and Recreation Park has opened its doors to citizens. The station for young technicians, opened in 1998 (hundreds of children study here in 10 clubs), the communication club “Ant”, and the teenage club “Fakel” are very popular among children.

Education. There are 21 educational institutions in the city with a total number of students of more than 11 thousand people. There is a Center for Pre-University and University Education, on the basis of which representative offices of the Tyumen Oil and Gas University have been created. Currently, the city has 5 secondary schools, 1 primary school, 1 evening school, where more than 7 thousand people study, 11 preschool institutions (there are about 3000 children), 2 additional education institutions, and a training and production plant.
In 2000, a branch of the November Oil and Gas College opened in the city. 467 people study there by correspondence. In addition, the technical school has opened a department where students study accounting, economics and production organization.
There is also a branch of the Tyumen Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering and the Ishim Pedagogical Institute. The preparatory department of the St. Petersburg Institute of Railways prepares for admission to the university.

Muravlenko residents also have their own local newspaper, “Our City,” which covers all city news on its pages, as well as its own local television.
Muravlenko is a young city, so weddings are often celebrated here. This happens in the House of Love and Harmony - that’s what the city calls the registry office, opened on April 10, 1997.
At the service of the townspeople is the City Hospital, which includes 3 clinics - adults, children and dental. It consists of 30 divisions. 940 people work here.

Sports life of the city. Muravlenko is a sports city. Every year more than fifty competitions are held here, in which almost 4 thousand athletes take part.
Sports life is managed by the Department of Physical Culture and Sports, created in 1997. For lovers of active recreation, there is the Yamal sports complex, the Neftyanik sports complex, the Sever and Kashtan gyms, a children's and youth sports school, a ski base, and an indoor hockey court. Six gyms are located in secondary schools. Sports celebrities of the city are Rustam Tashtemirov, he is a prize-winner of the Russian boxing championship, Alexey Velizhanin was a member of the Russian ski team.
The city of Muravlenko is successfully growing and developing. Its appearance was formed, completely in harmony with the environment, economic and social infrastructures, a cultural environment were formed, external and internal relations were established, an appropriate management mechanism was created, and its own traditions began to take shape.

NADYM

Nadym- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. Nadym is the center of the Nadym region. The place where the city is located has long been known for its rich moss pastures, where the Nenets grazed their reindeer. In total, 80 thousand people live in the area.
There are nine villages in the district, including three villages of indigenous people, where more than three thousand people live. Local authorities pay great attention to the preservation and development of their traditional life and economy. This is the first city that appeared on the territory of the district, thanks to the largest natural gas fields discovered in Yamal.
The city of Nadym is located 1225 kilometers from Tyumen and 563 kilometers southeast of Salekhard. Located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Nadym River. The nearest railway station (Labytnangi) is located 583 km from Nadym.
The population of the city, together with the city’s satellite village of Pangody, is more than 60 thousand people (1999). The village of Pangody is located near Nadym. This is a small comfortable village with many hundreds of residents, the majority of whom are young people.

Historical reference. In the mid-60s, in order to accelerate the development of the Medvezhye deposit, a decision was made to establish a city nearby. The development of the field and the construction of the city of Nadym were carried out simultaneously at an unprecedented pace. Every year, half a million square meters of housing were put into operation, and thousands of kilometers of gas pipelines were laid. The small settlement of gas workers, Nadym, was given city status in 1972.

Industry of the city. The city's economy is based on the gas industry. The main enterprise is Nadymgazprom, which conducts the industrial development of the Medvezhye gas field and its satellite fields - Yubileiny and Yamsoveyskoye. There is a large-panel house-building plant in the city.
A system of gas pipelines originates in Nadym, such as the North of the Tyumen region - the Urals - the Volga region - the Center, as well as the Medvezhye Field - Nadym and Nadym - Punga.
A powerful compressor station has been built here. Since 1974, Nadym gas has been supplied to the capital of our Motherland, Moscow. The length of this gas pipeline is 3,000 kilometers (in Soviet times, the length of gas pipelines was no more than 600 kilometers).
The city's industry is represented by a bakery, a pig farm, a dairy plant and many others. There are over 500 trade enterprises in the city
The city of Nadym is connected to the mainland by air, rail and road routes.
Nadym Airport is one of the oldest airports in Russia. Its history begins back in 1969. Now it accepts all types of aircraft, including heavy airliners (Tu-154)
The city of Nadym is often called the northern capital of gas workers, and this is quite fair, because Nadym is a large modern city near the Arctic Circle, it is the pride of the entire Tyumen region.
The city has 7 comfortable microdistricts with a total area of ​​over 200 thousand square kilometers.

Cultural life of the city. Nadym is a fairly large cultural and leisure city.
At the service of citizens and guests of the city: 2 Houses of Culture, a large-format cinema "Pobeda" (the first in the Tyumen region), a television center "Orbita", a House of Culture with 500 seats, a music school and an art school, a House of Nature, a Center for children's creativity, where over 5 thousand people.
There are a large number of monuments in the city: a monument to the writer Nikolai Ostrovsky (opened on September 28, 1980), a monument to pioneers was built in the city center.
The city's educational institutions are represented by: a technical school (provides vocational and technical education to youth), five secondary schools, and a music school. There are 6 branches of regional universities and institutes in other cities of Russia, and there is a research institute of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences for studying the problems of the North.
For little Nadym residents there are 8 wonderful kindergartens, 12 city libraries and much more.
The city also has its own television studio, 7 terrestrial television programs and 27 cable programs.
Nadym, a city that takes several hours to get to from the capital on the fastest airliner, has reliable telephone connections with Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Minsk and many other cities in Russia and neighboring countries.
The city administration pays close attention to environmental issues in order to preserve the unique nature of the Arctic region. Treatment facilities, waste storage sites, waste processing plants and much more are being built.
An example of a caring attitude towards nature is the relict cedar grove in the city center, which is the pride of the townspeople (history shows that the cedar grove was left by the first builders as a monument to the unique northern nature). In winter, this is the most popular illuminated ski slope in the city, and in summer it is a place for walking.
The city newspaper “Worker of Nadym” is the calling card of the city. An interesting, always up-to-date publication, it brings readers on its pages the latest messages from industrial enterprises, construction sites, and talks about the heroes of labor.

