Black Lake is located in a picturesque mixed forest. It is peat in origin. Because of the black peat silt, this body of water received this name. The total area of ​​this reservoir is 0.12 square kilometers. Its length along the north-south line is 0.46 square kilometers, and along the west-east line about 0.42 square kilometers. Only one stream flows from this reservoir, which then flows into the Voryu River. The lake is widely used as a place for recreation; there is also a health camp for children on its southwestern shore.

White Lake

White Lake is a glacial formation with a total water surface area of ​​about 25.7 hectares and a depth of about 17 meters. 19 meters is maximum depth White Lake. The first mention of White Lake dates back to 1433. This body of water was for a short time the Amusement Flotilla of Peter the Great. This lake is connected to Lake Cherny by an artificial water artery. And together with the Holy and Black lakes, it forms the Kosinsky Treozerie. Along the shores of this lake there is Temple complex Kosinsky: churches of the Savior Nicholas, the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, St. Tikhon.

Mazurin Lake

Mazurin Lake is a lake of man-made (artificial) origin. It arose on the site of peat mining. Previously, in XVII century, on the site of this reservoir there were swampy peat bogs that were of glacial origin. Currently, due to the huge amount of industrial waste water from the Eastern water station, this reservoir has completely disappeared and turned into a kind of muddy landfill. In the future, they plan to create the Mazurinsky microdistrict near the treatment facilities.

Lukovo Lake

This lake got its name in honor of a blacksmith named Luka, who had a forge on the shores of this lake. The approximate age of the lake basin is about 11 thousand years. The area of ​​the water surface is about 35 hectares. The depth of Lake Lukova is about 12 meters.

The predominant depths in it are about 3-4 meters. The width of this reservoir is about 200 meters with a total length of the lake of 2 kilometers. The water in the lake is brownish due to the presence of peat deposits. Almost in the middle of the lake there is a small round island. The lake is home to pike, crucian carp, roach, perch and other species of fish.

Black Lake

Black Lake, located in Kosino, is naturally located in the Kosinsky stream basin. To the north of this lake there is a Kosinsky spring and a swamp. This lake is somewhat artificial in origin, as in the past there was a peat quarry there. The area of ​​the water surface of this lake is about three hectares. Most of the surface of the reservoir is covered with sphagnum moss. The water is dark in color due to peat decomposition processes. This is where its name comes from. The length of the lake along the north-south line is about 830 kilometers. Black Lake is connected to Lake Bely by an artificial water artery.

Pavlenskoye Lake

Pavlenskoe Lake is located in the floodplain of the Oka River. The reservoir is of artificial origin. Pavlenskoye Lake was formed on the site of a sand quarry. Previously, this body of water was called Tsimlyansk Lake. This body of water is completely freshwater. It is considered one of the largest in the Moscow region. The lake surface area is 1.2 square kilometers. The most deep place The reservoir has a size of up to four meters. The width of the lake is 0.9 kilometers with a total length of 2 kilometers. This reservoir has a water connection with the Oka river system. It is located next to locality Oka and railway bridge running through this river.

Kiyovo Lake

Lake Kiyovo belongs to the category of moraine-glacial lakes. The banks of this reservoir are very overgrown with sedge and cattails. On the lake surface of the reservoir one can observe floating islands formed by the intertwined roots of various floating plants. The lake surface area is 0.22 square kilometers. 1.7 meters is the maximum depth of this reservoir. Until the 1990s, the lake housed the largest population of river gulls in the Moscow region. Currently, the population of these birds on the lake is declining due to significant anthropogenic influence. The lake is considered a natural monument and is under special federal protection.

Bottomless Lake

Bottomless Lake is one of the relict type lakes located in the Moscow region. It was formed as a result of thermokarst processes. At a depth of about 4.5 meters there is a muddy bottom. The lake is fed by several underground streams. The diameter of the lake is about 35 meters. Many times, using ropes of various lengths, people tried to measure the depth of this reservoir over and over again. No one was able to find out its exact depth. This is where its modern name came from – Bottomless Lake. This lake does not have solid shores. It seems possible to enter the lake only from the pier. At the same time, the lake has a constant round shape, which does not change from century to century.

