Our planet never ceases to surprise us and present new amazing stories About Me. Below is a list of ten interesting and some of the deepest places on Earth.

10. El Zakaton

El Zacat?n is the world's deepest sinkhole filled with water. Located in the northeast of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Its diameter on the surface is approximately 116 m, the total depth is 339 meters. The water temperature in the funnel is 30°C and smells slightly of sulfur. This place is very popular among divers.

9. Tagebau Hambach

Tagebau Hambach is a quarry used for the extraction of brown coal. Located in Elsdorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was opened in 1978. It is the deepest open pit mine in the world, with a depth of about 370 meters and an area of ​​33.89 square kilometers.

8. Woodingdean Well

Woodingdean is an eastern suburb of Brighton and Hove, located in East Sussex, England. It is notable for the fact that on its territory there is the deepest well in the world, dug by hand between 1858–1862. The depth of the well is 392 meters.

7. Lake Baikal

Baikal is a lake of tectonic origin, located on the territory of Russia, in the southern part Eastern Siberia, on the border between the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. Exactly this deep lake in the world ( maximum depth 1642 meters) and the largest natural reservoir of fresh water. The age of the lake is estimated at 25–30 million years. Its area is 31,722 km? (without islands), which is comparable to the territories of countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands or Denmark.

6. Krubera Cave

Krubera Cave (Voronya) is the deepest cave in the world, located in the Arabica mountain range in Abkhazia. Its depth is 2,196 m. It is the only known cave on Earth that exceeds a depth of 2 thousand m. It was discovered and first explored to a depth of 95 m by Georgian speleologists (led by L.I. Maruashvili) in 1960. It was then that it received its first name: Krubera Cave, in honor of the Russian karst scientist A.A. Krubera.

5. Kidd Mine

Kidd Mine is a mine located in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. It is the deepest mine in the world for the extraction of base metals. Its maximum depth is almost 3 thousand m. It began its activity in 1966 as a quarry, but over time it turned into an underground mine, in which copper, zinc and several other metals are still mined.

4. Litke gutter

The Litke Trench is an oceanic trench located in northeast Greenland, 350 kilometers north of Spitsbergen. This is the most deep point in the Arctic Ocean - 5449 m. This trench was first discovered and explored in 1955 by an expedition on the icebreaker Fedor Litke. It ranks 20th among the deepest trenches in the world.

3. Milwaukee Trench

Milwaukee Trench or Milwaukee Deep - deepest point Atlantic Ocean, located 122.3 km north of the coast of Puerto Rico. Its maximum depth is 8380 meters (according to unverified data 9560 m). The trench was named after the American light cruiser USS Milwaukee (CL-5), which first discovered it on February 14, 1939.

2. Mariana Trench

Mariana Trench or Mariana Trench- the deepest oceanic trench, as well as the least explored place on the planet, located in the west Pacific Ocean between Japan and Papua New Guinea near Mariana Islands. It was first discovered in 1875 by the British expedition on the Challenger. Using sonar, the ship's crew then recorded a depth of 10,900 meters. According to measurements taken in 2011, the depth of the depression is 10,994 ± 40 m below sea level.

1. Kola superdeep well

The Kola superdeep well is the world's deepest borehole, located in Russia, in Murmansk region, about 10 km from the city of Zapolyarny. Its depth is 12262 meters; the diameter of the upper part is 92 cm. It was founded in 1970 and drilled exclusively for research purposes. Initially it was planned to reach 16 thousand m, but due to technical problems, and also due to financial difficulties in 1991, work had to be stopped ahead of schedule. Now, due to financial difficulties and lack of government support, the issue of its final closure is being decided.

Height can make your head spin and make your heart beat wildly. However, you can get much greater sensations if you go down to the bottom of the ocean. Especially if you do this over a distance exceeding many kilometers. It's hard to imagine how far down the deepest depression on Earth goes. And without a doubt, this is the Mariana Trench, which is also called the Mariana Trench for its external similarity to the crescent-shaped trench.

Location and dimensions of the Mariana Trench

This trench is located near the Mariana Islands, in the western Pacific Ocean. This deepest depression on Earth was formed as a result of two tectonic plates colliding. The deep-sea trench is approximately 2550 km long and 69 km wide. The depth of the depression is at least 11,000 m - researchers cannot establish the exact figure, which is due to the large temperature difference in different layers, enormous pressure and impenetrable darkness in the depression.