Sports life of the city. In a city where the average age of residents is 27 years old, the vast majority of residents are interested in sports. Construction has begun on a swimming pool and a new stadium, there are many outdoor hockey courts, and volleyball, basketball and tennis competitions are held in sports halls. There is a hockey club "Arktur" and a weightlifting section has been created.
The city of Nadym is the base for a scientific and practical conference on the creation of a domestic airship and its use in the development of the North.
The city of Nadym is a small town, but with a well-developed infrastructure. It has a bright future, which is associated with the further development and exploitation of gas and oil fields, for the sake of which it was founded.
New residential buildings and social and cultural facilities continue to be built in the city, and the construction of an Orthodox church is nearing completion.

In the year of its 30th anniversary, the city of Nadym became the winner in the competition for the title “The most comfortable city in Russia” among the cities of the 3rd category of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and took third place among cities in the All-Russian competition in the same category.
The uniqueness of the city, which is called a fairy-tale city among the silent tundra and permafrost, lies in the fact that its birth, formation and thirty-year history created a special cohort of Nadym people, people who dedicated their lives to Nadym, devoted to it and proudly asserting: “We live in the most beautiful and best city." They were able to do a lot. This means that Nadym has a future, and children born here will definitely draw their beloved and hometown of Nadym on a piece of paper with bright colors.

NEW URENGOY

New Urengoy- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. The city is located 450 km east of the district capital of Salekhard.
Novy Urengoy is the second largest city (after Noyabrsk) in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Together with the population of the two villages of Korotchaevo (7 thousand inhabitants) and Limbayakha (2.5 thousand inhabitants), 89.6 thousand inhabitants (2001) live here.
It is located in Western Siberia on the Evo-Yakha River (a tributary of the Pur River), 60 km south of the Arctic Circle.

Historical reference.“Urengoy” is a Nenets word; translated it means “bald hill” or “hill on which larches grow.”

The history of this northern city of oil and gas workers dates back to September 1973. It arose in connection with the development of the Urengoy gas condensate field of the Urengoygazprom Production Association (oil and gas production and processing) - the largest hydrocarbon resource in terms of volume in the Far North. The uniqueness of the emergence of the city and the development of the field lies in the fact that gas workers followed the subsoil explorers, that is, almost on virgin soil. Therefore, the country began to receive Urengoy gas already in April 1978 (the city had not yet crawled out of its rural swaddling clothes). The unusual thing about the development of the Urengoy gas fields is that all gas fields operate fully automatically and practically without people. On August 18, 1975, Novy Urengoy received the status of a village, and on June 16, 1980 - the status of a city. The population is constantly growing because the standard of living of city residents is above the Russian average, especially among gas industry workers.

Novy Urengoy is the largest transport hub of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug with a railway to Tyumen and Yamburg, with JSC "Sevtyumentransput", with a highway to Tyumen, with an airport. The highway connects Novy Urengoy with the city of Nadym, Yamburg - a gas settlement on the Tazovsky Peninsula, but from there the only way is to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Ten main pipelines supplying the national economy with natural gas, the Urengoy-Pomary-Uzhgorod export gas pipeline to Western European countries originate from here.

Industry of the city There are over 2,000 organizations in the city, including the country's largest gas production enterprises - Urengoygazprom LLC, Yamburggazdobycha LLC, Northgas LLC, Promgaz LLC, Promgaz LLC, Gas Condensate and Oil Production LLC, etc. , which account for 74% of gas produced in Russia. There is an experimental plant for the production of building materials, a dairy factory, a wine and vodka factory, and a printing house. A gas chemical complex is being built near the city. There are agricultural cooperatives "Agrarnik" and "Champignon", a city station for the fight against animal diseases. About 600 construction enterprises and organizations are based in the city, incl. OJSC "Urengoygazpromstroy", OJSC "Severstroy", CJSC "Novourengoyneftegazkhimstroy", LLC "Yamalpromzhilstroy", etc. Branches of Zapsibkombank, Gazprombank, joint-stock Gloriabank, Sibneftebank, joint-stock commercial bank "Pripolarny", joint-stock commercial resettlement bank "Compatriots" are registered in Novy Urengoy. , insurance companies and branches of insurance companies.

Healthcare represented by a multidisciplinary hospital, a psychoneurological dispensary, the West Siberian Regional Scientific and Practical Center for Human Health, a dental clinic, a center for aesthetic medicine, an ambulance station, a sanitary and epidemiological inspection center. test

Cultural life of the city. The city has many cultural and sports institutions. There is a museum of fine arts, the Palace of Culture "October", which is a large information and methodological center, and a school local history museum, the exhibition of which presents the entire history of the region. The Center for National Cultures unites clubs of German, Ukrainian, Mari, Nenets, Slavic and Tatar-Bashkir cultures, 2 cultural and sports complexes in the Limbayakha and Korotchaevo microdistricts, a production and art workshop that designs all creative events in the city, an audio studio; the centralized library system consists of 7 branches and 2 city central libraries; There are 3 children's art schools, 3 creative municipal groups: the children's exemplary song and dance ensemble "Shine", an ensemble of folk instruments, a city brass band.

The city operates the television and radio company "Sigma", the regional television and radio broadcasting company "Novy Urengoy", the television and radio information agency "Novy Urengoy-Impulse", the television company "Accent", the advertising agency "M, ART", the state news agency "Nordfact", the editorial office of the city newspaper "Pravda" North".

Education. In Novy Urengoy there are 14 secondary schools, 3 elementary schools, general education and Orthodox gymnasiums, special schools. (correctional) school for children with developmental disabilities, pedagogical and vocational schools, technical school for the gas industry. The city has branches of Moscow universities - the state Open University and the non-state Open Social Sciences. University, Tyumen State University and Tyumen Oil and Gas University. The only school in the Tyumen North with an indoor winter garden was built here, and the first kindergarten with a swimming pool was erected.

Novy Urengoy became a member of the Association of Siberian and Far Eastern Cities, the Union of Cities of the Arctic and the Far North, and on June 19, 1998, Novy Urengoy, as part of the ASDC, joined the Congress of Municipal Entities of the Russian Federation.

