The hotel services market gradually began to catch up with Western standards, starting around 1993. During the Soviet period, there were four departments that dealt with hotel management. These are the State Committee for Tourism, the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, municipal and youth organizations. Each department had its own certification standards and principles. When classifying hotels in the USSR, a system of categories was used that did not correspond well to European standards. Most of the relatively comfortable hotels belonged to Intourist, and hotels for ordinary Soviet citizens were distinguished by a low level of service and comfort. Before the collapse of the USSR, there was only one hotel chain - the Intourist Hotels, which in 1970 ranked 23rd in the world and had more than 27 thousand rooms. Rest material base was extremely varied both in terms of comfort and level of service.

One of the negative factors in the development of the hotel industry was the unevenness of the hotel stock. More than 60% of hotels were located in cities, mainly in major cities, and only 30% of hotels were in rural areas. The first attempt to introduce a unified accommodation classification system was implemented by the Moscow government in 1993. In the country as a whole, this process began in 1995 and now there is a classification of hotels into categories from 1 to 5 stars. Restriction of population mobility for tourism purposes, associated with the negative consequences of economic processes in society, has led to a decrease in demand for hotel services, which in turn led to a reduction in the number of hotels and room capacity. In many regions of the country, the trend towards unprofitability of the hotel industry has clearly emerged. The majority of hotels are in need of reconstruction and renovation of their facilities, since they currently do not meet international standards.

A distinctive feature of the development of the hotel industry in the last decade of the 20th century. was the introduction of foreign hotel companies from Austria, France, the USA, Great Britain and other countries, as well as attracting foreign investment for the reconstruction of hotels in large cities and tourist centers of Russia.

      1. Russian tourism at the present stage and prospects for its development

Tourism in modern Russia is a dynamically developing industry. In all areas of tourism activity, the scope of supply is expanding and its specialization is deepening. The adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and a number of other important legislative acts opened up opportunities for citizens of the Russian Federation to freely exercise their right to travel to the border. This right of every citizen is supported by such important legislative acts as the USSR Law “On procedure for exit from the USSR and entry into the USSR for citizens of the USSR,” put into effect in the Russian Federation by the Decree of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in 1992. An important role in the development of tourism was played by the solution to the issue of providing Russian citizens with foreign currency to pay for services in foreign countries. Adoption in 1991 of the USSR Law “On currency regulation" and in 1992 the Law “On currency regulation and currency control", according to which the state guaranteed its citizens the right of ownership of foreign currency values, Russian citizens had the opportunity to convert the ruble funds they earned in authorized banks into foreign currency at the exchange rate and use this currency to pay for tourist services during foreign tourist trips.

Of course, inflationary fluctuations in the ruble exchange rate on the foreign exchange market and the slow growth rate of ruble income for the vast majority of the population created and are creating significant socio-economic restrictions for the development of outbound tourism from Russian Federation However, as life shows, the demand for foreign tourist trips among our citizens is growing, creating the necessary prerequisites for the formation of a capacious and stable market. This process is facilitated to a certain extent by certain measures taken by the government. In particular, we can point to the government’s decision to create a currency corridor, etc.

The beginning of a new entrepreneurial period was marked by the abolition of state regulation and financing of tourism and Decree of the President of the RSFSR No. 213 of November 15, 1991 “On the liberalization of foreign economic activity in the territory RFSR", which opened up the possibility for all enterprises to carry out foreign economic transactions, there was an almost twofold increase tourist trips abroad. In accordance with this Decree, all enterprises and their associations registered on the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of their form of ownership, were allowed to carry out foreign economic activities, including intermediary activities, without special registration. As a result, companies such as Intourist, Sputnik and CSTE All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions lost their monopoly right to organize foreign tourism. The way to the tourism business was opened. To date, approximately 4 thousand specialized tourism organizations have been registered in the country, and in addition, about 10 thousand organizations can provide tourism services as part of their statutory activities. There is a tendency in the country to integrate foreign capital into the Russian tourism market. More than 30% of Russian tourism companies are firms in which foreign capital is present in one form or another.

The most characteristic trend for modern tourism business in the Russian Federation is increased competition between tourism organizations. The number of travel companies exceeds the demand for tourism services, which leads to increased competition. In order to combat unfair competition, which can and does cause damage to the entire industry, losing its attractiveness for foreign and Russian consumers, Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1222 of December 12, 1995 was adopted “On licensing of international tourism activities”, which specified the concept of international tourism activity and determined the conditions for its licensing.

Speaking about the prospects for the development of tourism in Russia, it should be emphasized that serious changes have occurred in the geography and types of tourist trips. Social tourism has been going through a period of crisis, although types such as “shop tours” are, on the contrary, on the rise. These trips to purchase goods for subsequent sale in Russia involved large sections of the population who lost their jobs during the reform period. The main destinations of such tours are China South Korea, Türkiye, Greece, United United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Thailand, Singapore and some other countries.

IN last years in the country there is a steady trend of pilgrimage tourism for believers of various religious denominations: Orthodox, Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, Jews, Hare Krishnas, etc. A noticeable trend is the return to our tourist market of countries that occupied a leading position in the former USSR - Bulgaria, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland.

To date, the polarization of tourism has clearly emerged, which generally corresponds to the social infrastructure of society. At one extreme are expensive, exclusive tours for the wealthy part of the population. The geography of this tourism extends mainly to fashionable resorts in Europe and the world. Travel abroad for the purpose of playing sports, for example, skiing in ski centers Austria, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Slovakia. For the majority of the population, the most preferable are inexpensive trips for recreational purposes, including those countries, for example, Egypt, that have sharply reduced prices for tourist services as a result of unfavorable events for tourism.