Challenger, named after the Mariana Trench, is considered the deepest point of the Mariana Trench. research vessel, which sank to the bottom. You can even compare the height itself high mountain Everest with the depth of the trench - Everest extends upward for almost 8900 km, which means that the mountain can completely go under water in this trench, and on top it will still be covered by at least two kilometers of water.

Human research

The Mariana Trench was first explored by humans in 1960. It was during this period that underwater technology was created that could lower researchers to the greatest depths to obtain the necessary information. Such a technique was a bathyscaphe called Trieste, with the help of which oceanographer from Switzerland Jacques Picard and soldier Don Walsh sank to the bottom.


The surprise of the researchers knew no bounds, because at a depth of 10,911 meters, which was then recorded, they discovered signs of life. It seemed a little strange to scientists, but still it exists. The trench is so deep that the rays of the sun do not penetrate there, and therefore many of the inhabitants of the depression, which are flat fish and some other organisms, do not have eyes.

The next dive took place in 1995 - Japanese researchers descended to the bottom of the Mariinskaya Trench. And in 2009, a special Nereus apparatus descended to the bottom, took some pictures and collected soil samples for research.


But the lowest point of the deepest depression on Earth was reached by director James Cameron, who made such a deep-sea journey in 2012. He carefully prepared for the expedition, hoping to collect excellent material. He sank to the bottom in a submersible and collected so much information that he later managed to make a film about the deepest depression on Earth. The last measurement of the depth of the Mariana Trench yielded a result of 11,035 meters. However, no matter how much scientists explore the Mariana Trench, there are still a lot of questions and various mysteries that we really want to solve.

The deeper you go under the water, the colder it gets. But from the surface of the underwater abyss, at a distance of approximately 1600 meters, the water temperature warms up to 450 degrees, which is explained by the presence of hydrothermal springs here. This hot water contains many minerals that can support life at such depths. However, despite such a high temperature, water does not boil (as it should), and the reason for this is too high water pressure, the value of which exceeds the level of water pressure on the surface by 155 times.


No less amazing fact was the discovery by researchers of incredible size amoebas (they called them xenophyophores), which have a unique gift - they survive under the influence of many toxic substances and heavy metals. These single-celled creatures probably acquired their size due to their habitat, but how they manage not to feel the influence of harmful substances that can kill any living creature on Earth is completely unclear.

Near hydrothermal vents in the deepest depression on Earth, scientists have found mollusks that apparently shouldn’t be there. How they manage to live at the highest pressure is also unclear. In addition, the sources located here produce environment hydrogen sulfide, which is deadly poisonous to shellfish. But they calmly survive this (they convert sulfur compounds into safe protein) and continue to lead their lives in the deep layers of the Pacific Ocean.


The bottom of the depression is covered with a layer of slimy mud. That is, there is no sand, which is often found at the bottom of reservoirs, but the bottom is paved with crushed shells and the remains of sunken plankton. Since water acts on all this with enormous pressure, all residues simply turn into slimy mud of an unpleasant color.


Scientists even managed to detect liquid carbon dioxide at the depth of the depression - this is considered very rare in deep water columns. But it's possible thanks to thermal springs, called “white smokers,” life could have appeared at the depths of the trench.


Another surprising discovery was the discovery in 2011 of four stone bridges in the Mariana Trench, each 69 km long.


Most likely, their formation occurred at the junction of tectonic plates - the Philippine and Pacific. One of the discovered bridges, which was found first, is very high - its highest point reaches 2500 m. Scientists are still struggling to establish exactly the reason for the appearance of these bridges, but this still remains a mystery, like much in the history of the Mariana Trench .

The Mariana Trench, or Mariana Trench, is an oceanic trench in the western Pacific Ocean, which is the deepest known in the world geographical objects. Geographical coordinates object - 11°21′ N. w. 142°12′ E. d. (G). As you already know, this is the deepest part of the earth's oceans, and also the deepest place on the entire earth.

According to the results of measurements of the Soviet vessel "Vityaz", the maximum depth of the depression reaches 11022 m (although according to recent observations this value does not exceed 10911-10924 m). Thus, the deepest point of the depression is much further from sea level than Mount Everest is above it.

The depression stretches along the Mariana Islands for 1500 km; it has a V-shaped profile, steep (7-9) slopes, a flat bottom 1-5 km wide, which is divided by rapids into several closed depressions. At the bottom, water pressure reaches 108.6 MPa (15,750 ft per square inch), which is more than 1,000 times the normal atmospheric pressure at ocean level. The depression is located at the junction of two tectonic plates, in the zone of movement along faults, where the Pacific plate goes under the Philippine plate.

