hiking

Hiking is walking. Hikes are carried out almost throughout the entire territory of the former USSR, in all climatic zones and geo-regions - from the Arctic tundra to deserts and mountains. Walking tourism is the most popular form of tourism, T.

Its attractiveness and main difference is that it is accessible and useful for almost every healthy person and provides more freedom to choose a path in accordance with aesthetics, regardless of age and physical development.

and cultural needs of travelers. PT is characterized by ease of preparation and hiking, and refers to the ease of organizing a good rest at the bivouac.

According to complexity, tourist tours can range from excursions and weekend trips to difficult category hikes (see section “Route complexity”).

Non-categorical walking trails are usually selected in such a way that there are no natural obstacles on the way; traversing roofs requires special training and knowledge of special technical techniques. Basic character.

Obstacles and difficulties that complicate the route are water hazards (flat and mountain rivers, swamps), forest debris, storms, dense thickets, deep gorges, steep grassy slopes, rocks, embankments, rocks, rain, deserts with loose sand in the heat (typical of April - September), richness of the nose (especially in the Central and South .IN. Dew.) If there are such obstacles on the route, it is necessary (for their own safety) that participants are familiar with the most in simple ways overcoming them (for example, a ford or a forced transition, rock climbing, removing garbage, destroying a bivouac with reliable protection from rain and mosquitoes) and could apply their knowledge under certain conditions (if the obstacle cannot be avoided for any reason). If there are many different natural obstacles on the route, hiking can become a combined activity, for example, walking, mountain tourism. Further complication of the route with a predominance of the type of obstacle or driving style (except for pedestrians) turns the combination into a specialized one, for example, mountain or water T.

caving tourism

One of the most dangerous forms of tourism is caving tourism - the exploration of caves, deep faults, abysses and mines.

According to complexity and focus, caving tourism is divided into excursions and educational, sports and scientific research. The simplest and safest is to visit specially equipped caves for excursion shows, which are conducted for all visitors without preparation by qualified guides.

Specialized athletes prefer mostly unequipped caves, but more or less explored ones. Such caves are relatively safe and are mostly visited by groups of well-trained people under the guidance of professional instructors.

Finding and exploring new caves and cave complexes is truly extreme cave tourism. This requires special equipment, training and skills. Such trips are usually conducted by professional cave explorers for research purposes.

Huge risks, unforeseen dangers, physical difficulties do not interfere with those who want to discover new underground palaces with strange natural creations or monuments of archaeology, history and culture, as well as amazing impressions and emotions.

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Regions such as the Caucasus and the Urals are rich in caves, mines and abysses. Arkhyz cave, Kungur ice cave karst cave, Kapova, “Flying Bird” on Mount Fisht and many others are known all over the world.

Cave tours were organized for lovers of underground tourism. The Sikiyaz-Taman cave complex, consisting of 42 underground rooms, was recently (1995) discovered on the Ai River.

Largest caves Russian Federation– Throat Barloga, Rostovskaya, Rucheynaya-Zabludshikh, Vorontsovskaya, Nazarovskaya (autumn, Primusnaya), Oktyabrskaya (TEP), school, Geographical, Mayskaya, Mishka, Absolute in Karachay-Cherkessia.

Fishberg in Adygea is rich in caves: In addition to the “Flying Bird”, there is also a system of “Cross-tourist”, “Olga”, “English-Russian”

In Altai there are very large caves - “Kek-Tash”, “Ecological”, “Altai”, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory - “Bolshaya Oreshnaya”, “Bacheshskaya”, “Partizanskaya”, “Geneva”, “Pandora’s Box”, Arkhangelsk Region - “Constitution”, “Kumichevskaya”, in the Urals - “Sumgan-Kutuk”, “Kinderlinskaya”, “Kizelovskaya” (Vyaserovskaya).

This is a list of only the largest or most famous caves, and the total number discovered in Russia underground complexes It is not possible to calculate.

One of the types of caving tourism that has appeared recently is the study of underground communications carried out by excavators.

Possible risk factors along the route

Providing tourism services should provide an acceptable level of risk to the life and health of tourists both under normal conditions and in emergency situations.

Risk to human life and health during tourist and excursion trips arises in the following conditions:

– presence of risk factors;

– manifestation of this source at a level dangerous to humans;

– Danger to people from sources of danger.

