In Issyk-Kul district. Semirechensk region, near the lake. Issyk Kul, on the bank of the river. Karakara (Karajury) ...

It is located in the Terek region, but there is no detailed information about it... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

In the city of Soligalich, Kostroma province, near the river. Kostroma, 200 ver. from Kostroma, on high. 135 meter. above level seas. Pace. water 7°R., sp. weight 1.002... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Yenisei province and district, near the village of Chadobskoye, on the right bank of the Angara River, at the foot of a high, rocky mountain. Its water comes out from under the stones in fountains, it is cold and very salty; not only does it never freeze, but, as they say,... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Salt tax- from the point of view of uniformity of taxation, it is extremely irrational. The amount of salt consumption is not at all related to the tax capacity of payers; everyone more or less needs the same amount of salt to maintain their health;... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Salt March in India led by Mahatma Gandhi- Salt March in India (Salt March) (March 12–April 6, 1930) a march by supporters of Mahatma Gandhi as part of a campaign of civil disobedience (satyagraha) against the colonial salt monopoly. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, nicknamed Mahatma... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Salt riot- Moscow uprising of 1648, “Salt Riot”, one of the largest urban uprisings of the mid-17th century in Russia, mass... Wikipedia

SALT RIOT- SALT RIOT, the name adopted in historical literature for a mass uprising of the lower and middle strata of townspeople, archers, serfs 1 11.6. 1648 in Moscow. Caused by the collection of arrears on the salt tax and the arbitrariness of the state... ... Russian history

brine- 3.1.10 brine: A liquid that has a lower freezing point than water. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

salt- salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty, salty , solyanom,... ... Forms of words

Solubility of sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium chlorides in hydrochloric acid and alcohol-acid mixture at 20°- Solvents Solubility, g/100 l of solution NaCl KCl RbCl CsCl Hydrochloric acid (pl. 1.19 g/cm3) 0 ... Chemical reference book

Everyone knows the Dead Sea for its miraculous properties, but not everyone knows that there are many similar places in Russia. Many salt lakes, which have such a beneficial effect on human health, are located in many corners of our vast homeland. Deposits based on water and mud therapy have long been a national treasure of Russia, and mineral (salt) lakes are unique in their composition, temperature conditions and medicinal properties.

AND history of the development of medicinal mud, rock salt, brine and others natural resources lakes have been around for more than a century. The lakes have enormous bioenergy. For example, salt lakes are sacred to Muslims and, due to their healing qualities, are considered places of worship. Legends say that the lakes have powerful healing energy that cleanses people from damage and the evil eye, giving them recovery. Vacationers staying on the territory of salt lakes have their aura restored and their body cleansed of negative energy.

In Ancient Rus', in gratitude for the healing received, along the lake, nomads displayed scraps of bright fabric with coins wrapped in a bundle on their spears. Those being treated performed the ritual by bathing naked in the salty brine of the lake. Since the middle of the 20th century, a folk custom arose in gratitude for recovery to throw coins, gold and silver jewelry into the water with the words of prayer, which to this day are stored at the bottom of lakes in countless quantities. But not only people thank the lakes for their medicinal properties, lakes also reward people with health and good luck for caring for them. And those who disrespected the healing waters of salt lakes, the lakes did not help in strengthening and did not bring recovery.

Legend has it that Emperor Alexander III was involved in a train accident in Kharkov in 1888, holding the roof of a carriage on his shoulders and saving his family: his sons and wife. This caused harm to his health. Upon returning to Moscow, messengers were sent to all points of the Earth to search for healing agents. Rumors reached the Imperial Court about miraculous healing mud located in the steppes of the Orenburg Province. An expedition was sent to unique salt lakes, which subsequently delivered to Moscow healing mud and Beshofit salt water, which helped in the treatment of the Emperor. In gratitude for the healing gift, a decree was issued on the creation in 1888 of a medical and health zone in the city of Sol - Iletsk. News of the Emperor's miraculous healing Alexandra III spread to all corners of vast Russia.

