Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

ICEY, icy, icy, and (obsolete) ICY, icy, icy. 1. adj. to the ice Ice crust. Ice block. Ice dress. || Covered with ice, made of, consisting of ice. Ice Mountain(made for skating or the same as an iceberg). Ice... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Cm … Synonym dictionary

ice- ICE, ice, decomposed. icy... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

ice- Composed of ice, composed of ice (for example, ice cover), or related to ice (ice regime). Syn.: ice... Dictionary of Geography

ice- glacial glacial - Topics oil and gas industry Synonyms glacial glacial EN glacial ... Technical Translator's Guide

Adj., used. often 1. Ice is called something consisting of ice, formed by ice. Ice block. | Ice cover. | When they went out onto the porch, the snow, ruddy from the sunrise, seemed warm, and the house was covered with long icicles. 2. Icy... ... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary

Adj. 1. = icy, = icy ratio. with noun ice associated with it 2. = icy, = icy Peculiar to ice, characteristic of it. 3. transfer; = icy, = icy Indifferent, indifferent, indifferent. 4. transfer; = icy, = icy Hostile... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy, icy,... ... Forms of words

Hot warm... Dictionary of antonyms

Books

  • The Ice Hell, Louis Boussenard. We present to your attention the book “The Ice Hell” by L. Boussenard...
  • Icy, Katherine Lasky. The silver wolf named Faolan always felt like an outsider. Doomed to death while still a puppy, he survived, but never found a place for himself in the pack. His relatives avoid him because...

Ice- mineral with chemical formula H 2 O, represents water in a crystalline state.
Chemical composition of ice: H - 11.2%, O - 88.8%. Sometimes it contains gaseous and solid mechanical impurities.
In nature, ice is represented mainly by one of several crystalline modifications, stable in the temperature range from 0 to 80°C, with a melting point of 0°C. There are 10 known crystalline modifications of ice and amorphous ice. The most studied is ice of the 1st modification - the only modification found in nature. Ice is found in nature in the form of ice itself (continental, floating, underground, etc.), as well as in the form of snow, frost, etc.

See also:

STRUCTURE

The crystal structure of ice is similar to the structure: each H 2 0 molecule is surrounded by the four molecules closest to it, located at equal distances from it, equal to 2.76Α and located at the vertices of a regular tetrahedron. Due to the low coordination number, the ice structure is openwork, which affects its density (0.917). Ice has a hexagonal spatial lattice and is formed by freezing water at 0°C and atmospheric pressure. The lattice of all crystalline modifications of ice has a tetrahedral structure. Parameters of an ice unit cell (at t 0°C): a=0.45446 nm, c=0.73670 nm (c is double the distance between adjacent main planes). When the temperature drops, they change very little. H 2 0 molecules in the ice lattice are connected to each other by hydrogen bonds. The mobility of hydrogen atoms in the ice lattice is much higher than the mobility of oxygen atoms, due to which the molecules change their neighbors. In the presence of significant vibrational and rotational movements of molecules in the ice lattice, translational jumps of molecules from the site of their spatial connection occur, disrupting further order and forming dislocations. This explains the manifestation of specific rheological properties in ice, which characterize the relationship between irreversible deformations (flow) of ice and the stresses that caused them (plasticity, viscosity, yield stress, creep, etc.). Due to these circumstances, glaciers flow similarly to highly viscous liquids, and thus natural ice actively participate in the water cycle on Earth. Ice crystals are relatively large in size (transverse size from fractions of a millimeter to several tens of centimeters). They are characterized by anisotropy of the viscosity coefficient, the value of which can vary by several orders of magnitude. Crystals are capable of reorientation under the influence of loads, which affects their metamorphization and the flow rate of glaciers.

PROPERTIES

Ice is colorless. In large clusters it takes on a bluish tint. Glass shine. Transparent. Has no cleavage. Hardness 1.5. Fragile. Optically positive, refractive index very low (n = 1.310, nm = 1.309). There are 14 known modifications of ice in nature. True, everything except the familiar ice, which crystallizes in the hexagonal system and is designated as ice I, is formed under exotic conditions - at very low temperatures (about -110150 0C) and high pressures, when the angles of hydrogen bonds in the water molecule change and systems are formed, different from hexagonal. Such conditions resemble those in space and do not occur on Earth. For example, at temperatures below –110 °C, water vapor precipitates on a metal plate in the form of octahedra and cubes several nanometers in size - this is the so-called cubic ice. If the temperature is slightly above –110 °C and the vapor concentration is very low, a layer of extremely dense amorphous ice forms on the plate.

