The original and modern height of the Cheops pyramid. The Pyramid of Cheops

31-03-2017, 22:01 |

The Pyramid of Cheops is the only one of the seven wonders of the world that has survived to this day. Weight 5 million tons, height 146 meters, age 4500 years. The construction of the Cheops pyramid is still shrouded in great mystery. Many scientists and Egyptologists make a number of assumptions about how it was possible to build such a massive structure at that time.

With the help of modern technology, one of the French architects managed to reproduce a fairly accurate picture. In general, the pyramids are a beautiful and mysterious sight. Massive pyramid structures - they were built without special techniques, only by the hands of the ancient Egyptians. This is very strange, and that is why it arouses such interest.

Construction of the ancient pyramids of Egypt

To clarify the whole picture, let's go back to the construction of the pyramids. this is a manifestation. They became the gates for all pharaohs from the world of the living to the eternal world of the dead. The most impressive of the pyramids were built by the Egyptians within one century. Initially, step pyramids were built, for example, the Djoser pyramid in Sakara.

But the first pyramid with smooth edges was built by the pharaoh from the IV dynasty Snofrom. He was the father of Cheops. The special cladding of the pyramids made them the earthly embodiment of the sun. Over time, however, the cladding was borrowed from us by the construction of temples and mosques. We can find such cladding only at the base of the Cheops pyramid and at the top of the Khafre pyramid.

The Pyramid of Khafre was the last great pyramid in Egyptian history. Then, after a century of grandiose construction, the whole country entered a difficult time for itself. A time of strife, climate change also occurred, and droughts began to occur very often. This led to the fact that during the troubled times of civil strife, the secrets of building the pyramid were lost.

Recently, archaeologists found a village; in their opinion, this is where the builders of the pyramid lived. This led to many discoveries. It became clear to Egyptologists how it happened - they lived quite decently, had good accommodation and there was plenty of food, they ate meat, bread, and drank beer. As it turned out, the builders did not show up. Previously, this was the dominant point of view.

Interestingly, the Cheops pyramid was the tallest in the world until the endXIX century Let us remember that its height was 146 meters. The burial chamber of the pyramid is lined with granite blocks, the weight of which is over 60 tons. This is all very strange and mysterious. How did they build the pyramids? The amazing height and granite blocks inside the Cheops pyramid are two big mysteries.

Pyramid of Cheops point of view on construction

Many have tried to uncover the secret of the construction of this. Herodotus in the 5th century BC. The idea of ​​using wooden levers was put forward. Another idea is that there are mounds up to the top of the pyramid, or ramps on the outside in a spiral pattern. These hypotheses are very common in history classes. However, none of them contains a clear evidence base. There are no arguments that would allow us to say with 100% probability that this or that hypothesis is correct.

One French archaeologist came up with the idea that the construction of the pyramids took place from the inside using a spiral tunnel. Before this, he conducted a series of studies of all hypotheses and examined the drawings. Soon he made his guess about how they built it. First, he should have done a technical analysis of his assumption. That is, to develop a theory about how such construction was implemented in practice.

In order to prove this hypothesis, everything had to be calculated. It can be said with absolute certainty that the Egyptians did not build ring-shaped tunnels. But they definitely knew how to build structures at right angles. This is how the idea of ​​building a ramp inside at an angle of 90 degrees came into development. If such a ramp existed, then it became possible to raise the blocks so high, even 146 meters.

Construction in detail of the pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops

So, the idea of ​​internal ramps. The slope of the ramps should not exceed 7%, otherwise it is simply impossible to raise the blocks high. Special open areas were created at the turns. They allowed the blocks to be rotated in the right direction and at the same time they ventilated the tunnels. The ramp theory was good, but required proof.

To verify all calculations, it was necessary to enlist the support of prominent historians. The French architect began to look for interested Egyptologists. However, to find those in France who would pay attention to his large-scale project, failed. But one of the American Egyptologists responded to his proposal. Having met, the American was amazed by this theory.

Scientists go to the city to find proof of their theory. It is worth noting that the Cheops pyramid is a stunning sight. Tourists are allowed inside through a predatory passage. Exploring the pyramid from the inside, scientists tried to find at least some hints of an internal ramp. The joints between the blocks are amazing, they are simply perfect, there are no gaps.

If you move through the narrow passage under the ceiling of the gallery, it will lead to 5 layers of granite blocks. They form unloading strips above the king's chamber, which relieves the load from the ceiling of the lower chambers. If it were not for this system, the Pharaoh's chamber would have collapsed.

In addition, there is a special construction passage to the very top of the pyramid. It was there that scientists at the beginning of the 19th century. discovered the cartouche of Pharaoh Cheops. This is the main evidence that this is the pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops.

By the way, if you are a tourist and want to get acquainted with the treasures of the pharaohs, then you should go to the Cairo Museum. There are a million exhibits there that will tell you about ancient civilization Egypt. But only two exhibits are related to the pyramid of Cheops specifically - the ivory figurine of Cheops and the cedar sled. The Lebanese cedar sled allows us to understand how the pyramid was built.

Stages of pyramid construction

During the reign of Cheops, not a single Egyptian had any idea what a wheel was. Stone blocks were transported on cedar sleds. But, nevertheless, the Egyptians have achieved great success in terms of technology. The genius of the pyramid builders still amazes Egyptologists.