The great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov was first produced physico-chemical analysis of salt from the Iletsk salt dome. The scientist came to the conclusion: “Iletsk natural salt is harder than all other salts, and when not crushed, it gets very White color, and does not absorb moisture from the air at all. For such properties, this salt must be preferred in hardness, strength and spiciness to other salts.” WITHAt the end of the 19th century, rapid development of salt lakes began in Russia. Salt mud began to be supplied to all resorts in Russia. As a result, salt production and mud deposits began to actively develop, gaining worldwide fame as a country of salt lakes, generously giving people health and well-being.

According to established tradition, every first Saturday in June the Russian Orthodox Church, accompanied by a church choir, blesses lakes in different parts of Russia. And all vacationers, sprinkled with blessed water, are blessed for recovery and prosperity.

Muslims have an interesting tradition. According to tradition in unique places In the summer, the “national small hajj” of Muslims in Russia begins. Every year on the third Saturday of June, a sacrifice (sadaka) is made on Mount Tuz-Tube (Salt Mountain). At its very top, elders read prayers for the recovery and well-being of people, and pilgrims are treated to the broth of a sacrificial ram, who must drink three sips, receiving a blessing to improve their health.

ELTON - golden lake among the steppes Volgograd region. The appearance of the lake is quite unusual- golden pink The surface of the reservoir fascinates and attracts many. Let us note that the Polovtsian khans knew about the existence of the lake, and it was considered sacred by them. And for good reason, today the healing properties of local mud and lake waters have been proven by many examples. The reason for this is, of course, not clear to scientists. But there are suggestions that the whole point is in the properties of the Eltonian rocks, preserved since the Jurassic period (it’s not without reason that in the local mountains - Ulagan and Presny estuary, scientists find fossilized remains of fossil plants and animals).

Health resorts built on the base therapeutic factors, the lakes have no analogues in the whole world. Already at the beginning of the century, there were unique health resorts that were popular among many. And the treatment was quite simple: a hole was dug in the lake where the patient was placed. His body was covered with mud, and after an hour spent in this state, the man washed himself in brine. PAfter the Second World War, medicine established that balneotherapy (treatment with mud and mineral waters) - unique look treatment based on the deep use of natural resources. For this reason, a kind of boom in visiting salt lakes began. And now Elton is visited by thousands of tourists eager to rejuvenate and recover from ailments. And the prices of the tour are unique salt Lake They just make me happy.

Bitter-salty lake Bulukhta(from Kolmyk “spring”) - the second largest bitter-salty lake, after Elton, located in the Volgograd region. Essentially uhthat is a swamp, but with spring water. Another unique property of the lake is the bizarre shape of the shore and the constantly changing boundaries of the lake. Lake Bulukhta is a piece wildlife, its uniqueness is that it is located far from civilization, it is not so easy to get here.

The lucky ones who visit here will have the opportunity to see numerous populations of ground squirrels and steppe birds. The most unforgettable sight is the flight burial eagle, listed in the Red Book of Russia, its nests are often found, sometimes very close to the road. Dangerous phenomenon- the salt marsh can barely support the weight of a person; it can be found underfoot right here. A trip to the lake will be simply an exciting journey, during which you can find yourself among wild, unknown nature!

Lake Razval in Sol-Iletsk considered e another unique salt lake.An important part of the history of the Iletsk field is the history of Lake Razval, which made the resort famous. There is a very high concentration of salt here, so drowning in it is a difficult task.Lake Razval was formed at the site of salt production on Mount Tuztube. The depth of the lake is 18 meters. On the eastern shore of the lake there is a beach of fine sand and salt. The salty spring “Salty Tears” has been flowing through Mount Tuztube for a long time.

The salt concentration here is almost 10 times higher than the concentration of salts in the water of Cherny and Mediterranean seas. In addition to sodium chloride, the lake also contains other salts. Salty water It has predominantly hyperosmolar, locally irritating and antimicrobial effects; therefore, the cleansing reaction on the skin and mucous membranes, as well as the adaptogenic reaction, is most pronounced. Swimming in the lake is recommended for patients with diseases of the skin, internal organs, musculoskeletal device and many other factors.