Harmful factors (risk factors) in tourism with active look travel can be classified as follows

– Risk of injury;

– Impact on the environment;

– Fire hazard;

– biological effects;

– psychophysiological stressors;

– danger of radiation;

– specific risk factors.

Injuries can be caused by moving objects, bodies, difficult terrain, moving rocks (avalanches, mudflows, rockfalls), unfavorable ergonomic characteristics of the tourist equipment and tools used (inconvenient shoes - skin abrasions by tourists, etc.), dangerous atmospheric phenomena (antispheric current , lightning, etc.).

Guaranteed to reduce the risk of injury:

– Use personal protective equipment (life jackets) on the track;

– Compliance with ergonomic requirements for tourist equipment;

– Compliance with the rules of operation of the concern’s material and technical means (alloys, equipment for extinguishing fires, etc.);

– inform tourists in advance about risk factors and measures to prevent injuries (before the start of the hike, the leader of the tourist team informs them about safety rules and urgent measures in case of injury).

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION due to high and low temperatures environment, humidity and air mobility, strong changes in air pressure.

The harmful effects of this risk factor are prevented:

– Choosing the appropriate season, day and night for the tourist event;

– rational design of a walking trail;

- pay attention to weather near;

– Availability of tourist equipment in each tourist group for protection from bad weather;

– Provide tourists necessary equipment, including personal protective equipment;

– promptly inform tourists about actual and predicted conditions on the route

FIRST HAZARD. This risk factor is almost always related to human actions. Elimination of this risk factor is achieved through strict adherence to fire safety rules.

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS – pathogenic microorganisms and their products, toxic plants and reptiles, insects and animals that carry infectious diseases and cause burns, allergic and other toxic reactions.

The influence of these factors on tourists is warned:

– Compliance with established sanitary and hygienic food preparation standards;

– boiling water used for drinking and cooking;

– First aid training for venomous snake bites and tick bite prevention, encephalitis, and tick bites.

PSICHOFIOLOGICAL Risk factors: Physical and psychological stress.

Elimination or reduction of these risk factors is achieved:

– Rational route planning, planning days in places where bad weather may make it difficult to adhere to the schedule;

– Use of a high-quality bivouac and special equipment that facilitates travel along the route and ensures complete rest.

EXPOSURE HAZARD is an increased amount of ultraviolet radiation.

Provides prevention of the risk of ultraviolet radiation on tourist routes:

– Informing tourists about the dangers of ultraviolet radiation overdose;

– Use of personal protective equipment (clothing covering the tourist’s arms and legs, hat).

RISK SPECIFIC FACTORS in tourism are determined by:

– the possibility of natural and man-made disasters along the route and other emergency situations (including those related to ensuring public order in the field of tourism services);

– the complexity of obstacles along the route and their significance for the group’s preparation.

Source: http://MirZnanii.com/a/299408/peshekhodnyy-turizm

hiking

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Crimean Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov Crimean Federal University named after.

summary

Field: Tourism technologies

The topic is “Hiking”.

I managed:

2nd year student

Groups #21-T

Popova Anna Zhurevna

I checked:

Senior Lecturer

Soloviev Alexey Alexandrovich

Simferopol

Grand opening

Hiking concept

Hiking Characteristics

Grand Canyon

total amount

list of links

Grand opening

Hiking tourism, as one of the modern types of sports tourism, has gained great popularity and development both in the Russian Federation and abroad.

Hiking harmoniously combines physical and psycho-emotional activity, health components, both physical culture and long-term informal communication, which is typical for hiking as a sport, develops endurance, individual qualities, discipline, and the ability to work in a team.

During the campaign, the instructor teaches the skills of using tourism technologies, the rules of coexistence with the environment and caring for the environment, the ability to survive in extreme situations and provide first aid to victims at the reception desk at

Objectives: To become familiar with the classification and features of hikes; prepare for the hike. Let's look at a few interesting places for hiking in Crimea.

Objectives: 1) Develop the idea of ​​hiking among tourists;

) Check out the possibilities of hiking in Crimea.

Hiking concept

Hiking is one of the types of sports tourism. The main goal is to lead a group of people along a route over slightly rough terrain.

Hiking is cheaper than other types of tourism. Due to less comfortable accommodation, this type of tourism can be offered by citizens with relatively low incomes.