Bead Lake

Biserovo Lake is considered a natural monument and belongs to lakes of relict origin. This is the relict lake closest to the capital. The depth of this lake is no more than five meters. This lake gained its fame due to its healing properties. The lake is a source of sapropel mud, which is widely used in numerous health and treatment centers. There is also a sand quarry near the lake. Three streams flow into the lake (one from the northwest, and the other two from the west). The only river system originating from the lake is the Shalovka River. The lake is a source of 15 species of fish (pike, perch, silver and golden crucian carp, roach, tench, gudgeon, catfish, ruffe and others).

Trostenskoye Lake

Trostenskoye Lake is a lake of moraine-glacial origin. The total area of ​​the water surface is 5.28 square kilometers, its length is 3.5 kilometers, and its width is 2.1 kilometers. The lake is not deep. The greatest depth is 3.5 meters, and the average is 1.1 meters. Currently, the lake is slowly overgrown, and the area of ​​the swamp around it is increasing. Its modern name arose from the botanical term “reed,” which means the name of aquatic plants, like reeds. It has a very diverse fauna: burbot, pike, river perch, roach and others. On the shore of the lake grows marsh saxifrage, included in the Red Book.

Lake Baboshkino

Baboshkino Lake is located in a forest area located in the Moscow region. By origin it belongs to the group of glacial lakes. It is part of the Ozerny forest park. IN different years and during periods this lake bore completely different names: Basoshino (1752), Baboshino (1842), Bubushkino (1962). Currently, there is a very extensive sphagnum bog around the lake. Due to significant swampiness, the depth of the lake near the shore is about 1.5 meters. On the south side there is a pier and beaches with sand and grass. There are medical and rescue posts on the shore.

Stinking Lake

Smerdyache Lake is geographically located at a distance of about 4 kilometers from the village of Baksheevo in a pine forest. The diameter of Lake Smerdyachy is about 400 meters. The depth of the lake can reach up to 35 meters. This lake got its name from the hydrogen sulfide smell. This specific smell disappeared about 25 years ago. The lake basin is of meteorite origin. The lake has a number of strange features. The water level in this reservoir changes annually, and the chemical composition of the lake water also constantly changes. Until today, a detailed survey of the bottom of Smerdyache Lake has not yet been carried out.

Bear Lakes

Bear Lakes are a lake group consisting of three small lakes. One of them has an area of ​​about 0.4 square kilometers, the remaining two are somewhere around 0.12 square kilometers. Due to the water canal, Lake Bolshoye Medvezhye has a connection with the Pekhorka river system. To the west of this lake system is the Shchelkovskoye highway. On east side The water system is surrounded by coniferous forests. This lake system has long been a favorite vacation spot due to its proximity to the capital. Near these lakes there is a settlement, which, thanks to the name of this group of reservoirs, also acquired the name Bear Lakes.

Lake Glubokoe

Lake Glubokoe is located among difficult and swampy forests. Previously, until the 18th century, this lake was called Monastyrskoye. In some places the depth of the lake reaches 38 meters, which is where its modern name Glubokoe comes from. The lake surface area is about 59 hectares. The water there is very clean due to the water intake canal system built around it (1970s). Previously, the water had a yellowish tint. By origin it belongs to the category of glacial lakes. Currently, the lake is gradually overgrown with reeds. The fish in the lake include pike, burbot, ruffe, perch, and roach.

Nerskoye Lake

Nerskoye Lake is a moraine lake that arose when glacial waters melted. In the past, Nerskoye Lake, together with lakes Dolgoye and Krugloye, formed a single body of water, which later disintegrated, thanks to which the outlines of modern lakes arose. The total area of ​​the lake surface is about 0.4 square kilometers. The depth of the reservoir can reach up to three meters. The Volgusha River is the only one that flows from Lake Nerskoye. The lake is inhabited by crucian carp. The approach to the lake is difficult, since its shores are very swampy. This lake is depicted on the flag of the Gabov settlement.