The first data on the depth were obtained by the English ship Challenger in 1951, which, according to the report, was 10863 m. According to the results of measurements carried out in 1957 during the 25th voyage of the Soviet research vessel Vityaz, the maximum depth of the depression was 11022 m (specified data, originally reported depth was 11,034 m).

The only human dive to the bottom of the Mariana Trench was made on January 23, 1960 by US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Piccard on the bathyscaphe Trieste. The instruments recorded a record depth of 11,521 meters (corrected figure - 10,918 m). At the bottom, the researchers unexpectedly encountered flat fish up to 30 cm in size, similar to flounder.
The Japanese Kaiko probe, which was lowered into the area of ​​the maximum depth of the depression on March 24, 1997, recorded a depth of 10911.4 meters. On May 31, 2009, the automatic underwater vehicle Nereus sank to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The device descended to a depth of 10,902 meters, where it filmed video, took several photographs, and also collected sediment samples at the bottom.

The waters of the Mariana Trench are home to many species of invertebrate fish, including such oddities as the monkfish, so called because it uses a glowing protrusion to attract prey.

An interesting feature of sea creatures is their longevity, with many of these animals having a "lifespan" of over 100 years, provided, of course, that they are not caught in fishing nets. Since these animals develop slowly, there is no concern about the threat of their extinction.

The bottom of the Mariana Trench consists of animal skeletons, decaying microorganisms and plants; as a rule, the bottom is yellow and viscous.

The ocean is much closer to us than the planets of the solar system. However, only 5 percent of its bottom has been studied. How many more secrets do the waters of the world's oceans hold? This greatest mystery of our planet.

Maximum depth

The Mariana Trench, or otherwise the Mariana Trench, is the deepest place in the world's oceans. Amazing creatures live here and there is practically no light. However, this is the most famous place, which is still not fully understood and conceals many unsolved mysteries.

Diving into the Mariana Trench is truly suicide. After all, the water pressure here is thousands of times higher than the pressure at sea level. The maximum depth of the world's oceans is approximately 10,994 meters with an error of 40 meters. However, there are brave souls who descended to the very bottom, risking their own lives. Of course, this could not have happened without modern technologies.

Where is the deepest place in the world's oceans?

The Mariana Trench is located in the region, or more precisely, in its western part, closer to the east, near Guam, about 200 kilometers from the deepest place in the world's oceans, shaped like a crescent-shaped trench. The width of the depression is approximately 69 kilometers and the length is 2550 kilometers.

Coordinates of the Mariana Trench: eastern longitude - 142°35’, northern latitude - 11°22’.

Temperature at the bottom

Scientists have suggested that at maximum depth there should be a very low temperature. However, they were very surprised by the fact that at the bottom of the Mariana Trench this figure remains above zero and amounts to 1 - 4 ° C. Soon an explanation was found for this phenomenon.

Hydrothermal springs are located approximately at a depth of 1600 meters from the surface of the water. They are also called “white smokers.” Jets coming out of the sources are very hot water. Its temperature is 450° Celsius.

It is worth noting that this water contains a huge amount of minerals. It is these chemical elements that support life at great depths. Despite such a high temperature, which is several times higher than the boiling point, the water does not boil here. And this is explained by fairly high pressure. At this depth, this figure is 155 times higher than that on the surface.

As you can see, the deepest places in the world's oceans are not so simple. There are still many secrets hidden in them that need to be unraveled.

Who lives at such depths?

Many people think that the deepest place in the world's oceans is an abyss where life cannot exist. However, this is not the case. At the very bottom of the Mariana Trench, scientists discovered very large amoebas, which are called xenophyophores. Their body length is 10 centimeters. These are very large single-celled organisms.

Scientists suggest that this type of amoeba acquired such a size due to the environment in which they have to exist. It is worth noting that these single-celled creatures were found at a depth of 10.6 kilometers. Their development was influenced by many factors. This includes the lack of sunlight, fairly high pressure, and, of course, cold water.

In addition, xenophyophores have simply unique abilities. Amoebas tolerate the effects of many chemicals and elements, including lead, mercury and uranium.

Shellfish

There is very high pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. In such conditions, even creatures with bones or shells have no chance of surviving. However, not so long ago, mollusks were found in the Mariana Trench. They live near hydrothermal springs, because serpentine contains methane and hydrogen. These substances allow a living organism to fully form.