Hiking arrangements for backpacking trips are relatively simple. Regarding the difficulty of the routes, there are many different possibilities: Excursions and weekend hikes, as well as more difficult category hikes.

The difficulty category of the route is determined by the presence of local obstacles, geographical location, route autonomy, route intensity, etc. The category of route complexity is determined by the presence of local obstacles, geographic location, route autonomy, route intensity, etc. The difficulty category of the route is determined by the presence of local obstacles. Depending on this, walks are divided into the following:

Weekend hikes;

Hikes with 1-3 levels of difficulty - for children's and youth tourism;

Visits by category from 1 to 6 difficulty categories (see page). The first category is the simplest, not requiring special knowledge; The sixth category is the most difficult and requires special and physical training and appropriate equipment.

Figure 1 Classification walking routes

If you're new to hiking, it's best to start with a weekend camping trip, which is one of the most accessible and financially self-sustaining forms of training and recreation. Here you can gain experience.

Under no circumstances should you rush to overcome long routes and difficult mountain passes. This start may be torture for you, not a break. This is why it is important to gain experience on easier hikes.

Try short routes first and over time you can add variety and difficulty to your routes. For people with chronic diseases, consultation with a doctor is required.

Categories of complexity of tourist routes are determined depending on the presence of local obstacles, the intensity of the route, indicators of the geography of the area, the autonomy of the route and other factors.

In order to master any of the following difficulty levels, tourists must have experience participating in the previous category of the hike.

Hiking Characteristics

Since a large group of tourists is quite difficult to manage, the number of tourist groups does not exceed 12 people (at least 6 people).

Preferred training sessions, weekend hikes and travel competitions are often held.

These events are aimed at getting to know each other better, which will undoubtedly contribute to the formation of a healthy atmosphere in the team.

Particular attention should be paid to tourism equipment, medical equipment and care. Don't forget about the weight of the backpack. It is advisable to keep the backpack as simple as possible, but not at the expense of important items in the campaign.

On the eve of each major campaign, it is necessary to create all route documents, determine the control conditions and transit points of the route to be registered with the Control and Rescue Service in the area of ​​the future campaign.

The Qualification and Tourist Commission of the tourist club can help organize these moments

Maps with detailed diagrams and detailed description the most difficult and important sections of the route.

The success of the trip largely depends on the organizer; the team leader must be a demanding, authoritarian person with experience in this category and experience in leading previous categories of trips.

When planning your route, you must take into account rest days and rest periods in bad weather. In the first days of the hike, it is not recommended to plan long routes and overcome difficult, physically strenuous areas (for example, mountain passes).

At the same time, you should not leave them behind at the end of the hike, as this is when fatigue sets in and attention and responsiveness decreases. Morning hours are the best and safest time for walking, especially in mountainous areas. In forests it is advisable to use paths, even if the travel time is longer.

It is also better to cross the river in the morning with “low water”, where it stretches into several branches and flows more calmly.

In general, if the hike is properly organized and all participants follow safety precautions while walking the route, the trip will be truly interesting and safe.

Places for hiking in Crimea

Grand Canyon Crimea

The Grand Canyon of Crimea is a large canyon on the Crimean peninsula. It was formed in the Upper Jura under the influence of water erosion about 1.5 - 2 million years ago at the site of a tectonic rift.

Is located in Crimean mountains ah, 5 km southeast of the village of Sokolina, Bakhchisarai district of the Republic of Crimea. This is the northeastern border of the Ai-Petrinsky massif, the Boykinsky massif.

The depth of the canyon is 320 m, the length is 3.5 km, and the width in some places is not 3 m. The absolute height of the canyon bed is about 500-600 m.

As a result of water erosion, a canyon bed was formed, which is a cavity with smooth walls on the sides, with piles of boulders and boulders on the ground, with rapids (see.

(for example, outcrops of harder rocks), waterfalls up to 3-4 meters high and with erosion cauldrons (so-called baths) up to 2.5 meters deep, wide on both sides and up to 10 meters long.

On the Canyon website.

there are more than 150 such boilers.

The canyon is irrigated by numerous mountain streams, streams and springs (the largest of which are springs in Ponia with an average annual water flow of 350 liters per second), which merge with the Auzun-Uzen River at the exit of the canyon.