Poletsk Lake

Lake Poletsk is considered by many to be a reservoir of glacial origin. There is a scientific assumption that it was formed, among other things, by karst processes. The lake is pear-shaped. Its length along the north-south line is about 1000 kilometers, and along the west-east line about 850 kilometers. The total water surface area is about 0.56 square kilometers. Its maximum recorded depth is 0.9 meters. The lake is surrounded on all sides by a peat bog. The name of the lake comes from the Baltic stem “pala”, which translates as “swamp”. Of the fish that live in this reservoir, pike, crucian carp, and perch predominate.

Round Lake

The Round Lake is glacial in origin. The Meshcherikha River connects it with Lake Dolgoye. The total area of ​​Round Lake is 0.96 square meters. 4.2 meters is the greatest depth of this reservoir. It is a source of various species of fish (about twenty species), among these species the most popular are carp and perch. IN winter period When the lake is covered with ice, snowkiting is organized there. This reservoir is widely used for recreation. A huge number of boarding houses and holiday homes have been built along its banks. The image of this lake is present on the flag of the rural settlement of Gabovskoye.

Reservoirs are natural or artificial accumulations of water, which can be permanent or temporary in nature, decorative, and located in parks and gardens. The flow of reservoirs is slow or absent.

Rivers are classified as watercourses because they have a constant, sometimes strong, current.

Natural bodies of water: lakes

Ponds are fresh water bodies. To simplify the drainage of excess water, artificial drains are formed. Ponds are often found in rural areas. Here they have a certain economic role - raising fish, storing water for irrigation, and sometimes doing laundry.

There are two types of ponds: dug and dam. The inhabitants of reservoirs are protozoa, algae, and fish. Special ponds are created for breeding valuable species of fish - trout, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon. Reservoirs are specially cleaned and their own ecosystem is formed.

The importance of reservoirs

Reservoirs are artificial reservoirs formed to store water on an industrial scale. There are channel and lake reservoirs, depending on their origin. They can also be covered, open or dammed.

The largest in the world are Rybinsk - in Russia, Smallwood - in Canada, Nasser - in Egypt and Sudan. The creation of such reservoirs has enormous consequences, but not always positive ones. The main one is a radical change in the landscape. This applies to both fauna and flora. They have a negative impact on fish spawning conditions.

Not the best consequence of the creation of such reservoirs is the siltation of reservoirs. The process represents the formation of large sediments at the bottom. at the same time it decreases. This process has been studied in detail because it harms the ecosystem. The inhabitants of reservoirs may change.

Where do oxbows come from?

Oxbow lakes as natural reservoirs are part of the channel where a river previously flowed. Another name is old speech. Such reservoirs often have a bizarre shape - a sickle or crescent, a loop, a curl. How are oxbow lakes formed? The formation process occurs when, for some reason, the channel straightens, and the previous curl or curvature remains cut off from the main body of water. The main reason is high water, when the river finds a more convenient path.

Sometimes the bends of one river unite - this is how oxbow lakes can also form. This process occurs when there are a large number of sleeves. The entrances to the oxbow lake are gradually covered with silt, and the reservoir itself turns into a lake or swamp. If there is food, it can function, but if not, it can dry out. The largest oxbow lakes can be more than 500 meters long.

What do reservoirs feed on?

The type of nutrition is one of the main characteristics of a reservoir. It can characterize its structure and functions.

How can bodies of water feed? Firstly, external surface runoff - rain, other hydro objects. Secondly, which can come close to the surface. Thirdly, artificially - the basin of the reservoir is filled forcibly. Fourthly, replenishment with combined type waters.

Drinking groundwater is the most environmentally friendly because it is clean. If the lake has such nutrition, then duckweed and mud will form in it less often. The most common type of nutrition is combined.

A guarantee of constant filling with water is the forced implementation of this process. Fill the reservoir with either tap or irrigation water. The most common diet is a combination diet. Its sources can be rain, melted snow, groundwater and much more.

Reservoirs and their location on the ground

Reservoirs are hydraulic objects located in a certain area. Where can they form? Places of formation, for example, lakes, may be. The reservoir may be dammed or dug. Power is supplied, as a rule, from the river. Slope, watershed, and floodplain reservoirs are formed on the relief. In such cases, the relief of the lake or pond is clearly visible.