NOYABRSK

Noyabrsk- a city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, district subordination. This is the southernmost city of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It is located southeast of Salekhard, 1065 km northeast of the city of Tyumen. The city is located in the central part of the picturesque Siberian Uvals, on the watershed of the Ob and Pur rivers, near Lake Tetu-Mamontotyai.
On April 28, 1982, the village of Noyabrsk received city status. Then there were 30 thousand inhabitants, and now there are more than 108 thousand people of more than 100 nationalities. During the existence of the city, 28 thousand young November residents were born here. Noyabrsk is the largest city in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in terms of population.

Historical reference. The city of Noyabrsk was founded in 1975, when the first helicopter landing force landed on the ice of the Ikhu-yakha River, located in the central part of the West Siberian Lowland, to begin the development of the Kholmogorskoye field - the first stage in the development of a new oil region - Noyabrsk. On May 20, 1978, Noyabrskaya station, the first Yamal station on the Surgut-Novy Urengoy railway, received a freight train. A year later, there were already about a hundred organizations and institutions in the village, including a wide variety of departments. The city of Noyabrsk initially had two variants of the name - Khanto (after the name of the lake in the vicinity of the city) and Noyabrsky. We decided: let it be November, since the first landing landed in November. It turns out that the name of the city was chosen according to the weather, according to the calendar.
The city of Noyabrsk, by its geographical location, is the “southern gate” of the district. The Tyumen-Novy Urengoy railway and the highway connecting Noyabrsk with the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug and further with the “mainland” pass through Noyabrsk.
The city has excellent air connections; there is a modern airport capable of receiving heavy-duty aircraft. The airport opened on July 1, 1987. It is called the gateway to the Far North. It is the November branch of Tyumenaviatrans airline. The airport serves oil workers, geologists, power engineers, builders, gas workers; it is constantly located at the epicenter of events, life and activities of the city.
The developed transport system of the city (there are more than 35 thousand cars in the city) makes it possible to provide the south of the region with the material resources necessary for the life support of the cities and towns of the Purovsky district of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where more than 90% of the volume of oil produced in the entire district is produced.

Industry of the city. In Noyabrsk there are over 1000 enterprises of various profiles, a significant part of which are entrepreneurial structures.
The largest enterprises in the city are: Sibneft-Noyabrskneftegaz JSC with an annual oil volume of 20 million tons (this is the leading enterprise) - a subsidiary of Siberian Oil Company OJSC, and the Noyabrsk Gas Production and Transportation Department - a subsidiary of Surgutgazprom. The leading city-forming enterprise, which dates back to May 31, 1977, employs 18 thousand people, 24 fields, and over 13 thousand wells.
In addition, the city has a shoe factory, a clothing factory, a dairy factory, a bakery factory, a brewery, a brick factory and other enterprises. The city has 8 bus routes, in addition, there are 20 thousand units of personal transport.
Noyabrsk has a fairly wide and extensive network of commercial and industrial enterprises - over 300. Among them, the largest trading companies stand out, offering customers high-quality goods from domestic and foreign companies: the Absolut trading company, Noyabrskneft LLC, Ekran LLC, etc. d.
Noyabrsk has a developed system of humanitarian and technical education, which is represented by 95 educational institutions. These include 15 secondary schools, 12 branches of universities, an Orthodox gymnasium, a Sunday school, a pedagogical college, an oil technical school, a business school, a branch of the Ural Law Academy, and a branch of the Salekhard Medical School. There are also 34 preschool institutions attended by over 5,800 children.

Cultural life of the city. The city of Noyabrsk is the center of cultural life. Today, there are over 20 cultural institutions in the city of Noyabrsk, offering residents and guests of the city a wide range of leisure entertainment.
In Noyabrsk there are 6 cultural centers - centers for communication and spiritual development of citizens, the Yamal Sports Complex (where there is a concert hall, a swimming pool, a gym).
Much attention is paid to little Novembers. For young townspeople there is a Children's Park with attractions, a Children's World store, and on November 5, 1993, the only Children's Museum in Russia was opened (information about the museum is included in the Directory of European Museums).
There are a regional museum of local lore and a regional museum of fine arts (the museum's holdings contain about ten thousand items). Over 1,300 children study in three music schools, one of which is the best in Russia.
The city has two research institutes dealing with problems of oil production and ecology of the Far North.
Noyabrsk is a city of youth, so an institution like the registry office is also important. It opened in the city in January 1978. This is the only separate registry office building in Yamal, with an area of ​​almost 500 thousand square meters. During this time, almost 18 thousand families were created in the city and more than 25 thousand newborns were registered.

Sport life. Noyabrsk is one of the most sporting cities in Yamal. There are 64 sports clubs here, which are attended by over 10 thousand city residents. There are 101 masters of sports in the city, of which 8 are of international class.
Noyabrsk has its own radio broadcasting – the children’s and youth news agency “Krugozor” and “Radio-Noyabrsk”. A few months after Noyabrsk was given city status, the first city newspaper, Severnaya Vakhta, was created.
Healthcare in Noyabrsk is represented by the following medical institutions - the Central City Hospital, the Emergency Medical Service Station, the Center for State Sanitary Epidemiological Surveillance, the Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Pharmacia" (consists of 8 pharmacies, 12 pharmacy points and the "Optics" store), a neuropsychiatric dispensary, a city dental polyclinic, Compulsory Medical Insurance Fund, Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS, Ozerny sanatorium. More than 3 thousand qualified medical workers work here.

Noyabrsk is a member of the Association of Siberian and Far Eastern Cities, the Union of Cities of the Arctic and the Far North.

Today Noyabrsk is the largest oil metropolis in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, it is the pearl of Yamal, the largest business and industrial center of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where a fifth of the district's population lives and almost a quarter of industrial products are produced. This is a beautiful, European-style modern city, which undoubtedly has become the cultural and spiritual center of the south of Yamal. Under these conditions, the city of Noyabrsk has the prospect of becoming a base city for the development of subsoil reserves in the south of Yamal over the next 25-30 years.