According to the theory of the French architect, there were two ramps. The first straight line goes from the base of the pyramid to the outside. It allows you to build the base of the pyramid and even more than half of the structure itself, while also building the pharaoh’s gallery. Then a second ramp was built, which was located inside the pyramid. According to the theory, after the construction of the 43-meter pyramid, blocks for the king’s chamber were raised onto its surface. Then the outer ramp was dismantled and a second inner ramp was built from these materials.

To prove this theory, you need to find the remains of a ramp inside. The Temple of the Sun was built not far from Cheops; it was built 100 years later. Interestingly, there is a passage inside, similar to an internal ramp. The temple itself would have been destroyed at the end of the 19th century, but there is a drawing of it. This is direct evidence that the Egyptians knew how to build such moves. Thus, there is a high probability that the same ramp was built in the Cheops pyramid.

Pyramid of Cheops and construction features

In order for the shape to be ideal, according to the scientist, the outer blocks were laid first. Accordingly, the internal blocks were laid later. This sequence made it possible to visually control the surface and slope angle of the building under construction. There is a broken pyramid in Dashur, its facing has been preserved. The thickness of the external cladding blocks is much greater than that of the internal blocks. This also speaks in favor of the fact that the external polished blocks were installed first, and then the internal ones.

So, the outer sanded blocks were laid, then another layer of blocks was laid horizontally, and the rest of the space was filled with rough blocks as filler. With this order of construction, it really could have been built within 20 years. This date is indicated in the texts of the ancient Egyptians.

On the Cheops pyramid, whitish lines are visible from the outside, one can assume that this is a ramp. Their latitude and slope correspond exactly to the figures in this theory. For accurate data, the pyramid needs to be scanned and if there are fluctuations in density, this will be the main evidence of the existence of the ramp. After the study, fluctuations were discovered. The vibrations formed a spiral shape. These results were obtained by a microgrammimetric study.

According to microgrammimetric study, the voids in the density of the pyramids formed a spiral shape. According to the data obtained, the voids occupied 15% of the total density of the Cheops pyramid. There is a notch on the northeastern edge of the pyramid; according to calculations, it runs right in the area of ​​the ramp. Perhaps there was a construction site where the Egyptians unrolled the blocks. But it is difficult to explore this area, since after accidents it is forbidden to climb the pyramid.

The Pyramid of Cheops

But the authorities agreed to the meeting, and the Egyptologist and his assistant climbed up to take a closer look at the notch. However, it was not possible to detect any hint of a ramp. But research has definitely proven that there is a spiral cavity inside. Only here is another mystery - this is how the blocks for the king’s chamber were raised. After all, only small blocks can be lifted along the internal ramp, but how were the rest delivered... This is also a mystery question for now. If you build a pyramid, then the external ramp will not help deliver a 60-ton block to the top. This requires 600 people who would work synchronously. And this is almost impossible.

Thus, the assumption of an internal ramp in the form of a spiral is viable; moreover, this version is more suitable than others for the construction of pyramids. But there are some nuances that are still difficult to explain. Perhaps this will remain a mystery for many years to come.

Construction of the Cheops pyramid video

During the construction of the most grandiose monument of antiquity, the Pyramid of Cheops, more than one year was spent and a huge number of slaves were involved, many of whom died at the construction site. This was the opinion of the ancient Greeks, among them Herodotus, one of the first historians who described this grandiose structure in detail.

But modern scientists do not agree with this opinion and argue: many free Egyptians wanted to work on construction sites - when agricultural work ended, it was an excellent opportunity to earn extra money (here they provided food, clothing and housing).

For any Egyptian, participating in the construction of a tomb for their ruler was a duty and a matter of honor, since each of them hoped that he would also be touched by a piece of pharaonic immortality: it was believed that the Egyptian ruler had the right not only to life after death, but could also take with him their loved ones (usually they were buried in tombs adjacent to the pyramid).

Ordinary people, however, were not destined to go to the afterlife - the exception was slaves and servants, who were buried with the ruler. But everyone had the right to hope - and therefore, when housework was finished, for many years the Egyptians rushed to Cairo, to the rocky plateau.

The Pyramid of Cheops (or as it was also called, Khufu) is located near Cairo, on the Giza plateau, on the left side of the Nile, and is the largest tomb located there. This tomb is the tallest pyramid on our planet; it took many years to build and has a non-standard layout. A rather interesting fact is that during the autopsy, the ruler’s body was not found in it.

For many years now, it has been exciting the minds of researchers and admirers of Egyptian culture, who ask themselves the question: were ancient people able to build such a structure and is the pyramid the work of representatives extraterrestrial civilizations who built it with only one clear purpose?

The fact that this tomb of stunning size almost immediately entered the list of the ancient seven wonders of the world does not surprise anyone: the size of the Cheops pyramid is amazing, and this, despite the fact that over the past millennia it has become smaller, and scientists cannot determine the exact proportions of the Cheops pyramid condition, since its edges and surfaces were dismantled for their needs by more than one generation of Egyptians:

• The height of the pyramid is about 138 m (interestingly, in the year it was built, it was eleven meters higher);
• The foundation has a square shape, the length of each side is about 230 meters;
• The foundation area is about 5.4 hectares (thus, the five largest cathedrals of our planet will fit on it);
• The length of the foundation along the perimeter is 922 m.