Look

Indications for swimming in salt lakes and taking salt procedures:

1. Atopic dermatitis and childhood eczema, psoriasis (without exacerbation); including in children.

2. Diseases musculoskeletal systems: arthritis and polyarthritis of non-tuberculous origin (rheumatoid arthritis, infectious arthritis of a certain nature, osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis); spondylosis, spondyloarthrosis, osteochondrosis, ankylosing spondylitis, spondylopathies, bone diseases, tendon muscles; osteomyelitis that does not require surgical intervention, trophic ulcers after long-term treatment of non-healing wounds of traumatic origin. Heel spur.

3. Diseases of the nervous system: diseases and consequences of injuries of the peripheral nervous system in the stage of fading exacerbation, complete or incomplete remission (radiculitis, plexitis, neuritis, myelitis); consequences of wounds and other injuries of the spinal cord and its membranes in the absence of dysfunction of the pelvic organs and the patient’s ability to move independently;
discirculatory encephalopathy up to 2 degrees.

4. Diseases of the female genital area: chronic cervicitis, chronic metroendometritis, uterine deviations with limited mobility; chronic inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages of various etiologies, with the exception of tuberculosis, chronic pelvioperitonitis, perimetritis; infertility due to inflammatory disease of the tubes and uterus, as well as mild underdevelopment of the uterus; functional ovarian failure due to their primary lesion with normal uterine size; postoperative infiltrates at the end of the acute period; cervical erosion (subject to exclusion of malignancy); primary and secondary infertility of various origins.

Indications for referral of children:

Long-term and frequently ill children (secondary immunodeficiency); cerebral palsy, enuresis, scoliosis of 1-4 degrees, joint contractures (after burns, fractures), diseases and consequences of injuries of the central and peripheral system, neuroses, cerebroasthenic syndrome. Children are accepted for treatment together with one of their parents.

(!!!) CONTRAINDICATIONS: Regarding contraindications, it is strongly recommended to consult a specialist!

1. General contraindications, in which resort treatment is generally excluded (tumors, bleeding of any localization, especially repeated ones, infections, venereal and mental diseases, diseases in the acute phase, for mud balneotherapy, foreign bodies (plates, artificial joints, single kidney);
2. Tuberculosis of any localization;
3. Nephritis and other kidney diseases with impaired kidney function;
4. Hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus;
5. Polyarthritis with a progressive course, with a tendency to ankylosis and contractures in exacerbation of the process;
6. Diseases of the cardiovascular system with circulatory failure of 2-3 degrees (heart failure);
7. Chronic coronary heart disease with rhythm and conduction disturbances, with angina pectoris above functional class 2;
8. Hypertension above stage II A;
9. Exacerbation of atonic dermatitis and childhood eczema with the presence of erosions on the skin (with ESR above 35 mm/h);
10. Bronchial asthma in exacerbation, hormone-dependent bronchial asthma;
11. Epilepsy and convulsive conditions;
12. Constant and long-term use of hormonal drugs.

Development salt industry in the USA began with the use of salt springs, then natural brines were developed using drilling wells and, finally, artificial brines began to be obtained and salt mining .

Salt springs lost their practical significance many years ago. If natural brines were used only to produce sodium chloride, they would long ago have failed to compete with other sources of salt. However, the presence of many other salts in these brines in some cases gives them serious industrial importance. Currently, based on the use of natural brines, the chemical industry has developed significantly in two regions: in the Ohio River basin (in the southeastern part of the state of the same name and in the western part of West Virginia), as well as in central Michigan.

Ohio River Basin

In southern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia the presence of brines is established in eight or ten formations occurring at depth.

The brines in this area contain up to 10% dissolved salts, and in some the content of the latter exceeds 20%. whereas in sea ​​water it is only 3.5%. Salt contents in different brines are different. In general, the concentration of brines appears to increase with increasing age and depth of burial of the rocks containing them.