MORPHOLOGY

Ice is a very common mineral in nature. There are several types of ice in the earth's crust: river, lake, sea, ground, firn and glacier. More often it forms aggregate clusters of fine-crystalline grains. Crystalline ice formations are also known that arise by sublimation, that is, directly from the vapor state. In these cases, the ice appears as skeletal crystals (snowflakes) and aggregates of skeletal and dendritic growth (cave ice, hoarfrost, hoarfrost, and patterns on glass). Large well-cut crystals are found, but very rarely. N. N. Stulov described ice crystals in the northeastern part of Russia, found at a depth of 55-60 m from the surface, having an isometric and columnar appearance, and the length of the largest crystal was 60 cm, and the diameter of its base was 15 cm. From simple forms on ice crystals, only the faces of the hexagonal prism (1120), hexagonal bipyramid (1121) and pinacoid (0001) were identified.
Ice stalactites, colloquially called “icicles,” are familiar to everyone. With temperature differences of about 0° in the autumn-winter seasons, they grow everywhere on the surface of the Earth with the slow freezing (crystallization) of flowing and dripping water. They are also common in ice caves.
Ice banks are strips of ice cover made of ice that crystallizes at the water-air boundary along the edges of reservoirs and bordering the edges of puddles, the banks of rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, etc. with the rest of the water space not freezing. When they completely grow together, a continuous ice cover is formed on the surface of the reservoir.
Ice also forms parallel columnar aggregates in the form of fibrous veins in porous soils, and ice antholites on their surface.

ORIGIN

Ice forms mainly in water basins when the air temperature drops. At the same time, an ice porridge composed of ice needles appears on the surface of the water. From below, long ice crystals grow on it, whose sixth-order symmetry axes are located perpendicular to the surface of the crust. The relationships between ice crystals under different formation conditions are shown in Fig. Ice is common wherever there is moisture and where the temperature drops below 0° C. In some areas, ground ice thaws only to a shallow depth, below which permafrost begins. These are the so-called permafrost areas; in areas of permafrost distribution in the upper layers of the earth's crust, there are so-called underground ice, among which modern and fossil underground ice are distinguished. At least 10% of the Earth's total land area is covered by glaciers; the monolithic ice rock that composes them is called glacial ice. Glacial ice is formed primarily from the accumulation of snow as a result of its compaction and transformation. The ice sheet covers about 75% of Greenland and almost all of Antarctica; the largest thickness of glaciers (4330 m) is located near the Byrd station (Antarctica). In central Greenland the ice thickness reaches 3200 m.
Ice deposits are well known. In areas with cold, long winters and short summer, and also in high mountain areas are formed ice caves with stalactites and stalagmites, among which the most interesting are the Kungurskaya Perm region The Urals, as well as the Dobšine cave in Slovakia.
As a result of freezing sea ​​water sea ​​ice forms. Characteristic properties sea ​​ice are salinity and porosity, which determine the range of its density from 0.85 to 0.94 g/cm 3 . Because of such low density, ice floes rise above the surface of the water by 1/7-1/10 of their thickness. Sea ice begins to melt at temperatures above -2.3°C; it is more elastic and more difficult to break into pieces than freshwater ice.

APPLICATION

In the late 1980s, the Argonne laboratory developed a technology for making ice slurry that can flow freely through pipes of various diameters without collecting in ice build-ups, sticking together, or clogging cooling systems. The salty water suspension consisted of many very small round-shaped ice crystals. Thanks to this, the mobility of water is maintained and, at the same time, from the point of view of thermal engineering, it represents ice, which is 5-7 times more effective than simple cold water in cooling systems of buildings. In addition, such mixtures are promising for medicine. Experiments on animals have shown that microcrystals of the ice mixture pass perfectly into fairly small blood vessels and do not damage cells. “Icy Blood” extends the time during which the victim can be saved. Let's say, in case of cardiac arrest, this time lengthens, according to conservative estimates, from 10-15 to 30-45 minutes.
The use of ice as a structural material is widespread in the polar regions for the construction of dwellings - igloos. Ice is part of the Pikerit material proposed by D. Pike, from which it was proposed to make the world's largest aircraft carrier.