Construction of the pyramid

If earlier scientists believed that the construction of the Cheops pyramid took the Egyptians about twenty years, in our time, Egyptologists, having studied the records of the priests in more detail, and, taking into account the parameters of the pyramid, as well as the fact that Cheops ruled for about fifty years, refuted this fact and came to I conclude that it took at least thirty, and maybe even forty, years to build it.

Despite the fact that the exact date of construction of this grandiose tomb is unknown, it is believed that it was built by order of Pharaoh Cheops, who allegedly reigned from 2589 to 2566 BC. e., and his nephew and vizier Hemion was responsible for the construction work, using the latest technologies of his time, the solution of which many scientific minds have been struggling for many centuries. He approached the matter with all care and meticulousness.

Preparation for construction

More than 4 thousand workers were involved in the preliminary work, which took about ten years. It was necessary to find a place for construction, the soil of which would be strong enough to support a structure of this scale - so the decision was made to stop on a rocky site near Cairo.

To level the site, the Egyptians, using stones and sand, built a waterproof square shaft. They cut out channels intersecting at right angles in the shaft, and the construction site began to resemble a large chessboard.

After that, water was released into the trenches, with the help of which the builders determined the height of the water level and made the necessary notches on the side walls of the channels, after which the water was released. The workers cut down all the stones that were above the water level, after which the trenches were filled with stones, thus creating the foundation of the tomb.

Works with stone

The building material for the tomb was obtained from a quarry located on the other side of the Nile. To obtain a block of the required size, the stone was cut down from the rock and hewn to the required size - from 0.8 to 1.5 m. Although on average one stone block weighed about 2.5 tons, the Egyptians also made heavier specimens, for example, the heaviest the block that was installed above the entrance to the “Pharaoh’s Room” weighed 35 tons.

Using thick ropes and levers, the builders secured the block on wooden runners and dragged it along a deck of logs to the Nile, loaded it onto a boat and transported it across the river. And then they again dragged it along the logs to the construction site, after which the most difficult stage began: the huge block had to be pulled to the very top platform of the tomb. How exactly they did this and what technologies they used is one of the mysteries of the Cheops pyramid.

One of the versions proposed by scientists implies the following option. Along a 20 m wide brick rise located at an angle, the block lying on skids was pulled upward with the help of ropes and levers, where it was placed in a clearly designated place. The higher the Cheops pyramid became, the longer and steeper the climb became, and the upper platform became smaller - so it became more and more difficult and dangerous to lift the boulders.

The workers had the hardest time when it was necessary to install the “pyramidon” - the topmost block 9 meters high (not preserved to this day). Since the huge boulder had to be lifted almost vertically, the work turned out to be deadly, and many people died at this stage of the work. As a result, the Cheops pyramid, after construction was completed, had more than 200 steps leading up and looked like a huge stepped mountain.

In total, it took the ancient Egyptians at least twenty years to build the body of the pyramid. The work on the “box” was not finished yet - they still had to lay them with stones and make sure that the outer parts of the blocks became more or less smooth. And at the final stage, the Egyptians completely lined the pyramid from the outside with slabs of white limestone polished to a shine - and it sparkled in the sun like a huge shiny crystal.

The slabs have not survived to this day on the pyramid: the inhabitants of Cairo, after the Arabs plundered their capital (1168), used them in the construction of new houses and temples (some of them can be seen on mosques today).

Drawings on the pyramid

Interesting fact: the outer side of the pyramid body is covered with curvilinear grooves of different sizes. If you look at them from a certain angle, you can see the image of a man 150 m high (possibly a portrait of one of the ancient gods). This drawing is not alone: ​​on the northern wall of the tomb one can also distinguish a man and a woman with their heads bowed to each other.

Scientists claim that these Egyptians made the grooves several years before they finished building the pyramid body and installed the top stone. True, the question remains open: why did they do this, because the slabs with which the pyramid was subsequently decorated hid these portraits.

What the Great Pyramid looked like from the inside

A detailed study of the Cheops Pyramid showed that, contrary to popular belief, there are practically no inscriptions or any other decorations inside the tomb, except for a small portrait in the corridor leading to the Queen's Room.

The entrance to the tomb is located on the north side at a height exceeding fifteen meters. After burial, it was closed with a granite plug, so tourists get inside through a gap located about ten meters below - it was cut down by the Caliph of Baghdad Abdullah al-Mamun (820 AD) - the man who first entered the tomb with the aim of robbing it. The attempt failed because he found nothing here except a thick layer of dust.

The Cheops Pyramid is the only pyramid where there are corridors leading both down and up. The main corridor first goes down, then branches into two tunnels - one leads down to the unfinished funeral chamber, the second leads up, first to the Great Gallery, from which you can get to the Queen's Room and the main tomb.

From the central entrance, through a tunnel leading down (its length is 105 meters), you can get into a burial pit located below ground level, the height of which is 14 m, width - 8.1 m, height - 3.5 m. Inside the room, near Egyptologists discovered a well on the southern wall, the depth of which is about three meters (a narrow tunnel stretches from it to the south, leading to a dead end).

Researchers believe that this particular room was originally intended for the crypt of Cheops, but then the pharaoh changed his mind and decided to build a tomb higher for himself, so this room remained unfinished.

You can also get to the unfinished funeral room from the Great Gallery - at its very entrance a narrow, almost vertical shaft 60 meters high begins. Interestingly, in the middle of this tunnel there is a small grotto (most likely of natural origin, since it is located at the point of contact between the stonework of the pyramid and a small hump of limestone), which could accommodate several people.