Other nearby plants use mixtures of Big Indian and Salt Sands brines, or only process brines from the latter horizon, which occurs at depths of 600 to 1,000 feet. These same brines are processed near Pomeroy, Ohio, on the river of the same name, where salt has been mined for over 100 years. The brines of the “First Water” and “Second Water” horizons have higher salt concentrations compared to the brines of the already mentioned horizons, and also have a higher flow rate. The expansion of the use of brines from the lower horizons is hampered by their deep occurrence, but they are considered an important potential source of chemical raw materials throughout the region.

The main substances extracted from brines are sodium, calcium and magnesium chloride, as well as bromine, iodine and their compounds. The abundance of local coal played an important role in the development of the Ohio Valley's chemical industry. Descriptions of brine-bearing formations and analyzes of West Virginia brines are given in the works of Price et al.

Michigan deposits

In this state, natural brines are obtained in two areas. In central Michigan, within Midland and Gratiot counties, brines are present in three zones: 1) sandstones of the Napoleon or Upper Marshall Formation (Mississippian, Osage Stage); 2) limestone of the Dundee Formation (Middle Devonian) and 3) sandstone of the Sylvania Formation (Lower Devonian). The most important are the sandstones of the Napoleon formation, which range from 75 to 90 feet in thickness and from 700 to 1,200 feet in depth. From the brines associated with this formation, table salt, calcium and magnesium chloride, and bromine are obtained. These brines serve as raw materials for the chemical industry centered in Midland.

A second natural brine mining area is located in Mason and Manistee counties, located on the shores of Lake Michigan near the western border of the state. Here the source of brines is Middle Devonian sandstones, assigned by the Michigan Geological Survey to the Filer horizon of the Detroit River Formation, and in the stratigraphic scheme proposed by Landes (1951, p. 9), to the same zone of the Amherstburg Formation. This horizon, 60-100 feet thick, lies at a depth of 2,500 feet. Using the brines of this horizon, chemical plants in Ludington and Manistee produce table salt, magnesium compounds, bromine and other chemicals.

As reported in the previous article, several decorative options are used for interior design of salt caves:

  • Salt spray method (when the walls visually resemble the walls of a cave)
  • White salt blocks (bricks)
  • Himalayan salt tiles
  • Himalayan salt pebbles

Blocks (bricks) made of Himalayan salt have an interesting, recognizable color, the price for 1 piece is about 150-200 rubles. The material is imported into Russia. The largest deposits are located in Pakistan, India, and Bhutan.

White salt bricks for lining salt caves are made by Russian and Belarusian manufacturers; they are based on Sol-Iletsk salt and salt from other mines. Their cost on the market is actually similar - 200-300 rubles/1 piece.

Method of making salt bricks for lining halochambers

There are several ways to obtain hard bricks. One of them is cutting out material from a layer of rock table salt. This method has disadvantages, in particular, the non-ideal shape of the workpiece - defects and chips received during transportation complicate the process of installing salt blocks when finishing the speleotherapy treatment chamber.

Sawing method

It is used to make bricks from Himalayan salt in countries such as Pakistan, India, and Bhutan. This is a labor-intensive process, using a large number of workers. The mined salt blocks are cut, polished and packaged.

A similar method is used to produce lamp blanks from Himalayan salt.

The principle of making lamps from Himalayan salt is similar to the method of making blocks:

As stated earlier, research does not support the benefits of Himalayan salt blocks in preventing respiratory diseases. Therefore, we can only talk about the decorative functions of “Himalayan” bricks.

Pressing

In Russia, the first patent for a method of creating artificial blocks of salt for the internal lining of premises intended for the prevention of bronchopulmonary diseases was issued in 1984. Its authors were S.D. Shipilevsky, Yu.G. Maksimov, A.N. Egorov and G.N. Solomkin (production association “Chuvashstroymaterialy”).

According to him, the blocks were pressed from rock table salt with a moisture content of 5-7%, and then kept at room temperature for a week. This made mass production possible with less labor and the risk of getting defective products.

Production stages

  1. The harvested crushed raw materials are poured into a wooden box.
  2. The quality of rock table salt is checked (humidity, grinding)
  3. Then the mass is loaded into the mixer for 30 minutes, water is added until the material moisture content reaches 5-7%.
  4. After mixing, the salt mass is unloaded into the compartment, where it sits for 8-10 hours.
  5. The molding sand, according to the weight of the block, is placed in a steel mold of a hydraulic press and exposed to the machine.
  6. The molded artificial block is placed in a room at room temperature for 7 days to harden. To prevent the blocks from sticking together, they are separated from each other with plastic film.