TARKO-SALE

Tarko-Sale- a city in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the center of the Purovsky district. The population is about 20 thousand inhabitants.
The city is located in the most beautiful places, at the confluence of the Aivasedapur and Pyakupur rivers and the formation of the Pur river. The air transport distance to Tyumen is 1117 km, to Salekhard - 550 km. The nearest railway station is Purovsk, located 11 km from Tarko-Sale. Population - about 20,000 people. The village of Kharampur (about 600 people) is under administrative control.

Transport scheme. The city is connected to the “Big Land” by an airport, a pier on the Pyakupur River, and a paved road to the town of Gubkinsky. The city has an air squadron of helicopter pilots, engaged in transporting cargo and passengers to hard-to-reach places in Yamal, tracking fires with timely notification of the relevant services about their elimination.
In summer, Tarko-Sale is connected by water to many settlements in the Purovsky region and the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; in winter, such communication is carried out along a winter road.

Historical reference. Founded in 1932 as the administrative center of the newly created Purovsky district. In the Nenets dialect, the name Tarko-Sale means “cape at the fork.” Once upon a time, a shaman came to the place where the city stands and opened a camp at the confluence of two rivers. The beginning of the city is associated with the development of hydrocarbon reserves.
On March 23, 2004, the State Duma of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug decided to give the urban-type settlement of Tarko-Sale the status of a city. Now, every year on April 3, City Day will be celebrated. In honor of this event, a memorial sign was erected in the central part of the city.

Industry of the city. Represented by oil producing enterprises NGDU "Purneft" (OJSC "Purneftegazgeologiya"), OJSC "NK" Tarkosaleneftegaz ", CJSC "Purovskaya Oil Company", CJSC "Oil Company "Yamal", CJSC Oil and Gas Company "Nega", OJSC "Khancheyskoye Oil and Gas Production Department", OJSC "Yangpur", JSC "Yamalnefteotdacha", JSC "Sibur-Yamal" and others. Center for geological exploration: JSC "Purneftegazgeologiya", scientific and production enterprise "Purgeoservice", LLC "Geophysicist", JSC "Purneftegazgeologiya", JSC "Polyarnaya" geological mining company. On the territory of Tarko-Sale there is an agricultural cooperative "Verkhne-Purovsky"), reindeer husbandry, fur farming, fur farming), and a district veterinary. animal disease control station. Over 20 construction enterprises and organizations, department of mechanized and derrick installation works, road maintenance construction association "Purdorspetsstroy", line management for the construction and operation of gas pipelines, OJSC "Purgeostroy", OJSC "Tarko-Salinsky Construction Industry Plant", LLC "Purstroymaterialy", etc. .

Cultural life of the city. There are three libraries, a regional museum of local lore, a Center for National Cultures, a House of Children's Creativity, and a center for children's tourism and local history. The city has its own television and radio company "Luch" with a youth editorial office, radio, newspaper "Northern Luch", and a printing house.

Education represented by four schools (two secondary, one primary, and a secondary sanatorium boarding school for children of the indigenous population engaged in traditional economic activities) and seven kindergartens,

Sports life of the city. The city is famous for its sports records; people here practice mini-football, table tennis, powerlifting, parachuting (there is a Parachute Club), swimming, and Greco-Roman wrestling. Olga Gemaletdinova - 2003 world champion in powerlifting).
It is gratifying to know that at the beginning of the 21st century new cities are appearing on the map of the Motherland. Tarko-Sale, thanks to the labor exploits of its inhabitants, not only became known in Russia, but also in other countries, as one of the starting points for the development of the hydrocarbon riches of Siberia. But Tarko-Sale is famous not only for tons of oil and cubic meters of gas. The people brought this well-deserved status to the city.

Distinctive features. The words of Marina Khlebnikova’s song are well suited to the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug:

Cold weather warms you up and beckons you with the warmth of home

You buy me a palace, and I'll go back again

And the white, white snow will make me feel good

Indeed, despite the long winter, snow and frost, there is a lot of pleasant things in the life of the residents of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. This is northern romance, high salaries, good social protection, low levels of environmental pollution, and a relatively low level of crime. It is not for nothing that in 2013 Novy Urengoy became second, and Noyabrsk became 13th in our ranking of Russian cities most suitable for living.

Stella "Arctic Circle" in Salekhard. Photo by tanihiola (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/tanihiola/)

Serious development of the lands of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug began in the late 60s of the last century. In a matter of years, modern cities with developed infrastructure grew here, where stern but romantic people lived. Thanks to gas production in the north and oil production in the south of the district, as well as highways transporting gas and oil, it has become one of the most economically developed regions of Russia.

In addition to workers on gas and oil rigs, scientists also come here. The indigenous population - the Nenets (Samoyeds) - are a very interesting people, with their own culture, customs, and beliefs. Historical and local history museums operate in the cities, documentaries are made about the peoples of the North, and their spiritual leaders-shamans, bearers of the wisdom of past generations of these peoples. Despite the nearby cities with the benefits of 21st century civilization, many tribes continue to live like their ancestors a hundred or two hundred years ago: they lead a nomadic lifestyle, hunting, fishing and breeding deer.

Geographical location. The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the north of the West Siberian Plain and is part of the Ural Federal District. The northern coast of the district is washed by the waters of the Kara Sea. On the map of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Yamal Peninsula especially stands out, the entire eastern coast of which is washed by one of the largest bays of the Arctic - the Gulf of Ob, with a length of about 800 km.

The neighbors of the district are: in the east - the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the south - the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in the west - the Komi Republic and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug of the Arkhangelsk Region. Most of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The entire territory of the district belongs to the regions of the Far North.

The largest river in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is the Ob. Other large rivers are Nadym and Taz. The landscape of the district is quite diverse. In the west these are the eastern slopes of the Ural ridge, in the north there is tundra, turning into forest-tundra as you move to the south.

Population Yamalo-Nenets District - 541.6 thousand people. 70% of them are people of working age. The region is characterized by very high fertility and low mortality. Natural population growth +11.4 people. per 1000 inhabitants.