According to one hypothesis, the architects took this grotto into account when designing the pyramid and initially intended it to evacuate builders or priests who were completing the “sealing” ceremony of the central passage leading to the tomb of the pharaoh.

The Pyramid of Cheops has another mysterious room with an unclear purpose - the “Queen's Chamber” (like the lowest room, this room is not completed, as evidenced by the floor on which they began to lay tiles, but did not complete the work).

This room can be reached by first going down the corridor 18 meters from the main entrance, and then going up a long tunnel (40 m). This room is the smallest of all, located in the very center of the pyramid, has an almost square shape (5.73 x 5.23 m, height - 6.22 m), and a niche is built into one of its walls.

Despite the fact that the second burial pit is called the “queen’s room,” the name is a misnomer, since the wives of Egyptian rulers were always buried in separate small pyramids (there are three such tombs near the tomb of the pharaoh).

Previously, it was not easy to get into the “Queen’s Chamber”, because at the very beginning of the corridor that led to the Great Gallery, three granite blocks were installed, disguised with limestone - so it was previously believed that this room did not exist. Al-Mamunu guessed about its presence and, being unable to remove the blocks, hollowed out a passage in the softer limestone (this passage is still in use today).

It is not known exactly at what stage of construction the plugs were installed, and therefore there are several hypotheses. According to one of them, they were installed even before the funeral, during construction work. Another claims that they were not there at all in this place before, and they appeared here after the earthquake, rolling down from the Great Gallery, where they were installed after the funeral of the ruler.

Another secret of the Cheops pyramid is that exactly where the plugs are located, there are not two, as in other pyramids, but three tunnels - the third is a vertical hole (though no one knows where it leads, since granite blocks with no one has moved the seats yet).

You can get to the tomb of the pharaoh through the Great Gallery, which is almost 50 meters long. It is a continuation of the upward corridor from the main entrance. Its height is 8.5 meters, with the walls narrowing slightly at the top. In front of the tomb of the Egyptian ruler there is a “hallway” - the so-called Antechamber.

From the Antechamber, a hole leads to the “Pharaoh's Chamber,” built from monolithic polished granite blocks, in which there is an empty sarcophagus made from a red piece of Aswan granite. (interesting fact: scientists have not yet found any traces or evidence that there was a burial here).

Apparently, the sarcophagus was brought here even before construction began, since its dimensions did not allow it to be placed here after the completion of construction work. The length of the tomb is 10.5 m, width – 5.4 m, height – 5.8 m.

The biggest mystery of the Cheops pyramid (as well as its feature) is its 20 cm wide shafts, which scientists call ventilation ducts. They start inside the two upper rooms, first go horizontally, and then go out at an angle.

While these channels in the Pharaoh’s room are through, in the “Queen’s Chambers” they begin only at a distance of 13 cm from the wall and do not reach the surface at the same distance (at the same time, at the top they are closed with stones with copper handles, the so-called “Ganterbrink doors”). .

Despite the fact that some researchers suggest that these were ventilation ducts (for example, they were intended to prevent workers from suffocating during work due to the lack of oxygen), most Egyptologists are still inclined to think that these narrow channels had religious significance and were able to prove that they were built taking into account the location of astronomical bodies. The presence of canals may well be related to the Egyptian belief about the gods and souls of the dead who live in the starry sky.

At the foot of the Great Pyramid there are several underground structures - in one of them, archaeologists (1954) found the oldest ship on our planet: a wooden cedar boat disassembled into 1224 parts, the total length of which when assembled was 43.6 meters (apparently , it was on it that the pharaoh had to go to the Kingdom of the Dead).

Is this tomb Cheops?

Over the past few years, Egyptologists have increasingly questioned the fact that this pyramid was actually intended for Cheops. This is evidenced by the fact that there is absolutely no decoration in the burial chamber.

The pharaoh's mummy was not found in the tomb, and the sarcophagus itself, in which it was supposed to be located, was not completely finished by the builders: it was hewn rather roughly, and the lid was missing altogether. These interesting facts make it possible for fans of theories of the alien origin of this grandiose structure to claim that the pyramid was built by representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations, using technologies unknown to science and for a purpose incomprehensible to us.

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

The Cheops Pyramid is part of the complex of the largest Egyptian pyramids located on the Giza Plateau. This grandiose structure, together with the pyramids of Khafre and Mikerin, as well as the majestic Sphinx, makes up the so-called pyramid complex at Giza. As many scientists believe, the location of the pyramids and the Sphinx inside this complex is by no means accidental, and is due not only to the desire of the ancient builders to create a holistic composition from these grandiose structures.

One of the earliest hypotheses considered the Egyptian (and other) pyramids as tombs, hence the names: the king's (pharaoh's) chamber and the queen's chamber. However, according to many modern Egyptologists, The Cheops pyramid was never used as a tomb, but had a completely different purpose.

Some Egyptologists believe that the pyramid is a repository of the standards of ancient weights and measures, as well as a model of the known linear and time measurements that are characteristic of the Earth and are based on the principle of rotation of the polar axis. It is considered confirmed that the one (or those) who supervised the construction of the pyramid had absolutely accurate knowledge of such things that were discovered by mankind much later. These include: circumference globe, longitude of the year, the average value of the Earth's orbit as it rotates around the Sun, the specific density of the globe, the acceleration of gravity, the speed of light and much more. And all this knowledge, one way or another, is supposedly contained in the pyramid.