The popularization of tourism is the appearance on the market of a large number of regional studies and reference literature both on Russia and around the world. Since pre-revolutionary times in Russia, the publishing houses of Inebel Lagov and Kopelman (the “Russian Baedeker” series) have worked fruitfully in this direction. Later, from the 30s to the 60s. Such literature was practically never published in our country. The revival of the publication of reference literature began mainly on socialist countries. In general, the quantity and quality of books on tourism topics were insufficient, and their content was often biased.

The situation has changed dramatically only in recent decades, when book publishing was allowed to float freely and private book publishers appeared. The pioneer in this segment of the book market was the publishing house “Polyglot-Double B” in 1994, which bought the rights to publish translations of famous German guidebooks Polyglot . WITH 1997 The first guide to Russia in the LePetitFute series (Vanguard publishing house) also appears. Although the 1998 crisis had a negative impact on the plans of book publishers. Thus, the KRZ publishing house left the market with the MarcoPolo series, Juventus, AST with the series "Inhabited Island" Currently, about 15 Russian publishing houses operate in the market for publishing book guides for tourists. The most famous tourist series - “Le Petit Futpe”, “Polyglot”, “Window to the World”. The companies producing these series account for the main market share.

Market inbound tourism is experiencing a certain decline. Most foreign experts admit that such a process is associated with political and economic instability in the country, as well as the fact that service in the former USSR is of low quality compared to the service of developed countries in the tourism sector. Although Russia can still attract foreign visitors with its ancient history, monuments, tours along the Golden Ring, the Great Silk Road, as well as routes along the rivers of Siberia, Central Russia, etc.

Tourism is a vital industry that can actively contribute to Russia's prosperity.

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Description

The purpose of the thesis is a comprehensive analysis and study of the problems and prospects for the development of international tourism at the present stage. ...

Introduction 3
Chapter 1. Theoretical basis international tourism 8
1.1. The essence and definition of international tourism 8
1.2. Specifics and composition of the tourism industry 12
1.3. Economics and organization of international tourism 19
Chapter 2. Analysis of the state and trends in the development of international tourism at the present stage 36
2.1. Assessment of trends in the development of international tourism at the present stage 36
2.2. Problems of development of international tourism at the present stage 46
2.3. International tourism and problems of environmental management 53
Chapter 3. Analysis of problems and ways of developing international tourism in the Russian Federation 56
3.1. Problems of development of international tourism in Russia at the present stage 56
3.2. Prospects for the development of international tourism in Russia 64
Conclusion 71
List of used literature.79
Applications

Introduction

The relevance of the research topic lies in the fact that in the conditions of the modern world economy, formed under the influence of the processes of globalization of economic, political, cultural and social spaces, international tourism is one of the most highly profitable (3rd place after the fuel and energy and military-industrial complexes) and dynamically developing industries. According to the World Tourist Organization More than 250 million people are employed in the tourism sector in the world, that is, every tenth worker. It accounts for 7% of total investment, 11% of world consumer spending, 5% of all tax revenues, 1/3 of world trade in services. Money invested in tourism turns around faster than in other industries. This leads to a multiplier effect, that is, it encourages the development of other sectors of the national economy. In many countries, international tourism plays a significant role in the formation of the population, gross domestic product, employment, is a source of foreign exchange earnings, in activating the foreign trade balance factor and......

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The snobbery of “professionals” always amuses me. The desire to preserve one’s “Ilitarity” of any social. groups through aggression (snobbery is one of the types of aggression) only says that there is no basis for “Ilitarism”. Systematic education is not many years old in the world. Moreover, it is rapidly becoming obsolete in its traditional form.

The popularity of lecture halls is due to the fact that people began to lose fear of the “Great Knowledge” and began to strive to expand the scope of their capabilities, focusing on needs and curiosity. This happens because knowledge becomes available to anyone due to the development of communications, mainly, of course, the Internet.

It is important to note one thing here important thing. People began (finally) to shift attention from the idea of ​​“extensive professional training,” as in the Soviet Union, to the idea of ​​“professional competencies.” This led to the fact that representatives of education began to howl that the Soviet paradigm is so cool, and all sorts of bullshit from the West is being imposed on us. One of the elements of Western culture is lifelong continuous education. It is impossible if you spend years of consistent time on each stage of education. Hence the “fragmentation”. In reality, non-fragmentary education does not exist simply because people’s memory is not absolute.

At the same time, the idea of ​​professional competencies leads to the emergence of people who are able to function “from scratch and outside the group.” The scoop was preparing the cogs for the factory, unable to create anything from scratch alone (in fundamental science too). Western types of knowledge consumption (oh horror, the word consumption came up!) assume that “I picked up competencies and opened a business myself.” These are opposite goals and, accordingly, opposite approaches.

It is stupid to limit yourself to one or another approach in education, so the popularity of “fragmented education” should be fully welcomed, as well as the existence of an excellent school of “systematic education”. What to do if you are an engineer, and you need to understand accounting in order to open an individual entrepreneur? Go to lectures, courses, consultations and other “fragmented” types of education. What to do if you are curious about something? Many children, fooled by their parents, go to get higher education in some field only because they were visited by a fleeting curiosity, thereby ruining themselves and wasting time. Now, slowly and uncertainly, the function of career guidance (which has never been sufficiently developed in Russia) is also being taken over by popular lectures and other types of “fragmented” education. So contrasting these two approaches is sheer stupidity of those opposing.