Nadym: “And it’s better on deer!” Photo by dim.kapishev (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/dim-kapishev/)

Russians make up 60% of the district's population. In second place are Ukrainians (9.37%), in third are Nenets (5.89%). The population is constantly growing due to migrants who come here in search of well-paid work. Meanwhile, others, who have already earned enough money, leave the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, moving to the south - to Tyumen or Moscow/St. Petersburg. It is not for nothing that Yamal is called the Russian Klondike - people come here in search of luck, and those who are lucky return back in triumph.

Crime. The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is in 28th place in the ranking of regions in terms of crime levels. Of course, big money also attracts criminals of all stripes, especially organized crime groups. No wonder they decided to make Novy Urengoy a closed city. Among other problems, it is worth noting drug trafficking. It is especially developed here, and the level of drug addiction in northern cities is very high.

Unemployment rate in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug one of the lowest - 0.58%. And the average salary is one of the highest (RUB 63,132). But even here, the distribution of salaries across industries is uneven. There are also those where this value is below 20 thousand rubles per month. And the highest salaries in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are in the field of extraction of fuel and energy minerals (who would doubt it!) - 93 thousand rubles. and in the production of petroleum products - 92 thousand rubles. per month.

Property value in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is one of the highest in Russia. At least in Novy Urengoy it is 103 thousand rubles per sq. m. meter. To buy the simplest one-room apartment here, you need to shell out at least 4 million rubles. In the suburbs of the city, prices are much lower - about 1.8 million rubles. Two-room apartments in the city are much more expensive: 5.6 - 9 million rubles, “three rubles” 7 - 12 million rubles.

Climate The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is harsh, sharply continental. Cold Arctic air masses from the north easily come here, but humid air masses from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans practically do not reach here. The average January temperature is −20°C, but frosts reach −30°C and even −50°C. Summer here is short - 50 days, but temperatures can reach +30°C. The amount of precipitation in summer is 140…150 mm. Thanks to the dry climate, frosts are tolerated much more easily here, which cannot be said about the heat.

Cities of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Salekhard- the administrative center of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, located near the confluence of the Ob River into the Ob Bay. And although this is not the largest city in the region (population - 46.6 thousand people), we will begin the story about the cities of the district with it, after all, it is the capital. Translated from Nenets, its name means “city on a cape.” We don’t know how “city on the Arctic Circle” will be written in Nenets, but such a name would be quite suitable for Salekhard, thanks to its location.

The history of Salekhard begins in 1595, when the Cossacks founded the Obdorsky fort here. There are no large industrial enterprises here, so everything is fine with the environment in the city, as well as with the cleanliness of the streets. But there are problems with the Internet here - it is quite expensive, since fiber optics have not yet been installed. According to Rostelecom, fast Internet will come to Salekhard in April 2014.

- the largest city of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the gas capital of Russia. Population - 116.5 thousand people. Novy Urengoy is considered one of the best cities to live in Russia. Here, in some miraculous way, a high level of wages and social protection, a good environmental situation and a low level of crime are combined. Of course, the climate is what spoils the whole picture of Novy Urengoy, turning the city from paradise into an icy hell in winter. But you can get used to this, because the heating here is good, and the gas around is like snow. It is in Urengoy that the largest gas production enterprises in Russia, part of OJSC Gazprom, are located. For some time now, Novy Urengoy has been a closed city, which makes it possible to improve the crime situation.

(population - 108 thousand people) - the second largest city in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Founded in 1976, located in the very south of the district, on the border with Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. The basis of the city's economy is oil production enterprises, and there are also enterprises for gas production and maintenance of oil and gas pipelines. Today Noyabrsk is also developing as a tourist center. There are many attractions here, including the largest cathedral mosque in the Tyumen region, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Nadym(46.8 thousand people) - this settlement has been known since the end of the 16th century. After the revolution, a reindeer herding state farm was created here, and in the 60s, gas production began on these lands. It was with him that the development of the natural resources of the north of Western Siberia began. Thanks to the Medvezhye gas field, the small village has turned into a whole city, with modern high-rise buildings, where reindeer sled races are held on the wide streets in winter. Nadym is considered one of the most beautiful cities in the Far North; in 2002 it received the title “The Most Comfortable City in Russia.” Today Nadym is the center of gas and oil production and gas transportation in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Yamal is a protected corner of the earth, the keeper of an amazingly original and unique culture. Translated from the Nenets language, Yamal means “end of the earth.” The history of its cultural heritage goes back thousands of years. This is the land of ancestral residence of indigenous peoples: Nenets, Khanty, Selkup, Mansi. They have preserved the way of life of their ancestors, who lived here hundreds of years ago, without changing, and are still engaged in reindeer herding, fishing, and fur farming.

Beyond the Ural Mountains, here, on the edge of the Earth,
Beyond the cold seas where my friends live,
The peninsula is Yamal
Volynyuk V.

Here you will visit "Verkhnetazovsky" reserve , get to know Mangazeya settlement a unique archaeological monument, a monument to the Russian development of the Far North, and you will learn many more interesting things.

Features of nature

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the Arctic zone in the north of the world's largest West Siberian Plain and occupies a vast square 750.3 thousand km 2. This is one and a half France. More than half of its territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle. The length of the district from north to south is 1230 km, from west to east 1125 km. The northern border of the district, washed by the waters of the Kara Sea, has a length of 5,100 km and is part of the State border of the Russian Federation (about 900 km). In the west along the Ural ridge, the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug borders on the Arkhangelsk Region and the Komi Republic, in the south on the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, in the east on the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki Autonomous Okrug of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The territory of the district is located mainly in three climatic zones: Arctic, subarctic and the northern (taiga) zone of the West Siberian Lowland. The natural conditions of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are varied: from taiga to arctic tundra, from swampy plains to the Polar-Ural highlands.

Relief The district is represented by two parts: mountainous and flat. Almost 90% of the flat part lies within altitudes of up to 100 meters above sea level; hence there are many rivers, lakes and swamps. The mountainous part of the district occupies a narrow strip along the Polar Urals from Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the headwaters of the Khugla River in the south and consists of large mountain ranges with a total length of over 200 km. The average height of the southern massifs is 600 x 800 m, and the width is 20 x 30 m. The highest peaks are the Kolokolnya mountains 1305 m, Pai-Er 1499 m and others. To the north, the height of the mountains reaches 1000 x 1300 m. The main watershed ridge of the Polar Urals is winding, its absolute heights reach 1200 x 1300 m and higher. Tectonic faults, processed by glaciers, form convenient passes through the Polar Urals, connecting Western Siberia with the Eastern European part of the country.