Ice - H 2 O

CLASSIFICATION

Strunz (8th edition) 4/A.01-10
Nickel-Strunz (10th edition) 4.AA.05
Dana (8th edition) 4.1.2.1
Hey's CIM Ref. 7.1.1
.

Ice supplies the planet with a huge amount of fresh water and keeps global water levels in the world's oceans from rising catastrophically.

In addition, ice contains useful information about the past of our planet, and also talks about the future of the climate on Earth.

Here are the most Interesting Facts about ice on Earth and beyond:


Ice names

1. Ice has many different names.


Sea ice alone has several names, not to mention the ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. Shallow ice, inland ice, nilas, and pancake ice are just some of what can be found in the Arctic and Antarctica.

If you are sailing near the north or south pole, then you better know where the iceberg is, and where the bottom of the fast ice is (ice attached to the shore or bottom), what is the difference between a hummock and a hummock, and between a floating ice floe and a floberg (floating mountain) .

But if you think that these words are more than enough for you, then you will be surprised to learn that the Inupiat people of Alaska have 100 different names for ice, which is logical for a people who live in cold places.

freezing rain

2. Freezing rain occurs when snow passes through warm and cold layers of the atmosphere.


Freezing rain can be deadly. Here's how it occurs: snow enters a warm layer of the atmosphere and melts, turning into raindrops, then passes through a cold layer of air. Raindrops do not have time to freeze when passing through this cold layer, but when they collide with a cold surface, these drops instantly turn into ice.

As a result, a thick layer of ice forms on the roads, and everything around turns into an ice skating rink. Ice also accumulates on electrical wires, which can cause them to break. Ice accumulated on branches can break them, which is very dangerous for people.

Today there are laboratories in which scientists are trying to predict where and how this rain might strike. One such laboratory is in New Hampshire, where scientists create simulations of freezing rain.

Dry ice

3. Dry ice is not made of water.


In fact, it is frozen carbon dioxide, which can change its state from solid to gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, bypassing the liquid phase. Dry ice is quite useful for keeping some items cold, as it freezes at - 78.5 degrees Celsius.

Invention of the refrigerator

4. Ice helped people invent the refrigerator.


Thousands of years ago, people already used ice to keep food fresh. In the 1800s, people cut ice cubes from frozen lakes, brought them back and stored them in special isolated rooms and cellars. By the end of the 19th century, people were using household ice boxes for food, which later evolved into refrigerators.

Not only did ice make life easier for individual homes, but it also played a key role in the mass production and distribution of meat and other perishable foods. This all eventually led to urbanization and the development of many other industries.


By the end of the century, pollution environment and mountains of garbage thrown into wastewater have led to the contamination of many natural ice reserves. This problem led to the development of the modern electric refrigerator. The very first commercially successful refrigerator was released in 1927 in the USA.

Greenland Ice Sheet

5. The Greenland Ice Sheet contains 10% of the world's glacial ice on the planet, and it is melting quickly.


The ice sheet is the world's second largest ice mass after the Antarctic Ice Sheet, and contains enough water to raise global sea levels by at least 6 meters. If every glacier and ice sheet on Earth melts, the water level will rise by more than 80 meters.

According to a 2016 study published in the journal Nature Climate Change, Greenland's ice sheet is losing 8,000 tons every second. Scientists have been studying this ice sheet for several years to better understand how it responds to climate change on Earth.

Icebergs and glaciers

6. Icebergs and glaciers are not only white.


White light is made up of many colors, each with its own wavelength. As snow accumulates on the iceberg, the air bubbles in the snow compress, allowing more light to penetrate into the ice than is reflected from the bubbles and small ice crystals.