This method involves gluing the blocks during laying due to salt crystallization and does not involve the use of binding solutions.

Equipment for the production of salt blocks

The main equipment for making bricks for finishing salt caves using the pressing method is a press. It can be of various brands; the P-125 press is suitable for such purposes. The scope of application of the device is the construction industry (concrete, natural materials, artificial stones, powder metals). His specifications allow a maximum reinforcement of 125 tons. The hydraulic press has centralized control.

In addition to P-125, you can use other brands of equipment with similar characteristics.

Salt block press.

It's good when the equipment has sufficient performance. So, if a press allows you to produce up to 500 blocks per shift, is automated and safe, then the payback period for a set of equipment in some cases can be up to 1 year.

Chloride mineral waters— natural waters with a predominance of chlorine anions (Cl), having different ionic composition, mineralization and temperature. Among chloride waters, according to their cationic composition, there are sodium (Na) (the most common), calcium-sodium (Ca-Na), magnesium-calcium-sodium (Mg-Ca-Na), sodium-calcium (Na-Ca), magnesium-calcium (Mg-Ca).

From the history of the use of chloride (salt) waters in the treatment of diseases

Sodium chloride or salt waters have been used for salt extraction since ancient times. The discovery of the healing properties of such sources occurred empirically. Since ancient times, residents of Staraya Russa, famous for its salt mines, noted that even during cholera epidemics there were no cases of disease among the salt factory workers. With this water local population treated rubella, scrofula, aching bones, and ulcers.

They used the Starorussian salt mineral waters haphazardly, and, probably, for a long time the waters would have been known only to local residents if the disease had not overtaken General Samsonov. The general visited foreign resorts during military campaigns and had an understanding of mineral waters and how to use them. Wounded in battle, he suffered from articular rheumatism and, having learned from local residents about healing keys, I decided to try them on myself. He cleared one of the springs on the outskirts of the city, made a wooden frame and began to bathe in it. Many residents of Staraya Russa began to use the Samsonov spring to cure many diseases, sometimes on the advice of doctors, sometimes at their own discretion. The idea of ​​setting up a resort belonged to physician Rauch. Having visited Staraya Russa in 1928, he reported this to Emperor Nicholas I, and soon an imperial decree was issued on the development of the resort, and in 1834 a bathroom building for soldiers was built.

Scientific studies of the beneficial effects of salt waters were carried out by doctors at the Starorussky Military Hospital. Their reports, dissertations, and practical observations remain valuable to this day. They could get such results thanks to hospital treatment, which did not exist at other resorts. The health resort helped many sick soldiers get back on their feet; more than a third fully recovered and were able to return to duty. In 1854, the resort was transferred to the civil department. Count Muravyov, who headed the Ministry at that time state property, left his name in the history of the health resort: with his assistance, the first stone building was built here and the most powerful self-flowing fountain in Europe was drilled mineral water, which became the symbol and decoration of the health resort. The resort hosted grand dukes and the Queen of Greece Olga Konstantinovna, writers and artists, musicians and artists. The flourishing of the resort was largely facilitated by the fact that in the homeland of Alexander I’s wife, Elizaveta Alekseevna, née Princess Louise of Baden-Baden, the resort flourished, and perhaps it was this circumstance that prompted the decision to build a luxurious “royal” resort in Staraya Russa.

The opening of the Bad Ischl salt spring resort in the Salzkammergut region, which means “Salt Pantry” in German, took place in early XIX centuries. At this time, mineral baths were arranged on sea ​​coast. Having examined the composition of the springs, local doctors came to the conclusion that the mineral composition is very similar to sea ​​water, and higher mineralization will contribute to a greater therapeutic effect. So small provincial town began to turn into popular resort. However, he owes his truly universal recognition to the stay and successful treatment of the Habsburg couple, Archduke Charles and Princess Sophie. Previously barren marriage after medical procedures turned into a joyful opposite: three sons were born, whom popular rumor dubbed the “salt princes.”