The Grand Canyon of Crimea has a special microclimate formed by geomorphological characteristics and location.

A feature of the microclimate of the canyon is higher humidity and lower temperature levels compared to the environment.

Vegetation here develops 3-4 weeks later than in the surrounding forests. But during the Ice Age, the well-insulated canyon became a refuge for many thermophilic plants.

On the way to the Grand Canyon you will see the Venus shoe orchid, listed in the Red Book, rare species of ferns and the only remaining yew farm in Crimea.

For those who want to admire the view, the best time to visit is in the spring or fall. And if you are an extreme vacationer, then welcome to May or June.

You can enjoy hiking at the base of the canyon. At this time, the river that flows at the foot of the canyon, Auzun-Uzen, becomes full river. In some places the depth reaches the height of an adult.

Therefore, your journey will not seem too easy or boring to you.

Aya? – The cape on the southern coast of Crimea, southeast of Balaklava, 13 km long, is subordinate to the Balaklava district of Sevastopol. Cape Aya borders south coast Crimea from the west. The name of the cloak comes from the Greek word “ayos” (???????????????!).

The cape is the steep foot of the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains; the cape continues to remain at the foot of Mount Kush-Kaya. The highest peak of Cape Aya is the 558.5-meter Kokiya-Kiya (“blue rock”).

To the east of the cape there is Laspinskaya Bay, behind it is Cape Laspi, in the west there is a small bay at the foot of the Asceti Mountains and the fortress, then Cape George. The rocks included in Cape Aya are composed of Upper Jurassic marbled limestone.

The mountain slopes are covered with untouched Mediterranean forests.

At the top of the cape there is a huge funnel, and inside there is a picturesque cover of huge stones. Stones of different colors and shades: blue, green, red, light striped and dark colored.

There are grottoes at the base of the cloak. Part of the cape was used by sailors of the Imperial Russian Black Sea Fleet for firing the ship's guns. There are still traces of cannonball impacts on the stones.

There are only a few beaches in Ayia, difficult to access, but still very popular among holidaymakers. They are loved for their clean, clear sea, charming landscape and colorful underwater world.

From Balaklava, a passenger boat departs in the summer to the two closest and largest beaches - Golden and Silver. The rest can be reached on foot into the mountains and through the forest, or rent a boat - a local sea taxi.

And the legendary beach of the Lost World is inaccessible from the country.

One of the parts of Ayazma, called engineers, is characterized by beautiful beaches and cozy bays.

Interesting name Old-timers explain this place by saying that one of the numerous rocks of the engineering field is very similar in shape to this exotic plant.

Here tourists can climb from Cape Aya in Crimea to the top of Mount Ilyas-Kala and admire the ruins of the monastery of the same name, which has survived to this day.

Cape Aya is part of the Cape Aya National Landscape Reserve.

Kara Doug.

Kara? -Yes, Mister, a volcanic mountain range on the territory of the city of Feodosia in Crimea, on Black Sea coast. Maximum height 577 m (Mount Holy). The name Kara-Dag is translated from Turkish and Crimean Tatar into Russian as “Black Mountain”.

Kara-Dag is the remains of a volcano that was active about 150 million years ago as a manifestation of the Middle Jurassic volcano. Kara-Dag is a separate mountain range between the Otuzka River valley and the Koktebel basin, stretching along the Black Sea coast.

The main parts of the Kara-Dag massif are the coastal ridge, which stretches along the coast, and the dome sacred mountain, located inland. The coastal range consists of the Karagach, Khoba-Tepe, Magnitny and Kokkay ranges. On the northwestern slope of the Holy Mountain there is another peak - Small Karadag.

Of great interest are the picturesque coastal rock formations, including the Shaitan-kapu (Devil's Gate), Devil's Palace, Ivan the Robber, Lion and others.

Interesting Facts:

In former times, the Golden Gate was called Sheitan-Kapu (Crimean catatonics. Devil's Gate - Kapu). It was believed that somewhere there, between the rocks, there was an entrance to hell.

Currently, the stone is perceived only positively, which is reflected in the modern name of the Golden Gate. When the sun goes down and you get a good angle they are like gold…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

A trip on a small boat through the bow of the Golden Gate promises the fulfillment of your deepest desire. The ground is littered with coins that tourists love to throw around.

At the foot of the massif in the sea lives the legend of the “Karadag monster”.