It is believed that the pyramid is a kind of calendar. It has almost been proven that it serves as both a theodolite and a compass, and with such accuracy that the most modern compasses can be checked with it.

Another hypothesis believes that not only the parameters of the pyramid itself, but also its individual structures contain many important mathematical quantities and ratios, for example, the number “pi”, and the parameters of the king’s chamber combine “sacred” triangles with sides 3-4-5 . It is believed that the angles and angular coefficients of the pyramid reflect the most modern ideas about trigonometric values, and the contours of the pyramid include the proportions of the “golden section” with practical accuracy.

There is a hypothesis that considers the Cheops pyramid as astronomical observatory, and according to another hypothesis, the Great Pyramid was used for initiation into the highest levels of secret knowledge, as well as for storing this knowledge. In this case, the person initiated into secret knowledge was located in a sarcophagus.

The official theory says that the architect of the Great Pyramid is Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. He also bore the title "Manager of all Pharaoh's construction projects." Construction under his leadership lasted twenty years and ended around 2540 BC. e. In Egypt, the date for the start of construction of the Cheops Pyramid is officially established and celebrated - August 23, 2470 BC. e.

However, there are other assumptions. Thus, the Arab historian Ibrahim bin ibn Wassuff Shah believed that the pyramids of Giza were built by an antediluvian king named Saurid. Abu Zeid el Bahi writes about a certain inscription which says that Great Pyramid Cheops was built about 73,000 years ago. Ibn Batuta claimed (and not only he) that the pyramids were built by Hermes Trismegistus, etc. A very interesting hypothesis is that of the Russian scientist Sergei Proskuryakov, who believes that the pyramids were built by Aliens from Sirius and that the architect Hemiun himself was from Sirius. Vladimir Babanin also believes that the pyramids were built by Aliens from Sirius, and possibly from Dessa in the Cygnus constellation in ancient times, but during the time of Cheops the pyramids were restored.

The version that seems logical is that, in any case, the Pyramids were erected after the pole shift occurred on Earth, otherwise it would have been impossible to orient the Pyramids with such incredible accuracy as they are located today.

Initially, the height of the Cheops pyramid was 146.6 meters. But time mercilessly dissolved 7 meters and 85 centimeters of this majestic structure. Simple calculations will show that the pyramid now has a height of 138 meters and 75 centimeters.

The perimeter of the pyramid is 922 meters, the base area is 53,000 square meters (comparable to the area of ​​10 football fields). Scientists calculated the total weight of the pyramid, which was more than 5 million tons.

The pyramid is made up of more than 2.2 million large stone blocks of limestone, granite and basalt, each weighing approximately 2.5 tons on average. There are a total of 210 rows of blocks in the pyramid. The heaviest block weighs about 15 tons. The base is a rocky elevation, the height of which is 9 meters. Initially, the surface of the pyramid was a smooth surface, because was covered with a special material.

The entrance to the pyramid is at an altitude of 15.63 meters on the north side. The entrance is formed by stone slabs laid in the form of an arch. This entrance to the pyramid was sealed with a granite plug.

Today, tourists get inside the pyramid through a 17m gap, which was made in 820 by Caliph Abu Jafar al-Ma'mun. He hoped to find the pharaoh's countless treasures there, but found there only a layer of dust half a cubit thick.

Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three burial chambers, located one above the other.

When the sun moves around the pyramid, you can notice the unevenness of the walls - the concavity of the central part of the walls. This may be due to erosion or damage from falling stone cladding. It is also possible that this was specially done during construction.

An example of blatant slander.

This information is located on a remote but relatively popular site.

The article is called

"Pyramid "Cheops ": Dimensions in meters."

Green indicates reliable information, red indicates blatant lies. Blue are my comments.
Orange and other shades - dubious information.

Pyramid of Cheops, one of the three pyramids in Giza, located near Cairo and built in the shape of a regular pyramid with a square at the base. According to accurate reconstruction (it was partially dismantled into stone by local residents):

1. At the base: Square with sides of 230.35 meters (b=230.35 m)
2. Height of Cheops primum: 146.71 meters (h=146.71 m)
3. The side face of the pyramid isisosceles right triangle - angle at the top is 90 o, two corners at the bottom - 45 o each (A blatant lie, this only happens in a square divided by diagonals, i.e. the height of the pyramid = 0)
4. There are 4 triangular faces in total (naturally, since the base is a square)
5. A pyramid made of cubic limestone blocks, the largest of which has an edge length of 1.5 meters
6. There were probably 210 steps initially leading to the top of the pyramid. (What would this be applied to?)

Golden ratios: Let's denote c the length of the “ladder”, which is formed by the inclined side face of the pyramid. According to the Pythagorean theorem:

c 2 =h 2 +(b/2) 2 ~186.52 meters (the theorem is correct, the numbers are questionable)

(b/2)/c~0.618 golden ratio.

Later, another “golden pattern” was noticed: The area of ​​the base of the pyramid relates to the area of ​​all 4 side faces of the pyramid in the proportion of the “golden ratio”. The area of ​​the side face turned out to be equal to the square of its height (bc/2 = h 2). (property of the golden ratio pyramid)

Question: Who needs such “Information”?