The largest water artery Ob. Navigable rivers Pur, Taz, Nadym. In total, there are about 300 thousand lakes and 48 thousand rivers in the district. The world's largest herd of valuable whitefish breeds feeds in countless reservoirs. Nature has hidden 70% of the world's whitefish reserves here. The famous northern whitefish nelma, muksun, broad whitefish, peled, pyzhyan, vendace.

Live nature

Rich and varied vegetable world districts. According to available statistics, there are 866 species of aquatic and terrestrial flora in the district, including: flowering species 203, bryophytes 70, horsetails 5, floaters 2, lichens 60, cap mushrooms 130, algae 302. Research results confirm the opinion that the idea of ​​poverty of tundra flora is a consequence of its insufficient knowledge. The biodiversity of Yamal is small compared to the global background, but is represented by a number of rare, environmentally vulnerable species that make up a single regional complex. Seven species of higher vascular plants are included in the Red Book; many species are not included there only because of poor knowledge.
The attentive eye of a lover of discreet northern nature will find a lot of unusual and original things here. For example, exotic moss, which even a resident of mid-latitudes has only heard of. Or Claydonia alpine, covering old burnt areas with a continuous thick carpet. And how much joy the thickets of delicious berries lingonberries, blueberries and cloudberries, with which the lush Russian pie is so good.

None of us knew then that by checking to the end,
Our gray-haired father Yamal heals souls and hearts.
Whoever has been there will not forget the harsh Arctic Circle
And it won’t be frosty if you have a true friend next to you!
Rozov S.

History of this region

The first information about the Yamal land dates back to the 11th century. However, Novgorod merchants penetrated the “Edge of the Earth” before. In the initial ideas of the Novgorodians about the riches of the northern land and its people there was a lot of fantastic stuff. Travelers said that “squirrels and deer fall to the ground there like rain from clouds.” Since 1187, the lower Ob was part of the volosts, subjects of Veliky Novgorod, and after its fall it passed to the Moscow princes, whose titles were added from 1502 to Obdorsky and Ugra. In 1592, Tsar Fedor prepared a campaign for the final conquest of the lands of the “Great Ob”. In 1595, one of the Cossack detachments built a fortification called Obdorsk (today it is the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Salekhard). Obdorsk for a long time remained the last Russian settlement in the Ob North.

Now there are 8 cities in the district: Salekhard, Labytnangi, Muravlenko, Nadym, Novy Urengoy, Noyabrsk, Tarko-Sale and Gubkinsky, and 7 urban districts: Korotchaevo, Limbayakha, Pangody, Old Nadym, Tazovsky, Urengoy, Kharp and 103 small rural settlements.

Yamal is sincerely glad to friends,
Knows how to accept them.
And all the ways for “TU” and sleds
They bring me to Salekhard.
Andreev L.

Salekhard city

Salekhard is the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, located 2,436 km northeast of Moscow and 1,982 km north of the city of Tyumen. Salekhard is located on the Polui Upland, on the right bank of the Ob River, at its confluence with the Polui River, near the Arctic Circle, in the permafrost zone. It is the only city in the world located on the Arctic Circle. The original name of the city Obdorsk came from the name of the Ob River and the word “dor”, which is translated from the Komi language as “a place near”, “near something”. However, the Nenets have long called the village Sale-Kharn, that is, “settlement on the cape.” In the middle of the 18th century, merchants came here for fairs, and at the end of the 18th century, the fortress was abolished. Since the 20s of the 19th century, Russians began to settle permanently in Obdorsk.

Salekhard is home to one of the world's most famous archaeological sites Ust-Poluisky . And it is located on one of the many hills that run steeply down to the shore of the Poluy. The history of the Ust-Poluysky monument is unique. Back in 1935-1936, a young St. Petersburg scientist Vasily Stepanovich Adrianov began to excavate it. The finds recovered from the ground by Adrianov’s expedition were very valuable for science, and the scientist’s research covered literally the entire world archaeological press. Then monuments were discovered on Seyakha and Tiutei-Sale.

The Salekhard fish canning plant is the largest in the Tyumen region and is one of the first-born of the industrial development of the north of Western Siberia. The city of Salekhard is a large river port. 72 years ago (in 1933) the North Ural Trust of the Main Northern Sea Route was created in Salekhard. He is engaged in shipbuilding, fur harvesting, hunting, and timber exports. In the city of Salekhard, a mink fur farm has been operating since 1951, where fur-bearing animals such as arctic foxes, nutria and minks are bred.

There is also a modern airport , the grand opening of which took place on May 31, 2000. “Iron Birds” fly to many cities in Russia and even abroad (for example, to the city of Budapest). It is also planned to carry out flights to Cyprus and Turkey. Works in Salekhard local history museum , where local arts and crafts are collected: bone carvings, beaded jewelry, embroidery and appliqué (patterns made using scraps of various materials) on fur, leather and cloth.

Salekhard is a sports city, here almost every resident goes in for sports. This is facilitated by a large number of cultural and sports institutions in the city. Very popular Ice Palace , which recently opened its doors to lovers of active recreation. There are so many sections there, and so many competitions that haven’t been held here! The city operates tennis club with a beautiful name "Polar". There is a children's and youth sports school here, which has trained a lot of sports personnel. For ski lovers, the city has created ski base , where there is an excellent illuminated ski track and equipped recreation buildings.

In 1990, the city of Salekhard was included in the list of historical cities.. A protected historical zone has been created in the city, because there are many buildings of historical and architectural value. In recent years, the ancient city of Salekhard, which no one has occupied for more than 400 years, can be said to have been born again. Currently, it has become a major cultural and industrial center, with modern, comfortable houses. The appearance of the district capital is constantly changing: there is a lot of construction going on there and colossal work is being done to improve the urban area. The city amazes today's average citizen with its architectural sophistication and uniqueness.