It is still not known how mollusks manage to preserve their shells in such conditions. In addition, hydrothermal springs release another gas - hydrogen sulfide. And it is known to be fatal to any mollusks.

Liquid carbon dioxide in its pure form

The Mariana Trench is a deep place in the world's oceans, and also amazing world with many unexplained phenomena. There are hydrothermal vents located near Taiwan, outside the Okinawa Trench. This is the only underwater area known on this moment where liquid carbon dioxide is present. This place was discovered back in 2005.

Many scientists believe that it was these sources that allowed life to arise in the Mariana Trench. After all, there is not only the optimal temperature, but also chemicals present.

Finally

The deepest places of the world's oceans simply amaze with the extraordinary nature of their world. Here you can find living organisms that thrive in complete darkness and at high pressure and cannot exist in any other environment.

It is worth noting that the Mariana Trench has the status of a US national monument. This marine reserve is the largest in the world. Of course, for those who want to visit here, there is a certain list of rules. Mining and fishing is strictly prohibited in this place.

Our planet never ceases to surprise us and present new amazing stories about itself. Below is a list of ten interesting and some of the deepest places on Earth.

El Zacatón is the world's deepest sinkhole filled with water. Located in the northeast of the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico. Its diameter on the surface is approximately 116 m, the total depth 339 meters. The water temperature in the funnel is 30°C and smells slightly of sulfur. This place is very popular among divers.


Tagebau Hambach is a quarry used for the extraction of brown coal. Located in Elsdorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was opened in 1978. Is the deepest open pit mine in the world, with a depth of approx. 370 meters, area 33.89 square kilometers.


Woodingdean is an eastern suburb of Brighton and Hove, located in East Sussex, England. It is notable for the fact that on its territory there is the deepest well in the world, dug by hand between 1858–1862. The depth of the well is 392 meters.

Lake Baikal


Baikal is a lake of tectonic origin, located on the territory of Russia, in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, on the border between the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. This is the deepest lake in the world (maximum depth 1642 meters) and the largest natural reservoir of fresh water. The age of the lake is estimated at 25–30 million years. Its area is 31,722 km² (excluding islands), which is comparable to the territories of countries such as Belgium, the Netherlands or Denmark.


Krubera Cave (Voronya) is the deepest cave in the world, located in the Arabica mountain range in Abkhazia. Its depth is 2,196 m. It is the only known cave on Earth that exceeds a depth of 2 thousand m. It was discovered and first explored to a depth of 95 m by Georgian speleologists (led by L.I. Maruashvili) in 1960. It was then that she received her first name: Krubera cave, in honor of the Russian karst scientist A.A. Krubera.


Kidd Mine is a mine located in Timmins, Ontario, Canada. It is the deepest mine in the world for the extraction of base metals. Its maximum depth is almost 3 thousand m. It began its activity in 1966 as a quarry, but over time it turned into an underground mine, which still produces copper, zinc and several other metals.


The Litke Trench is an oceanic trench located in northeast Greenland, 350 kilometers north of Spitsbergen. This is the deepest point in the Arctic Ocean - 5449 m. This trench was first discovered and explored in 1955 by an expedition on the icebreaker Fedor Litke. It ranks 20th among the deepest trenches in the world.


The Milwaukee Trench or Milwaukee Deep is the deepest point in the Atlantic Ocean, located 122.3 km north of the coast of Puerto Rico. Its maximum depth is 8380 meters(according to unverified data 9560 m). The trench was named after the American light cruiser USS Milwaukee (CL-5), which first discovered it on February 14, 1939.


The Mariana Trench or Mariana Trench is the deepest oceanic trench, as well as the least explored place on the planet, located in the western Pacific Ocean between Japan and Papua New Guinea near the Mariana Islands. It was first discovered in 1875 by the British expedition on the Challenger. Using sonar, the ship's crew then recorded a depth of 10,900 meters. According to measurements taken in 2011, the depth of the depression is 10 994 ± 40 m below sea level.

The well itself (welded). 2012

The Kola superdeep well is the world's deepest borehole, located in Russia, in the Murmansk region, approximately 10 km from the city of Zapolyarny. Its depth is 12262 meters; the diameter of the upper part is 92 cm. It was founded in 1970 and drilled exclusively for research purposes. Initially, it was planned to reach 16 thousand m, but due to technical problems, as well as financial difficulties, work had to be stopped early in 1991. Now, due to financial difficulties and lack of government support, the issue of its final closure is being decided.

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