In the floodplain, reservoirs with underground, combined, and channel feeding are formed. They can form in an oxbow where sluices are installed. A dam and pumps can also be located here to use such a reservoir in industry.

Slope reservoirs are formed on the terraces of river valleys. They differ from others only in some design features.

Watershed reservoirs are constructed in watershed areas. They can feed on groundwater or artificially. Water can be forcibly supplied from a river or well.

There are also reservoirs in embankments or excavations. They are quite widespread, they are easy to form and organize their nutrition. They can have any area. They are quite expensive to build.

In embankments, reservoirs serve primarily to store water. Such an object could become the basis for a hydroelectric power station.

Creating a decorative pond

Decorative pond - what is it? This is an artificial water body that serves as a decoration for the site, creating its complete appearance. Most often, owners of private houses and summer cottages come up with the idea of ​​​​creating a decorative pond.

Artificial ponds are beautiful and stylish. What do you need to know to successfully create such a site decoration?

Creating a pond with your own hands is a feasible task for everyone. The shape and design of such a cozy corner of the garden can be very diverse. An artificial pond will fit perfectly into any landscape and can become its structural dominant.

To begin, choose a place that is not very close to your home (it is better to consult with landscape design specialists). Close proximity to the house can harm the foundation.

You need to create a project. To do this, determine the shape of the reservoir: oval, rectangle or intricate figure. The project will allow you to determine costs, materials, and location of filtration systems. Next, you should choose high-quality materials - the durability and beauty of the pond depend on them.

When everything is selected and purchased, proceed. Preferably, not on your own, but with the help of qualified specialists. The final stage is decoration with plants. This will complete the image of an ideal pond. You will get a gorgeous pond - the photo below represents one of possible options for your garden.

Conclusion

Ponds, natural or artificial, are functional but can also be the perfect, beautiful addition to your garden design.

An aesthetic pond near your home will allow you to express your individuality and highlight the style of your garden. It is especially popular to create such elements in Japanese, classic, rustic style. The main thing is to properly design the pond. Sometimes fish live in such reservoirs. The presence of inhabitants of such miniature lakes is a matter of taste for the garden owners.

The beauty of lakes and ponds has been sung in songs, rhymed in poetry and described in prose millions of times. No wonder this is a great place for relaxation, fishing, sports and much more.

The concepts of a pond or a lake are identical for many.

In order to understand how they differ from each other, it is necessary to understand the essence of their designations.

Pond and lake concept

A pond is a man-made body of water that is fed by rain, melt and groundwater. Most often it is created for certain purposes: for water storage, irrigation and watering of nearby crops during drought, for breeding fish fry, breeding waterfowl (geese, ducks), as a watering hole for animals, for aesthetic purposes. People swim in them during the hot season and sports competitions are held (rowing, swimming, etc.). Ponds are also called dams, barrels, or bets. A lake is a naturally occurring body of water that is not connected to the ocean or sea. Geographically, it is a depression of land closed on all sides for drainage and accumulation of water. There are above-ground and underground. Depending on the chemical composition of the lake water, there are chloride, sulfate and carbonate. If we summarize this information, it turns out that a lake is a deep-water space in which there is a stable influx and discharge of water.

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Comparative table of how a pond differs from a lake