This is where the trick is: colors with longer wavelengths, such as red and yellow, are absorbed by the ice, while colors with shorter wavelengths, such as blue and green, reflect the light. This is why icebergs and glaciers have a bluish-greenish tint.

Ice Ages on Earth

7. There have been many ice ages on Earth.


Often when we hear about an ice age, we only imagine one such period. In fact, even before us, there were several ice ages on the planet, and they were all very severe. Scientists suggest that at some point in time our planet was completely frozen, and scientists call this hypothesis "Snowball Earth."


There are suggestions that some ice ages were the result of the evolution of new forms of life - plants, as well as unicellular and multicellular organisms - which contributed to changes in the concentration of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere so much that this led to a change in the greenhouse effect.

The Earth will continue to go through cycles of warm and cold periods. However, at this stage, scientists predict that over the next 100 years, the rate of warming will be at least 20 times higher than the rate of previous warming periods.

Fresh water on Earth

8. More than 2/3 of the fresh water on Earth is stored in glaciers.


Melting glaciers will not only lead to rising sea levels, but will also lead to a significant reduction in the level of fresh water supplies and its quality. In addition, the melting of glaciers will lead to a problem of energy supply, since many hydroelectric power stations will not be able to work properly - due to the melting, many rivers will change their courses. In some regions such as South America and in the Himalayas these problems are already being felt.

Ice planets

9. Ice is not only on Earth.


Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen, and these elements are abundant in our solar system. Depending on their proximity to the Sun, different planets in our solar system have different amounts of water. For example, Jupiter and Saturn are far from the Sun, and their moons have much more water than Earth, Mars and Mercury, where high temperatures make it harder for hydrogen and oxygen to create water molecules.


Europa is a satellite of Jupiter

The distant planets have several frozen satellites, one of which is called Europa - the 6th satellite of Jupiter. This satellite is covered with several layers of ice, the total thickness of which is several kilometers. Cracks and undulations were discovered on the surface of Europa, which were likely formed by waves of the underwater ocean.


Enceladus - Saturn satellite

Large reserves of water on the Europa satellite have led scientists to assume that there may be life on it.

Ice volcanoes (cryovolcanoes)

10. There is such a thing as ice volcano(cryovolcano)


Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons, boasts one very interesting feature. His territory north pole contains cryovolcanoes, an exotic type of geyser that spews ice instead of lava.


This occurs when ice deep below the surface heats up and turns to steam, after which it erupts into the cold atmosphere of the satellite in the form of ice particles.


Life on Mars

11. Ice on Mars could help reveal life on the Red Planet.


According to satellite information, there is ice on Mars (both dry and frozen water). This ice is found in the Red Planet's polar caps and permafrost regions.


Ice reserves on Mars may provide an answer to the question that has been debated for many years - whether life can be supported on Mars.

On future missions to Mars, scientists will try to find out whether water reserves, possibly coming from underground glaciers, can support life.

Frozen human mummy

12. The best preserved mummies were frozen.


La Donzella

From the Andes to the Alps, frozen human remains are allowing scientists to learn more about how people lived hundreds and thousands of years ago. One of the best-preserved remains is that of a 15-year-old Incan boy named La Doncella, or the Virgin.

Presumably the girl was sacrificed about 500 years ago, at the top of the Llullaillaco volcano, which is located in Argentina. The girl was found along with other children. It is believed that she died from hypothermia.


Ötzi

Another frozen mummy - Ötzi - belongs to the Chalcolithic era. This ice mummy of a man was found in 1991 in the Ötztal Alps near the Austrian border with Italy. The mummies are estimated to be 5,300 years old.

Relationships between ice crystals under different conditions of formation: 1 - prismatic ice crystal (formation occurs on high altitude during severe frosts), 2 - tabular ice (formed during severe frosts), 3 - cup-shaped ice (formed in wet caves), 4 - ordinary snowflake. According to E.K. Lazarenko, 1971

Properties

Ice is colorless. In large clusters it takes on a bluish tint. Glass shine. Transparent. Has no cleavage. Hardness 1.5. Fragile. Optically positive, refractive index very low (n = 1.310, nm = 1.309).