Additional help.

The mathematically exact dimensions of the pyramid of living section of the 3rd order (F 3), corresponding to the Cheops pyramid, with a base length of 230.35 m, has a height of h = 146.505 m. With a height of h = 146.71 m, the length of the base of the pyramid is b = 230.673 m

Below are data from various measurements by different researchers in different time.

The discrepancies are mainly due to where the base line was taken. Which point was taken as the top one is also not entirely clear, because the top of the pyramid is truncated. Either this was a real top point, or it was determined by the lines that continued the edges.

In particular, if we take Proskuryakov’s measurements as a basis, it seems that he measured the base along the most achievable bottom line, and the height to the real top. In this case, we obtain the following dimensions of the Cheops pyramid.

At the base b = 233.164 m. The mathematical height of the pyramid is h = 148.295 m.

The height of the pyramid truncated along the third sphere is h_= 146.344 m.

If we take h_= 146.595 m as a basis.

Then b = 233.572 m h= 148.554 m.

Apothem of the full face c= 188.964 m. ((b/2)/c=0.618034, or c/(b/2)=1.618034)

Apothem of the truncated face c_= 186.478 m.

Based on a number of my assumptions, these values ​​seem more correct to me.

- Oh Osiris, I don’t want to die! -Who wants it? - Osiris shrugged. “But I... I’m still a pharaoh!.. Listen,” Cheops whispered, “I will sacrifice one hundred thousand slaves to you.” Just allow me to immortalize my life alone! - One hundred thousand? And are you sure that they will all die during construction? - Rest assured. Such a pyramid as I conceived... - Well, if so... Perpetuate it, I don’t mind.

The Pyramid of Cheops

Nobody remembers Cheops alive. Everyone only remembers him when he is dead. He was dead a hundred, a thousand, and three thousand years ago and always, always will be dead - the pyramid immortalized his death.

1. What is called the first wonder of the world?
Already in ancient times, the pyramids of Giza were considered one of the seven “wonders of the world.” The largest of the pyramids was built by Pharaoh Khufu (2590 - 2568 BC), in Greek his name was Cheops. Currently, the height of the pyramid is 138 m, although originally it was 147 m: the top stones fell during earthquakes. The pyramid is made up of 2.5 million limestone blocks of different sizes, weighing an average of 2.5 tons. Initially, it was lined with white sandstone, which was harder than the main blocks, but the lining has not been preserved. At the base of the pyramid lies a square with a side of 230 m, oriented to the cardinal points. According to some legends, the corners of the square symbolize Truth, Reason, Silence and Depth; according to others, the pyramid is based on the four material substances from which the human body is created.
The greatest creations of antiquity among the pyramids include only the Pyramid of Cheops, also called the Great Pyramid.
At a distance of approximately 160 meters from the Pyramid of Cheops, the Pyramid of Chefre rises, the height of which is 136.6 meters, and the length of the sides is 210.5 meters. At its top, part of the original cladding is still visible.
The Pyramid of Mikerin, which is even smaller, is located 200 meters from the Pyramid of Khafre. Its height is 62 meters, and the length of the sides is 108 meters. But the most famous Egyptian monument in the world after the Pyramid of Cheops is the figure of the Sphinx, vigilantly guarding the city of the dead.
The three pyramids are part of a complex that also consists of several temples, small pyramids, and tombs of priests and officials.
The smaller pyramids further south were probably intended for the wives of rulers and were left unfinished.

2. How was the Cheops pyramid built?

Its height is 146.6 m, which approximately corresponds to a fifty-story skyscraper. The base area is 230x230 m. In such a space, five of the largest cathedrals in the world could easily fit simultaneously: St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, St. Paul's Cathedral and Westminster Abbey in London, as well as the Florence and Milan cathedrals. From the building stone used for the construction of the Cheops pyramid, it would be possible to build all the churches in Germany created in our millennium. The young pharaoh Cheops gave the order to build the pyramid immediately after the death of his father Snefru. Like all previous pharaohs since the time of Djoser (approximately 2609 -2590 BC), Cheops wanted to be buried after his death in a pyramid.
The ivory statue of Pharaoh Cheops is the only surviving image of the pharaoh. On the head of Cheops is the crown of the Ancient Egyptian kingdom, in his hand is a ceremonial fan.
Like his predecessors, he believed that his pyramid should surpass all other pyramids in size, splendor and luxury. But before the first of the more than two million blocks that made up the pyramid was cut from a quarry on the east bank of the Nile, complex preparatory work was carried out. First, it was necessary to find a suitable site for the construction of the pyramid. The weight of the huge structure is 6,400,000 tons, so the soil had to be strong enough so that the pyramid would not sink into the ground under its own weight. The construction site was chosen south of the modern Egyptian capital Cairo, on a ledge of a plateau in the desert seven kilometers west of the village of Giza. This strong rocky platform was able to support the weight of the pyramid.
First, the surface of the site was leveled. To do this, a waterproof rampart of sand and stones was built around it. In the resulting square, a dense network of small channels intersecting at right angles was cut out, so that the site looked like a huge chessboard. The channels were filled with water, the height of the water level was marked on the side walls, and then the water was drained. The stonemasons cut down everything that protruded above the surface of the water, and the channels were again filled with stone. The base of the pyramid was ready.
Over 4,000 people - artists, architects, stonemasons and other artisans - carried out these preparatory work for about ten years. Only after this could the construction of the pyramid itself begin. According to the Greek historian Herodotus (490 - 425 BC), construction continued for another twenty years, about 100,000 people worked on the construction of the huge tomb of Cheops. Only on radishes, onions and garlic, which were added to the food of construction workers, 1600 talents were spent, i.e. approximately $20 million. Data on the number of workers are questioned by many modern researchers. In their opinion, there would simply not be enough space on the construction site for so many people: more than 8,000 people would not be able to work productively without interfering with each other.
Herodotus, who visited Egypt in 425 BC, wrote: “The method used was to build in steps, or as some call it, in rows or terraces. When the foundation was completed, the blocks for the next row above the foundation were raised from the main level with devices made from short wooden levers; on this first row there was another which raised the blocks one level higher, so step by step the blocks were raised more and more Higher and higher. Each row or level had its own set of mechanisms of the same type, which easily moved loads from level to level. The completion of the pyramid began at the top with the highest level, continued down, and ended with the lowest levels closest to the ground."
At the time of the construction of the pyramid, Egypt was a rich country. Every year from the end of June to November, the Nile overflowed its banks and flooded the adjacent fields with its waters, leaving on them a thick layer of silt that turned the dry desert sand into fertile soil. Therefore, in favorable years it was possible to harvest up to three harvests a year - grain, fruits and vegetables. So, from June to November, the peasants could not work in their fields. And they were glad when, every year in mid-June, the pharaoh’s scribe appeared in their village, compiling lists of those willing to work on the construction of the pyramid.