Labytnangi city

Labytnangi is located on the eastern slopes of the Polar Urals, beyond the Arctic Circle, 20 km from the city of Salekhard. This is a marina city on the left bank of the Ob River with the satellite villages of Kharp and Polyarny, the base of the construction industry of the entire district.
Labytnangi Khanty phrase. It means “seven larches”. Previously, this was a settlement of Khanty reindeer herders living in temporary dwellings called chums. The settlement was given new life by the arrival of the railroad, the brainchild of Stalin's Gulag. Thanks to this road, the city became a springboard for the development of the Urengoy, Yamburg and other major gas fields. In 1986, construction of the new Labytnangi Bovanenkovo ​​railway began and is now almost completed. It is the northernmost railway in the world. It was built for the development of the Bovanenkovskoye gas field.

The city of Labytnangi is not just a base city, but a supporting city of the polar oil and gas complex. This is a base for geologists, seismic surveyors, and a major center for the construction industry. Without him there would be no Urengoy, no Medvezhy, no Yamburg, no other famous giants. This is an advantageous transport hub, which in the future will become an outpost for the development of the Polar Urals. And the city connects all its prospects with the further development of this complex.

In 2003, the city of Labytnangi added one more to its status as the “gateway of Yamal” ski resort . Complex "Oktyabrsky", located seven kilometers from the city, is a unique place for active winter recreation. Both master skiers and beginners come here. At the visitors' disposal: a track 630 m long, with a height difference of 110 m and an average slope of 160°. A rope tow will take everyone to the slope, and a 200 m long baby lift is available for younger visitors. The slope is prepared using snow cannons and a snow-compacting machine “Ratrak”. The artificial snowmaking system made it possible to extend the ski season from September to May. For younger visitors, Oktyabrsky offers sledding, and for extreme sports enthusiasts, tubing. Tubing is a rubber chamber covered with a special durable coating. Ski equipment, tubing, and sleds can be rented.
It is also planned to use the complex for recreation in the summer riding on catamarans, boats, fishing, picking berries and mushrooms. A holiday at Oktyabrsky is good for the whole family. Picturesque corners of nature, as well as an affordable price level, have in a short time made the ski complex a favorite vacation spot for Labytnang and Salekhard families and city guests.

Ski complex in the village of Polyarny (Polar Urals) . Currently, in the village of Polyarny there is a ski slope and a rope tow. Length 600 m, height difference 140 m, average slope 30°. There is a base with a dining room and a kitchen; on the second floor there are several rooms for overnight and recreation. The complex is located in a picturesque location among the mountains of the Polar Urals.

Gubkinsky city

Gubkinsky is located two hundred kilometers from the Arctic Circle, on the left bank of the Pyaku-Pur River, 16 km from the Purpe station on the Tyumen Surgut Novy Urengoy railway. It is connected to the “Big Land” by a highway; the nearest airport is 250 km away in the city of Noyabrsk. The city arose as a base center in connection with the industrial development of a group of the northernmost oil and gas fields in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, promising in terms of reserves and distinguished by unique properties. At the beginning of 1986, troops landed on an almost empty place to build the Gubkinsky gas processing plant and a city that did not even have an exact name.

Gubkinsky is located in the northeastern part of the West Siberian Lowland in the forest-tundra zone, which is represented here by larch and coniferous woodlands (birch, willow, pine, cedar, larch), peat bogs, and swamps with moss-lichen cover. There is abundance in the forest and swamps berries: cloudberries, cranberries, lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, princeling, as well as many porcini and other mushrooms. Very varied and interesting animal world. The local forests are inhabited by: flying squirrel, mountain hare, chipmunk, brown bear, elk, wolf, fox, wolverine, marten, sable, lynx, weasel, ermine, badger, otter, muskrat... Wild animals enter the taiga from the north deer. Families of birds are widely represented: capercaillie, black grouse, hazel grouse, pine pine, and many waterfowl. All animals are of hunting and commercial importance. The abundance of food and spawning grounds favors the reproduction of fish; the rivers and surrounding lakes are rich in valuable species.

Muravlenko city

The birth of the city is directly connected with another Yamal city, Noyabrsk, from which it is located 95 km. Muravlenko is a city of oil and gas workers. The main city-forming industrial enterprises Oil and gas production department “Sutorminskneft”, “Muravlenkovskneft”, “Sugmutneft”. They are engaged in mining. The largest of them is Muravlenkovskoye, opened in 1978.

City of Nadym

Nadym center of the Nadym region. The place where the city is located has long been known for its rich moss pastures, where the Nenets grazed their reindeer. In total, 80 thousand people live in the area. There are nine villages in the district, including three villages of indigenous people. Local authorities pay great attention to the preservation and development of their traditional life and economy. This is the first city that appeared on the territory of the district, thanks to the largest natural gas fields discovered in Yamal. The city of Nadym is located 1225 km from Tyumen and 563 km southeast of Salekhard. Located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Nadym River. The nearest railway station (Labytnangi) is located 583 km from Nadym.

The city's economy is based on the gas industry. The main enterprise is Nadymgazprom, which conducts the industrial development of the Medvezhye gas field and its satellite fields, Yubileiny and Yamsoveyskoye. A system of gas pipelines originates in Nadym, such as the North of the Tyumen region Ural Volga region Center, as well as the Medvezhye Field Nadym and Nadym Punga. Since 1974, Nadym gas has been supplied to the capital of our Motherland, Moscow. The length of this gas pipeline is 3000 km (in Soviet times, the length of gas pipelines was no more than 600 km).

Nadym airport one of the oldest airports in Russia. Its history begins back in 1969. Now it accepts all types of aircraft, including heavy airliners (Tu154). The city of Nadym is often called the northern capital of gas workers, and this is quite fair, because Nadym is a large modern city near the Arctic Circle, it is the pride of the entire Tyumen region. Nadym has 7 comfortable microdistricts with a total area of ​​over 200 thousand km 2, it is a fairly large cultural and leisure city.

An example of caring for nature relict cedar grove in the city center, which is the pride of the townspeople (history shows that the cedar grove was left by the first builders as a monument to the unique northern nature). In winter, here is the most popular illuminated building in the city. ski Track, and in the summer a place for walking. The uniqueness of the city, which is called a fairy-tale city among the silent tundra and permafrost, lies in the fact that its birth, formation and thirty-year history created a special cohort of Nadym people, people who dedicated their lives to Nadym, devoted to it and proudly asserting: “We live in the most beautiful and best city."