Some resorts built on salt mines use not only lakes formed after the flooding of salt mines, such as Lake Razval and Tuzluchoye in Sol-Iletsk, but also waste salt mines. Underground hospitals have been built in salt mines. These are the sanatoriums of Soligorsk in Belarus, Solotvino and Salt Symphony (Soledar) in Ukraine, Chon-Tuz in Kyrgyzstan, Avan-Arinj salt mine in Armenia, Berchtesgaden in Germany, Wieliczka in Poland, speleological clinics in the salt mines of Pride and Targu Okna in Romania. Cm. .

There are also unusual salt resorts. On South salt desert Altiplano, in Bolivia, at an altitude of about 3700 m is the Uyuni salt marsh (Spanish. Salar de Uyuni), where a hotel was built from salt blocks. These blocks were mined here. Salar de Uyuni - the largest salt lake in the world. Only during the rainy season does it become a lake, and the largest mirror: when the Salar de Uyuni is covered with water, every cloud is reflected in it. Its area is 10.5 square meters. km. The Hotel de Sal Playa in the vicinity of the city of Uyuni was built in 1993. Not only are its walls made of salt blocks and held together by a solution of salt and water, which the builders used as cement. Everything is made from salt: chairs, tables, beds, walls, floors. The hotel consists of 15 bedrooms, it has a dining room, a living room and a restaurant, in which everything except food is made of salt.

Deposits of chloride (salt) waters, resorts

Salt waters are often called the waters of ancient seas brought to the surface. One of the largest underground seas is located in the center of the East European Plain - with an area of ​​about 360 thousand km2. In the deepest parts artesian basin There is a zone of slow water exchange where high concentration salt brines have formed.

The waters of the Moscow basin include springs Middle zone Russia, on which the Kashin resorts in the Tver region were built, Staraya Russa V Novgorod region. Discovered by deep wells (some over 1000 m), they are used for drinking treatment, baths and other balneotherapy in sanatoriums and rehabilitation centers Moscow and Moscow region. The waters of the “underground sea” with mineralization from 50 to 270 g/l are predominantly sodium chloride in composition; other cations - potassium, calcium, as well as trace elements are contained in these waters in smaller quantities, but they also determine the therapeutic effect of the waters. For example, the waters of the Staraya Russa resort contain an increased amount of bromine, so the sedative effect is more pronounced.

Salt waters underground sources- the basis of the resorts Usolye-Sibirskoye, Angara in the Irkutsk region, the sanatoriums "Obolsunovo" and "Green Town" in the Ivanovo region, "Big Salts" in Yaroslavl region, as well as sanatoriums of Green Town near Nizhny Novgorod(Nizhny Novgorod region), etc.

Resorts on salt lakes are very popular: “Lake Yarovoe” in the Altai Territory, “Lake Uchum” in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, “” in the Kurgan Region, “” in, Sol-Iletsk in Orenburg region, Tinaki, Baskunchak, Elton in the Volga region. Cm.

Chloride waters of high and medium mineralization are used externally for baths, irrigation, and in therapeutic pools. Low-mineralized waters are predominantly used as medicinal table waters, and less commonly, medium-mineralized waters.

Drinking treatment with chloride mineral waters

Indications for the use of chloride waters

  • Inflammatory diseases in subacute and chronic stages.
  • Diseases (neurocirculatory dystonia of cardiac and hypertensive types, stage I-II hypertension, hypotension, chronic venous insufficiency, Raynaud's disease).
  • Diseases (polyarthritis, damage to ligaments, tendons, bones, deforming osteoarthritis).
  • Peripheral diseases: plexitis, radiculitis, neurological manifestations of osteochondrosis, consequences of injuries and injuries to the spinal cord.
  • Diseases. At the Staraya Russa resort, a method of early (7 days after surgery) rehabilitation after surgical treatment for diseases of the digestive system has been developed.
  • against the background of unchanged hormonal function and hypoesrtogenia.
  • Diseases: hypothyroidism, stage I obesity, gout..