Scientists have been trying for a long time to find the volcano's outlet, not realizing that it is not there, or rather, there are many of them. This is a group volcano.

total amount

Considering natural resources Crimea, I came to the conclusion that the natural potential for the development of tourism in our country is very high due to its uniqueness and originality. Mountains, gorges, lost worlds with their unique microclimate, fauna and flora - all this contributes to the development of hiking tourism.

But during the hike, the tourist must think through his route and necessary equipment, understand the technique of overcoming obstacles and give an objective assessment of your strength.

Walking tourism is a great way to travel at minimal cost, which brings a lot of positive emotions and impressions and brings people together.

list of links

Popchikovsky V.Yu. Organization and conduct of tourism campaigns - M.: Profizdat, 1987.

Grand Canyon of Crimea [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org /wiki/Big_canyon_(ARK) . (Title: 10/12/2014)

Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mys_Aya. (Title: 10/12/2014)

Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Kara-Dag. (Date of complaint: 10/12/2014)

Characteristics of hiking tourism [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.technostartravel.com/o-peshehodnom-turizme/osobennosti-peshexodnogo.html. (Date of application: 10/12/2014)

Hiking Abstract tourism Abstract tourism Abstract tourism
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Wikipedia articles can be found with the phrase: “Hiking”.

Hiking, or trekking (from the English trekking - to cross, move, make a big transition) is a popular type of sports tourism, the main advantages of which are:

  • mass character;
  • in most cases, there is no need for special sports training (it is enough to simply be in good physical shape and have the endurance required for the level of difficulty of the route);
  • availability.

Hiking millions of fans active tourism annually travel across all continents of the planet, reaching even its most remote corners. Despite the fact that the classic option for hiking is to cover a route through slightly rough terrain, many hiking trips are accompanied by hiking in the mountains. require more serious preparation from participants, the level of which is determined by the complexity of the route.

Hiking: tourism from “A” to “Z”

What a hiker needs to know:

  • Each hike has its own level of difficulty. In sports tourism, trekking is classified into 9 levels of difficulty. The assignment of a route to one or another category of difficulty depends on the presence of local obstacles, geographical features, intensity of the route, its length and time duration;
  • Hiking in the mountains requires special physical preparation, since an unprepared body may inadequately respond to high-altitude conditions, which require adaptation even for experienced tourists;
  • Hiking requires special hiking clothing, shoes and equipment. All of the above are selected based on climatic conditions active tour and terrain features;
  • any malaise should be a reason to refuse the trip, since on foot the malaise may worsen. When traveling, your illness can become an obstacle not only in your path, but also disrupt the plans of the group members;
  • if you are going on a hiking trip, forget about all-inclusive tourism and its accompanying habits or put it aside for a while - we're talking about about drinking alcohol. , involving difficult hiking trips, including mountain tours , completely exclude alcohol consumption, the rest are significantly limited;
  • When going on hiking trips, carefully study the safety rules and strictly adhere to them in hiking conditions.

Hiking trips from the "Direction" club: the exoticism of distant travels and the unexplored hinterlands of Russia.

Hiking trips are good because they practically do not limit participants in the choice of travel destinations. In almost any country, on any continent, you will find active tours that include a walking part of the route.

What to choose? Close, but not always well studied Russia (the proximity of some of its regions traditional for sports tourism is also very relative) or distant exotic countries? Each tourist trip has its own charm, and our planet is so large and diverse that you can study it all your life.

The “Destination” tourism club offers you original tours to the most interesting places on earth, including Russia, countries far and near abroad, quite “civilized” Europe and unexplored Africa. .

Trekking trips are included in the program of most of our tours, including short and long routes.

Hiking in Russia and CIS countries

Russia is a country of endless opportunities for active tourism. Plains, lakes, mountains, volcanoes, hills - you will find all this on the map of our country, and any exotic state will envy such natural beauties that nature has so generously endowed us with. Having not had the opportunity to travel abroad for a long time, when it appeared, we rushed together to explore distant shores, forgetting about the tourism opportunities of our country.

Fortunately, in last years the situation is improving, and such “pearls” of our nature as Baikal, the Khibiny Mountains, the Chuya Alps, the Kamchatka volcanoes (it’s impossible to list them all) have become places of pilgrimage not only for Russian, but also for foreign tourists.