3. Who worked on the construction of the pyramid?
Almost everyone wanted this work, which means it was not forced labor, but voluntary labor. This was explained by two reasons: each construction participant received housing, clothing, food and a modest salary during work. Four months later, when the waters of the Nile receded from the fields, the peasants returned to their villages.

In addition, every Egyptian considered it his natural duty and a matter of honor to participate in the construction of the pyramid for the pharaoh. After all, everyone who contributed to the accomplishment of this grandiose task hoped that a piece of the immortality of the god-like pharaoh would touch him too. Therefore, at the end of June, endless streams of peasants flocked to Giza. There they were housed in temporary barracks and grouped into groups of eight. Work could begin. Having sailed on boats to the other side of the Nile, the men headed to the quarry. There they cut down a block of stone, trimmed it using sledgehammers, wedges, saws and drills and obtained a block of the required dimensions - with sides from 80 cm to 1.45 m. Using ropes and levers, each group installed its block on wooden runners and on them she dragged him along the log flooring to the bank of the Nile. The sailboat transported workers and a block weighing up to 7.5 tons to the other side.

4. What job was the most dangerous?
The stone was dragged along roads lined with logs to the construction site. Here came the hardest work, since cranes and other lifting devices had not yet been invented. Along an inclined entrance 20 m wide, built of bricks from Nile silt, runners with a stone block were pulled with the help of ropes and levers to the upper platform of the pyramid under construction. There, workers laid the block in the place indicated by the architect with millimeter precision. The higher the pyramid rose, the longer and steeper the entrance became and the more and more the upper working platform became smaller. Therefore, the work became more and more difficult.
Then came the turn of the most dangerous work: laying the “pyramidon” - an upper block nine meters high, dragged upward along an inclined entrance. We don’t know how many people died doing just this work. So, twenty years later, the construction of the pyramid body was completed, which consists of 128 layers of stone and is four meters higher than Strasbourg Cathedral. By this time, the pyramid looked much the same as it looks now: it was a stepped mountain. However, the work did not end there: the steps were filled with stones, so that the surface of the pyramid became, although not completely smooth, but without protrusions. To complete the work, the four triangular outer faces of the pyramid were lined with slabs of dazzling white limestone. The edges of the slabs were fitted so precisely that it was impossible to insert even a knife blade between them. Even from a distance of several meters the pyramid made an impression giant monolith. The outer slabs were polished to a mirror finish using the hardest grinding stones. According to eyewitnesses, in the sun or moonlight, the tomb of Cheops sparkled mysteriously, like a huge crystal glowing from within.