Lake Pond
1. Nature creates. There are: tectonic, sea, river, sinkhole, dammed, mountain and crater lakes. Lakes created by nature also include coastal lagoons and estuaries. 1. Created by a person (by blocking the river bed by digging a special pit).
2. Any body of water larger than 1 square meter is considered a lake. m. 2. A pond is considered to be a body of water less than 1 square meter in size. m. Large specimens are considered reservoirs.
3. Lake water can be: fresh, ultra-fresh, mineral, brackish, saline and bitter-salty. Fresh water occurs in drainage and flowing lakes, and salt water occurs in drainage-free lakes, which are located in steppes and deserts. 3. The water of the ponds is exclusively fresh.
4. The lake has a slow flow (due to the movement of groundwater and wastewater). 4. There is no current near the pond.
5. The depth of the lake bottom does not always allow the sun to reach it. 5. The bottom of the pond is illuminated by the sun's rays.
6. The water of salt lakes does not freeze, but the water of fresh lakes is covered with a crust of ice. 6. At low temperatures, the water in the pond freezes.
7. The lake is fed by sediments and groundwater and the rivers flowing into them. 7. The pond is fed by melt and groundwater and sediment.
8. Lakes are inhabited by plankton (animal and plant organisms together that cannot resist the force of the current and serve as food for nekton) and nekton (actively moving aquatic organisms that can overcome currents and move long distances). 8. Such microorganisms do not settle in a pond. Plants, fish and frogs live.
9. The depth of lakes can be more than a kilometer. 9. The depth of the pond is usually 3-5 meters.
10. Chemical reactions occur in lakes. 10. There are no chemical reactions.
11. Large lakes regulate the climate. 11. Ponds have no influence on the climate.
12.The bottom of the lake changes its topography over time as a result of the accumulation of bottom sediments. 12. The bottom remains the same.
13. The lake has a littoral zone (shore zone), pelagic zone (habitat zone of plankton, nekton and pleiston) and profundal zone (deep-water zone). 13. The pond has a littoral zone, but no pelagic zone.
14. They can disappear from the face of the earth under the influence of environment, either shallowing and drying out, or silting up and turning into a swamp. 14. Drained by man for his own needs.
15. The lakes have a beautiful water color: blue, green, azure. 15. The water is usually dirty green and brown.
16. There’s a lot to do with lakes. mysterious legends about the creatures that inhabit them. 16. There are none.
17. Aquatic vegetation of lakes is located near the shores. 17. In the pond it is absent or shifted to the main depth.
18. At the bottom of lakes there is a lot of “bottom sediment” in the form of silt, sand, stones and clay. 18. The bottom is covered with silt or “bare” if the reservoir is young.

There are approximately 5 million lakes in the world, no one knows how many ponds there are in the world. And it is not so important how a pond differs from a lake, but what is important is that both of these bodies of water are valuable for the ecosystem of our planet and are equally important and necessary.

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01. RIVERS
Climatic conditions and the amount of precipitation are pleasant
for the formation of a developed river network in the region.
In the Tula region there are 1682 rivers and streams, both constantly flowing and
drying out, with a total length of 10,933 km.
Most rivers are less than five kilometers long.
They make up about 77% of the total number of watercourses.
For example, in the Upa basin there are 458 of them, in the Don basin there are six, and in the Krasivaya Mecha basin there are four.
Rivers and rivulets are distributed unevenly. Their greatest extent is
Leninsky district - 729 km, in Venevsky - 590 km, Yasnogorsky - 517 km.
But in the Novomoskovsky district - 190 km, in Kamensky - 145.
There are 190 rivers in the region with a length of more than 10 km.
Rivers ranging in length from five to ten and from 10 to 100 km constitute, respectively,
13 and 11%, and more than 100 km - only 0.3%.
Thus, almost all of them belong to small rivers rivers of the region,
with the exception of Oka, Upa, Don and Beautiful Sword.
The average density of the river network is 0.4 km/km2 and varies from 0.03 to 2.78 km/km2.
The river network of the Tula region belongs to two basins: Oka River with Upa and
tributaries - to a closed area of ​​​​internal flow (the Caspian basin itself).
The Don River and its tributaries - the Azov-Black Sea basin.
The rivers of the region belong mainly to the Oka basin, which occupies 75%
territory of the region; the Don basin accounts for 25% of the territory.

The Oka basin includes: includes the Upa with its tributaries, Zusha (upper reaches),
The Chern with its tributaries Rozka and Ugot, Snezhed, Ista and Istichka, Bobrik, Left Hand,
Right Hand, Vyrka, Skull, Krushma, Vashana, Praying, Book, Curiosity, Book,
Besputa, Bolshaya Smedva, Sturgeon with tributaries Venevka and Mordves,
Pronya (upper reaches).