Active tours, the routes of which are offered by the Direction club, include hiking in Kamchatka, Altai, Baikal, Transbaikalia, Kola Peninsula and many others. Some of them can be mastered by beginners who have adequate physical fitness, others are intended for travelers with experience in hiking and mountain climbing. When studying the routes of our signature tours, pay attention to the information about the required level of training of their participants.

Our neighbors also have something to see - in Armenia, Abkhazia, Kyrgyzstan and Crimea.

Every active tour is studied by the instructor regarding the optimal choice of route, timing, overnight stays, etc.

European Hiking Routes

Europe is a multifaceted continent with a variety of landscapes, climatic zones and natural conditions. Despite its high population density, Europe has a huge number of protected areas that amaze with their untouched beauty (the main thing is to know where to look).

Ecotourism, which is gaining increasing popularity in Europe, is attracting new supporters of active walking tours or trekking, opening up new routes and countries. Among the most popular destinations hiking tours:

  • travel through the Alpine mountains and foothills, far from traditional ski trails;
  • ecotours to Montenegro, Greece, Romania, Spain;
  • the most interesting hiking trips in Scandinavia, Cyprus, Crete, Tenerife, etc.

Unusual tours for exotic lovers

For those for whom the concept of active tourism is inextricably linked with the exoticism of distant travels, we invite you to test your strength in difficult but interesting routes across Africa (with the conquest of the Marumukutru volcano), exciting mountain hikes to the peaks of the Elbrus region and Legendary grief Ararat and much more.

When choosing hiking along difficult routes, always realistically assess your strengths and follow the advice of our instructors, and then all your goals will be successfully achieved and the roads will be conquered.

    Tourism - get an active Planet Sports coupon on Academician or buy tourism at a low price on sale at Planet Sports

    hiking- A common type of tourism, including hiking along paved trails with visits to memorable or attractive places... Dictionary of Geography

    hiking- 3.3 hiking: Travel, hiking and excursions that involve walking tourist routes, including overcoming natural obstacles (crossings, mountainous areas, etc.). Source: GOST R 54601 2011:… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

    TOURISM- a popular type of active recreation while traveling, harmoniously combining physical education, elements of sports and knowledge of various regions of the country. Depending on age, inclinations and capabilities, travel is made on foot, by bicycle... Concise Encyclopedia of Housekeeping

    Tourism in Belarus- Tourism in Belarus is developing in three main directions: visiting numerous attractions, organizing recreation in resort areas (Naroch, Minsk Sea, etc.), as well as agrotourism. The authorities of the republic have set a task for everyone... ... Wikipedia

    Tourism in Wales- one of the economic sectors of the region. Wales is new tourist destination, in 2002 it was visited by more than 8 million people. In 2005, thanks to tourism, the Welsh economy received about 100 thousand jobs in the service sector, this is 8% of... ... Wikipedia

    Tourism in Ukraine- Coast of Alupka in Crimea. St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv. Livadia Palace in Yalta ... Wikipedia

    Tourism for disabled people- Disabled tourism view recreational tourism, designed for people with disabilities. Tourism for people with disabilities in the USSR began to take shape in the early 1970s. within the framework of the All-Union Disabled Organizations of the Blind (VOS) and the Deaf... ... Wikipedia

    Tourism in the Sakhalin region - Tourist complex on Moneron Island Tourism in Sakhalin region is a growing industry... Wikipedia

    Tourism in Russia- Tourism in Russia is a developing industry. Russia occupies one of the leading places in the world in the field of international tourism. In 2011, Russia received about 20 million international visitors. Russia's income from international tourism in 2011... ... Wikipedia

    Tourism in Belarus- The development of tourism in the Republic of Belarus has three main directions: Visiting attractions Organization of recreation in resort areas (Naroch, Minsk Sea, etc.) Eco, agrotourism. In 2010, there were 978 excursion... ... Wikipedia

Books

  • Introduction to tourism technology, L. I. Egorenkov. The basics of tourism activity are considered: opening and organizing the work of a travel agency, consumers of tourism products; domestic tourism and its types (hiking, horseback riding, hunting and fishing,…

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Crimean Federal University named after. V.I.Vernadsky

Discipline: Technology of tourism activities

Topic: “Walking tourism”

Performed:

2nd year student

Groups No. 21-T

Popova Anna Yurievna

Checked:

Senior Lecturer

Soloviev Alexey Alexandrovich

Simferopol

Introduction

Hiking concept

Features of walking tourism

Places in Crimea for hiking

Grand Canyon

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Pedestrian tourism, as one of the modern types of sports tourism, has gained great popularity and development in our time both in the Russian Federation and abroad. Walking tourism harmoniously combines physical and psycho-emotional stress, health components, both physical culture and long-term informal communication characteristic of walking tourism as a sport, develops endurance, strong-willed qualities, discipline, and the ability to work in a team. During the hike, the instructor teaches the skills of tourism techniques, the rules of coexistence with the environment and respect for it, methods of survival in extreme situations and providing first aid to victims upon receipt.

Objectives: to become familiar with the classification and features of hiking; preparation for hiking. Consider several interesting places for hiking in Crimea.

Objectives: 1) to form an idea among tourists about hiking tourism;

) introduce places for hiking tourism in Crimea.

Hiking concept

Hiking is a type of sports tourism. The main goal is for the group to cover the route on foot through slightly rough terrain.

Walking tourism is less expensive than other types. Since in this case less comfortable places for accommodation are used, this type of tourism can be afforded by citizens with a relatively low level of income. Organizing hiking trips is relatively simple. As for the complexity of the routes, the options here can be very different: excursions and weekend hikes, and more difficult category hikes.

Types and categories of hiking tours

The category of difficulty of the route is determined by the presence of local obstacles, the geographical indicator of the area, the autonomy of the route, the intensity of the route, etc. Depending on this, hikes are divided into:

weekend hikes;

hikes of 1-3 degrees of difficulty - in children's and youth tourism;

categorical hikes from 1st to 6th category of difficulty (c.s.). The first category is the simplest, not requiring special knowledge; The sixth category is the most difficult and requires special and physical training and appropriate equipment.

Fig. 1 Classification of pedestrian routes

If you're new to hiking, it's best to start with weekend hikes. This is one of the most accessible and financially self-regulating forms of training and active recreation. Here you can gain experience.

Under no circumstances should you rush to immediately overcome long routes and conquer difficult mountain passes. Such a start for you can turn into torment, not relaxation. This is why it is so important to gain experience in simpler hikes.

To begin with, try your strengths and capabilities over short distances; over time, you will have the opportunity to diversify and complicate the routes. For people suffering from any chronic diseases, consultation with the attending physician is mandatory.

To master a hiking trip of each next category of difficulty, tourists must have experience participating in hikes of the previous category

Features of walking tourism

Since a large group of tourists is quite difficult to manage, tourist groups do not exceed 12 people (minimum 6 people). Pre-trip training is often carried out, weekend hikes are organized, as well as tourist competitions. These events are aimed at ensuring that hiking participants get to know each other better, which will certainly contribute to a healthy atmosphere in the group.

Particular attention should be paid to tourists’ equipment, first aid kits, and provisions. At the same time, do not forget about the weight of the backpack. It is advisable that the backpack be as light as possible, but not at the expense of important things during the trip.

On the eve of each major hike, it is necessary to draw up all route documents, determine control dates and points along the route, and register with the control and rescue service in the area of ​​the future hike. The route and qualification commission of the tourist club can help in organizing these moments. It is also necessary to have maps with detailed diagrams and detailed descriptions of the most complex and important route sections.

The success of the trip largely depends on the organizer. The group leader must be a demanding, authoritative person who has experience participating in a hike of this category and has experience leading hikes of previous categories.

When scheduling a hiking trip, days for rest and reserve time in case of bad weather should be taken into account. In the first days of the hike, it is not recommended to plan long treks and overcome difficult areas where significant physical exertion is required (for example, mountain passes). At the same time, it is also not worth leaving them until the end of the hiking trip, because at this time fatigue begins to appear, and the level of attention and reaction decreases. The most optimal and safest time for crossing is the morning, especially in mountainous areas. In forests it is advisable to use paths, even if the travel time increases. It is also better to cross the river in the morning at low water, in the place where it branches into several branches and flows more calmly.

In general, if a hiking trip is organized properly, and when exploring the route, all participants adhere to safety precautions, then the trip will turn out to be really interesting and safe.