Forms of location

In nature, ice is a very common mineral. There are several types of ice in the earth's crust: river, lake, sea, ground, firn and glacier. More often it forms aggregate clusters of fine-crystalline grains. Crystalline ice formations are also known that arise by sublimation, that is, directly from the vapor state. In these cases, the ice appears as skeletal crystals (snowflakes) and aggregates of skeletal and dendritic growth (cave ice, hoarfrost, hoarfrost, and patterns on glass). Large well-cut crystals are found, but very rarely. N. N. Stulov described ice crystals in the northeastern part of Russia, found at a depth of 55-60 m from the surface, having an isometric and columnar appearance, and the length of the largest crystal was 60 cm, and the diameter of its base was 15 cm. From simple forms on ice crystals, only the faces of the hexagonal prism (1120), hexagonal bipyramid (1121) and pinacoid (0001) were identified.
Ice stalactites, colloquially called “icicles,” are familiar to everyone. With temperature differences of about 0° in the autumn-winter seasons, they grow everywhere on the surface of the Earth with the slow freezing (crystallization) of flowing and dripping water. They are also common in ice caves.
Icy take care They are strips of ice cover made of ice that crystallizes at the water-air boundary along the edges of reservoirs and bordering the edges of puddles, the banks of rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, etc. with the rest of the water space not freezing. When they completely grow together, a continuous ice cover is formed on the surface of the reservoir.
Ice also forms parallel columnar aggregates in the form of fibrous veins in porous soils, and on their surface - ice antholites.

Formation and deposits

Ice forms mainly in water basins when the air temperature drops. At the same time, an ice porridge composed of ice needles appears on the surface of the water. From below, long ice crystals grow on it, whose sixth-order symmetry axes are located perpendicular to the surface of the crust. The relationships between ice crystals under different formation conditions are shown in Fig. Ice is common wherever there is moisture and where the temperature drops below 0° C. In some areas, ground ice thaws only to a shallow depth, below which permafrost begins. These are the so-called permafrost areas; in areas of permafrost distribution in the upper layers of the earth's crust, so-called. underground ice, among which modern and fossil underground ice are distinguished. At least 10% of the Earth's total land area is covered by glaciers, the monolithic ice rock composing them is called glacial ice. Glacial ice is formed primarily from the accumulation of snow as a result of its compaction and transformation. The ice sheet covers about 75% of Greenland and almost all of Antarctica; the largest thickness of glaciers (4330 m) is located near the Byrd station (Antarctica). In central Greenland the ice thickness reaches 3200 m.
Ice deposits are well known. In areas with cold, long winters and short summers, as well as in high mountainous regions, ice caves with stalactites and stalagmites are formed, among which the most interesting are Kungurskaya in the Perm region of the Urals, as well as the Dobshine cave in Slovakia.
As seawater freezes, it forms sea ​​ice. The characteristic properties of sea ice are salinity and porosity, which determine the range of its density from 0.85 to 0.94 g/cm 3 . Because of such low density, ice floes rise above the surface of the water by 1/7-1/10 of their thickness. Sea ice begins to melt at temperatures above -2.3°C; it is more elastic and more difficult to break into pieces than freshwater ice.

Practical significance

Ice is used mainly in refrigeration, as well as for various purposes in medicine, everyday life and technology.

Ice (English) ICE) - H 2 O

CLASSIFICATION

Strunz (8th edition) 4/A.01-10
Dana (8th edition) 4.1.2.1
Hey"s CIM Ref. 7.1.1

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Mineral color colorless to white, pale blue to greenish blue in thick layers
Stroke color white
Transparency transparent, translucent
Shine glass
Hardness (Mohs scale) 1.5
Kink conchoidal
Strength fragile
Density (measured) 0.9167 g/cm3
Radioactivity (GRapi) 0
Magneticity Diamagnetic

OPTICAL PROPERTIES

Type uniaxial
Refractive indices nα = 1.320 nβ = 1.330
Maximum birefringence δ = 1.320
Optical relief moderate

It is in a state of aggregation, which tends to have a gaseous or liquid form at room temperature. The properties of ice began to be studied hundreds of years ago. About two hundred years ago, scientists discovered that water is not a simple compound, but a complex chemical element consisting of oxygen and hydrogen. After discovery, the formula of water became H2O.