Nadymsky hunting reserve . It protects typical landscapes, rare and valuable species of plants and plant communities. It also serves to preserve the population of wild reindeer, elk, brown bear, sable, and otter. The main objects of protection include: brown bear, Tobolsk sable, pine marten, weasel, Tobolsk ermine, muskrat, mountain hare, elk; whooper swan, greylag goose, white-fronted goose, lesser white-fronted goose, lesser goose, wigeon, teal, garter teal, pintail, shoveler, tufted duck; nelma, broad whitefish, pyzhyan, peled, as well as ecosystems of the northern taiga subzone of the taiga and the southern forest-tundra subzone.
Square reserve 564,000 hectares. About half of the reserve's area is occupied by forests. The predominant species are larch, spruce. Shrubs are widespread: crowberry, wild rosemary, blueberry, and dwarf birch. The most common peat bogs are: flat-hilly ones with a shrub-lichen-moss cover on the hillocks and a grass-moss cover in the hollows.

City of Novy Urengoy

Novy Urengoy is located 450 km east of Salekhard, and is the second largest city in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (after Noyabrsk). It is located in Western Siberia on the Evo-Yakha River (a tributary of the Pur River), 60 km south of the Arctic Circle. “Urengoy” is a Nenets word; translated it means “bald hill” or “hill on which larches grow.” The history of this northern city of oil and gas workers dates back to September 1973. It arose in connection with the development of the Urengoy gas condensate field of the Urengoygazprom Production Association (oil and gas production and processing), the largest hydrocarbon resource in terms of volume in the Far North. The uniqueness of the emergence of the city and the development of the field lies in the fact that gas workers followed the subsoil explorers, that is, almost on virgin soil.

Novy Urengoy is the largest transport hub of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug with a railway to Tyumen and Yamburg, with JSC Sevtyumentransput, with a highway to Tyumen, with an airport. The highway connects Novy Urengoy with the city of Nadym, Yamburg and the gas settlement on the Tazovsky Peninsula, but from there the only way is to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Ten main pipelines supplying the national economy with natural gas, the Urengoy Pomary Uzhgorod export gas pipeline to Western European countries originate from here.

City of Noyabrsk

Noyabrsk is the southernmost city of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. It is located southeast of Salekhard, 1065 km northeast of the city of Tyumen. The city is located in the central part of the picturesque Siberian Uvals, on the watershed of the Ob and Pur rivers, near Lake Tetu-Mamontotyai. On April 28, 1982, the village of Noyabrsk received city status. It is the largest city in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug in terms of population. The city of Noyabrsk was founded in 1975. Then the first helicopter landing force landed on the ice of the Ikhu-yakha River, located in the central part of the West Siberian Lowland, to begin the development of the Kholmogory field - the first stage in the development of the new oil region - Noyabrsky. Initially there were two variants of the name: Khanto (after the name of the lake in the vicinity of the city) and Noyabrsky. We decided: let it be November, since the first landing landed in November. It turns out that the name of the city was chosen according to the weather, according to the calendar.
The city of Noyabrsk, by its geographical location, is the “southern gate” of the district. The Tyumen-Novy Urengoy railway and the highway connecting Noyabrsk with the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug and further with the “mainland” pass through Noyabrsk. The city has excellent air connections; there is a modern airport capable of receiving heavy-duty aircraft. The airport opened on July 1, 1987. It is called the gateway to the Far North.

Today Noyabrsk is the largest oil metropolis in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. This is the pearl of Yamal, the largest business and industrial center of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where a fifth of the district’s population lives and almost a quarter of industrial products are produced. This is a beautiful, European-style modern city, which undoubtedly has become the cultural and spiritual center of the south of Yamal. Under these conditions, the city of Noyabrsk has the prospect of becoming a base city for the development of subsoil reserves in the south of Yamal over the next 25-30 years.

City of Tarko-Sale

Tarko-Sale is the center of the Purovsky district, located in the most beautiful places, at the confluence of the Aivasedapur and Pyakupur rivers and the formation of the Pur River. The air transport distance to Tyumen is 1117 km, to Salekhard 550 km. The nearest railway station is Purovsk, located 11 km from Tarko-Sale. The city is connected to the “mainland” by an airport, a pier on the Pyakupur River, and a paved road to the city of Gubkinsky. The city has an air squadron of helicopter pilots, transporting cargo and passengers to hard-to-reach places in Yamal. In summer, Tarko-Sale is connected by water to many settlements in the Purovsky district and the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; in winter, such communication is carried out along a winter road. In the Nenets dialect, the name Tarko-Sale means “cape at the fork.” Once upon a time, a shaman came to the place where the city stands and opened a camp at the confluence of two rivers. The beginning of the city is associated with the development of hydrocarbon reserves.

What's new?

Yamal periodically presents to the scientific world sensations . On May 25, 2007, he was found on the Yuribey River baby mammoth perfect preservation. The body of the fifty-kilogram “baby” was delivered to the Yamalo-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex named after. I. S. Shemanovsky from the village of New Port, where it was stored for some time in an underground freezer. The baby mammoth was found by a reindeer herder who reported the find. Experts organized an expedition to examine the location of the find and transport the baby mammoth from the river bank. According to scientific reports, this “foundling” is absolutely unique and the most complete find in the whole world. In terms of its preservation, it is much better than its predecessors: the baby mammoth has a well-preserved trunk, eyes, and remnants of fur on its neck. Until now, only two similar finds have been known in the world. No less famous is the baby mammoth, found in 1998 25 kilometers from the mouth of the Yuribeteyakha River, again on the Yamal Peninsula. According to the testimony of the reindeer herder who discovered the latest find, upstream, three hundred meters from the found mammoth calf, he discovered a large tusk sticking out of the ground. So new sensational discoveries are quite likely.

The rich nature of the unique North has always attracted the attention of romantics. Pristine purity, variety of colors, unpredictability enchants admiring glances. The indescribable silence in the winter expanses and the warm hearts of the northerners beckon to them again and again.