The Don basin includes: The beautiful Mecha with the tributaries Kamenka, Turdei, Gogol,
Semenek (mouth), Ptan (upstream); Nepryadva with the tributaries Fern and Sitka;
Vyazovka ("Vyazovnya, Yazovna" (upper reaches)), Bolshaya and Malaya Sukromka, Mokraya Tabola,
Donets. The Upa River with its numerous tributaries constitutes an independent
large swimming pool.

If you superimpose a tectonic map on a topographic one, then, as a rule, the channels
rivers coincide with the lines of tectonic faults in the earth's crust.
This can also be seen in the Tula region.
In the western peripheral part of the Tula dome-ring structure along its
the Oka flows along the ring fault, and in the eastern part of this structure it also flows along a similar
The Don flows through the fault.
The relief of the region determines the flat type of rivers. They all have a low drop.
For the Oka from Belev to Aleksin it is 18 cm per km; for Upa on everything
length - 21 cm per km.
The river regime of the region is determined by its position in the forest-steppe zone,
temperate continental climate and underlying surface.
Rivers have a mixed type of feeding- snow, rain, groundwater -
with a predominance of runoff due to melt water.
Rivers in winter feed mainly on groundwater; summer and autumn -
rain and ground; in spring - mainly by melt water.
The main place of nutrition belongs to snow, which accounts for 60 - 80%,
and for rain and ground nutrition - 20 - 40%.
The distribution of runoff within the year is uneven: about 70 - 80%, and sometimes more
The annual flow volume takes place in the spring in March April.
The layer of spring runoff varies across the territory from 88 to 74 mm.
The rivers of the Tula region are at their deepest during high water.
The opening of the rivers begins in late March - early April.
Ice drift lasts three to eight days, and the spill persists for 10 to 20 days.
The most important indicator of river water availability is low-water flow.
The volume of low-water flow of 50% supply, formed within
region, is 67 mm of the runoff layer, and for 75 percent supply - 57 mm.
It varies for individual districts of the region (for a 50% supply of the year)
from 22 to 146 mm.
In summer, all rivers reach their lowest water level, rising in
period of short showers. The minimum cutoff occurs in July - early August, when groundwater runs out and intense evaporation occurs.
Large rivers become very shallow, small ones dry out.
At this time they provide about 10% of the annual flow.
In September and October due to decreased evaporation and increased humidity
air, river levels rise.
Water resources small rivers currently account for 75 percent
provision of 1.3 km3 of water. Depending on natural conditions for individual
In rivers, the distribution of annual flow has some specific features.
Thus, the rivers of karst areas (Zusha, Chern, Plava, etc.) have lower spring
levels and higher summer ones.
Their minimum flow reaches 1.8 l/sec/km2, which is 0.8 l/sec/km2 more
zonal. The total volume of the average annual flow of rivers in the region reaches 11.4 km3.

Rivers freeze in the second half of November- first small, then large.
However, this may occur earlier or later than this date.
Sometimes due to thaws accompanied by heavy precipitation,
winter floods are observed with water rising to three and a half to four meters.
The duration of freeze-up is about 100 - 135 days.
The thickness of the ice reaches 50 - 80 cm. In severe frosts, small rivers freeze to the bottom.

The rivers of the region are characterized by low flow speeds (from 0.1 - 0.5 to 1 - 1.5 m/sec). Depths rarely exceed six to ten meters.
Due to erosion processes developed in their basins, large amounts of water are washed into river beds.
amount of fine earth.
In the Oka and Don it contains 100 - 205 g/m3, and sometimes rises to 300 - 350 g/m3.
The discharge of industrial wastewater greatly reduces the transparency of water and gives it a specific odor in some areas.
The average annual water flow in the rivers of the region ranges from 144 to 450 m3/sec.
Need to mark, that the water balance of the region is 50 percent and 75 percent
supply for 1977 was positive and only for a few watercourses
(rivers Tulitsa, Voronka, Turdei) there was a water shortage, however, this balance
The Tula region subsequently deteriorated significantly due to the development
economic complex.
To the largest and most widely famous rivers areas include Oka, Upa, Don,
Beautiful Mecha And Not straight.