Ice structure

H 2 O consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. In a quiet state, hydrogen is located on the tops of the oxygen atom. Oxygen and hydrogen ions should occupy the vertices of an isosceles triangle: oxygen is located at the vertex of a right angle. This structure of water is called a dipole.

Ice consists of 11.2% hydrogen, and the rest is oxygen. The properties of ice depend on its chemical structure. Sometimes it contains gaseous or mechanical formations - impurities.

Ice occurs in nature in the form of a few crystalline species that stably retain their structure at temperatures from zero and below, but at zero and above it begins to melt.

Crystal structure

The properties of ice, snow and steam are completely different and depend on In the solid state, H 2 O is surrounded by four molecules located at the corners of the tetrahedron. Since the coordination number is low, the ice may have an openwork structure. This is reflected in the properties of ice and its density.

Ice shapes

Ice is one of the most common substances in nature. On Earth there are the following varieties:

  • river;
  • lake;
  • nautical;
  • firn;
  • glacier;
  • ground.

There is ice that is directly formed by sublimation, i.e. from the vapor state. This appearance takes on a skeletal shape (we call them snowflakes) and aggregates of dendritic and skeletal growth (frost, hoarfrost).

One of the most common forms are stalactites, i.e. icicles. They grow all over the world: on the surface of the Earth, in caves. This type of ice is formed by the flow of water droplets when the temperature difference is about zero degrees in the autumn-spring period.

Formations in the form of ice strips that appear along the edges of reservoirs, at the boundary of water and air, as well as along the edge of puddles, are called ice banks.

Ice can form in porous soils in the form of fibrous veins.

Properties of ice

A substance can be in different states. Based on this, the question arises: what property of ice is manifested in this or that state?

Scientists distinguish physical and mechanical properties. Each of them has its own characteristics.

Physical properties

The physical properties of ice include:

  1. Density. In physics, an inhomogeneous medium is represented by the limit of the ratio of the mass of the substance of the medium itself to the volume in which it is contained. The density of water, like other substances, is a function of temperature and pressure. Typically, calculations use a constant density of water equal to 1000 kg/m3. A more accurate density indicator is taken into account only when it is necessary to carry out very accurate calculations due to the importance of the resulting density difference result.
    When calculating the density of ice, it is taken into account what kind of water has become ice: as is known, the density of salt water is higher than distilled water.
  2. Water temperature. Usually occurs at a temperature of zero degrees. Freezing processes occur intermittently with the release of heat. The reverse process (melting) occurs when the same amount of heat is absorbed that was released, but without jumps, but gradually.
    In nature, there are conditions under which water is supercooled, but it does not freeze. Some rivers retain liquid water even at a temperature of -2 degrees.
  3. the amount of heat that is absorbed when a body is heated by each degree. There is a specific heat capacity, which is characterized by the amount of heat required to heat a kilogram of distilled water by one degree.
  4. Compressibility. Another physical property of snow and ice is compressibility, which affects the decrease in volume under the influence of increased external pressure. The reciprocal quantity is called elasticity.
  5. Ice strength.
  6. Ice color. This property depends on the absorption of light and the scattering of rays, as well as the amount of impurities in the frozen water. River and lake ice without foreign impurities is visible in soft blue light. Sea ice can be completely different: blue, green, blue, white, brown, or have a steely tint. Sometimes you can see black ice. It acquires this color due to a large number of minerals and various organic impurities.

Mechanical properties of ice

The mechanical properties of ice and water are determined by their resistance to the influence of the external environment relative to a unit area. Mechanical properties depend on structure, salinity, temperature and porosity.

Ice is an elastic, viscous, plastic formation, but there are conditions under which it becomes hard and very brittle.

Sea ice and freshwater ice are different: the former is much more flexible and less durable.

When passing ships, the mechanical properties of ice must be taken into account. This is also important when using ice roads, crossings and more.

Water, snow and ice have similar properties that determine the characteristics of the substance. But at the same time, these readings are influenced by many other factors: ambient temperature, impurities in the solid, as well as the initial composition of the liquid. Ice is one of the most interesting substances on Earth.