5. What's inside the Cheops pyramid?
The Cheops Pyramid is not made entirely of stone. Inside it there is an extensive system of passages, which through a large passage 47 m long, the so-called large gallery, leads to the pharaoh's chamber - a room 10.5 m long, 5.3 m wide and 5.8 m high. It is entirely lined with granite, but not decorated with any ornament. There is a large empty granite sarcophagus without a lid. The sarcophagus was brought here during construction, since it does not go into any of the passages of the pyramid. There are such chambers of the pharaohs in almost all Egyptian pyramids, they served as the last refuge of the pharaoh.
There are no inscriptions or decorations inside the Cheops pyramid, with the exception of a small portrait in the passage leading to the Queen's chamber. This image resembles a photograph on a stone. On the outer walls of the pyramid there are numerous curvilinear grooves of large and small sizes, in which, at a certain lighting angle, one can discern an image 150 meters high - a portrait of a man, apparently one of the deities of Ancient Egypt. This image is surrounded by other images (the trident of the Atlanteans and Scythians, a bird-plane, plans of stone buildings, pyramid rooms), texts, individual letters, large signs resembling a flower bud, etc. On the northern side of the pyramid there is a portrait of a man and a woman with their heads bowed towards each other. These huge images were painted just a few years before the main pyramid was completed and installed in 2630 BC. top stone.
Inside the Cheops pyramid there are three burial chambers, located one above the other. The construction of the first chamber was not completed. It is carved into the bedrock. To get into it, you need to overcome 120 m of a narrow descending corridor. The first burial chamber is connected to the second by a horizontal corridor 35 m long and 1.75 m high. The second chamber is called the “queen’s chamber,” although according to the ritual the wives of the pharaohs were buried in separate small pyramids.
The queen's chamber is surrounded by legends. A legend is associated with it, according to which the pyramid was the main temple of a certain Supreme Deity, a place where ancient secret religious rites were held. Somewhere in the depths of the pyramid lives an unknown creature with the face of a lion, who holds in his hands the seven keys of Eternity. No one can see it except those who have undergone special rites of preparation and purification. Only to them did the Great Priest reveal the secret Divine Name. A person who owns the secret of the name became equal in magical power to the pyramid itself. The main sacrament of initiation took place in the royal chamber. There, the candidate, tied to a special cross, was placed in a huge sarcophagus. The person accepting initiation was, as it were, in the gap between the material world and the divine world, inaccessible to human consciousness.
From the beginning of the horizontal corridor, another one goes up, about 50 m long and more than 8 m high. At the end of it there is a horizontal passage leading to the pharaoh’s burial chamber, trimmed with granite, in which the sarcophagus is placed. In addition to the burial chambers, voids and ventilation shafts were discovered in the pyramid. However, the purpose of many rooms and various void channels is not fully understood. One of these rooms is a room where on a table there is an open book about the history and achievements of the country during the period of completion of the pyramid.
The purpose of the underground structures at the foot of the Cheops pyramid is also unclear. Some of them were opened at different times. In one of the underground structures in 1954, archaeologists found the oldest ship on Earth - a wooden boat called solar, 43.6 m long, disassembled into 1224 parts. It was built of cedar without a single nail and, as evidenced by the traces of silt preserved on it, before the death of Cheops it was still floating on the Nile.

6. How was the pharaoh buried?
After death, the carefully embalmed body of the ruler was placed in the burial chamber of the pyramid. The internal organs of the deceased were placed in special hermetic vessels, the so-called canopies, which were placed next to the sarcophagus in the burial chamber. So, the mortal remains of the pharaoh found their last earthly refuge in the pyramid, and the “ka” of the deceased left the tomb. “Ka,” according to Egyptian ideas, was considered something like a person’s double, his “second self,” which left the body at the moment of death and could move freely between the earthly and the afterlife. Having left the burial chamber, the “ka” rushed to the top of the pyramid along its outer lining, which was so smooth that no mortal could move on it. The father of the pharaohs, the sun god Ra, was already there in his solar boat, in which the deceased pharaoh began his journey to immortality.
Recently, some scientists have expressed doubts that Great Pyramid really was the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops. They put forward three arguments in favor of this assumption:
The burial chamber, contrary to the customs of that time, does not have any decorations.
The sarcophagus in which the body of the deceased pharaoh was supposed to rest was only roughly hewn, i.e. not completely ready; the cover is missing.
And finally, two narrow passages through which air from outside penetrates into the burial chamber through small holes in the body of the pyramid. But the dead do not need air - here is another weighty argument in favor of the fact that the Cheops pyramid was not a burial place.
7. Who was the first to penetrate the Cheops pyramid?
The entrance to the Cheops pyramid was originally located on the north side, at the level of the 13th row of granite slabs. It is now closed. You can get inside the pyramid through a hole left by ancient robbers.
For more than 3,500 years, the interior of the Great Pyramid was not disturbed by anyone: all the entrances to it were carefully walled up, and the tomb itself, according to the Egyptians, was guarded by spirits ready to kill anyone who tried to penetrate it.
That is why the robbers appeared here much later. The first person to penetrate inside the Cheops pyramid was Caliph Abdallah al-Mamun (813-833 AD), son of Harun al-Rashid. He dug a tunnel to the burial chamber in the hope of finding treasure there, as in other tombs of the pharaohs. But he found nothing except the droppings of the bats that lived there, the layer of which on the floor and walls reached 28 cm. After this, the interest of robbers and treasure hunters in the Cheops pyramid disappeared. But they were replaced by other robbers. In 1168 after R. Chr. part of Cairo was burned and completely destroyed by the Arabs, who did not want it to fall into the hands of the crusaders. When the Egyptians later began rebuilding their city, they removed the shiny white slabs that covered the outside of the pyramid and used them to build new houses. Even now these slabs can be seen in many mosques in the old part of the city. All that remains of the former pyramid is the stepped building - this is how it now appears before the admiring eyes of tourists. Along with the cladding, the pyramid also lost its top, the pyramidon, and the upper layers of masonry. Therefore, now its height is no longer 144.6 m, but 137.2 m. Today, the top of the pyramid is a square with sides of approximately 10 m. This site in 1842 became the venue for unusual festivities. The Prussian king Frederick William IV, known for his love of art, sent an expedition to the Nile Valley led by archaeologist Richard Lepsius with the aim of acquiring ancient Egyptian art objects and other exhibits for the Egyptian Museum being created in Berlin (it was opened in 1855).

Powerful, surrounded by mystery... - this is how the Cheops pyramid stood for 4500 years