Places in Crimea for hiking

Grand Canyon of Crimea

The Grand Canyon of Crimea is a large canyon on the Crimean peninsula. It was formed in Upper Jurassic massive (non-layered) limestones under the influence of water erosion about 1.5 - 2 million years ago at the site of a tectonic fracture. Located in the Crimean Mountains, 5 km southeast of the village. Sokoliny Bakhchisarai district of the Republic of Crimea. It is the northeastern border of the Ai-Petrinsky massif, the Boyka massif. The depth of the canyon exceeds 320 m, the length is 3.5 km, the width in some places does not exceed 3 m. The absolute height of the canyon bed is about 500-600 m.

As a result of water erosion, a canyon bed was formed, which is a depression with smooth walls along the sides, with piles of blocks and boulders at the bottom, with rapids (i.e. outcrops of harder rocks), waterfalls up to 3-4 meters high and with erosion cauldrons (so-called baths) up to 2.5 meters deep, wide on both sides and up to 10 m long. In total, there are more than 150 such boilers in the canyon.

The canyon is irrigated by numerous mountain streams, streams and springs (the largest of them, Pania, has an average annual water flow of 350 liters per second), which at the exit from the gorge merge into the Auzun-Uzen River.

The Grand Canyon of Crimea has a special microclimate, formed due to its geomorphological features and location. A distinctive feature of the microclimate of the canyon is a higher level of humidity and lower temperature levels compared to the surrounding area. The vegetation here develops with a delay of 3-4 weeks, in comparison with the surrounding forests. But during the Ice Age, the well-insulated canyon became a refuge for many heat-loving plants.

While traveling through the Grand Canyon you can see the Lady's slipper orchid, which is listed in the Red Book, rare species of fern and the only area of ​​relict yew in Crimea.

For those who want to admire a beautiful view, it is best to visit this place in spring or autumn. Well, if you are an amateur extreme recreation, then welcome to May or June. You can enjoy walking along the bottom of the canyon. At this time, the river that flows along the bottom of the gorge, Auzun-Uzen, becomes full-flowing. In some places the depth reaches the height of an adult. Therefore, your hike will not seem too easy or boring to you.

Aya ́ - a cape on the southern coast of Crimea, southeast of Balaklava, a coastal protrusion 13 kilometers long. The territory is subordinate to the Balaklava district of Sevastopol. Cape Aya limits South coast Crimea from the west. The name of the cape comes from the Greek word "ayos" ( Άγιος - saint, Άγια - holy).

The cape is a steep spur of the Main Range of the Crimean Mountains; The cape continues to the base of Mount Kush-Kaya. highest peak on Cape Aya there is the Kokia-Kia (“blue rock”) rock with a height of 558.5 meters. To the east of the cape is Laspinskaya Bay, and beyond it is Cape Laspi; to the west there is a small bay at the foot of the Asceti and Fortress mountains, then Cape George. The rocks that make up Cape Aya are composed of Upper Jurassic marble-like limestones. The mountain slopes are covered with relict Mediterranean woodlands.

At the top of the cape there is a giant funnel, and in it there is a picturesque covering of huge stones. Stones of various colors and shades: blue, green, red, light striped and dark speckled.

The beaches of Ayia are few and difficult to access, but, nevertheless, they are very popular among vacationers. They are loved for their clean, transparent sea, amazing landscape and colorful underwater world. A passenger boat runs from Balaklava to the two closest and largest beaches - Golden and Silver - in the summer. The rest need to be reached on foot for several hours through the mountains and through the forest, or you can hire a skiff - a local sea taxi. And the legendary beach of the Lost World tract is completely unattainable from land.

One of the parts of Ayazma, popularly nicknamed Figs, is distinguished by its beautiful beaches and cozy sea bays. The old-timers explain the interesting name of this area by the fact that one of the many rocks on the territory of Fig is very similar in shape to this exotic plant. Here, vacationers at Cape Aya in Crimea can climb to the top of a mountain called Ilyas-Kala and admire the ruins of the monastery of the same name that has survived to this day. Hiking Crimea

Cape Aya is part of the State Landscape Reserve "Cape Aya"

Kara ́- Yes ́ g - mountain-volcanic massif on the territory of the Feodosia City Council of Crimea, on the shores of the Black Sea. Maximum height - 577 m (Mount Holy). The name Kara-Dag is translated from Turkish and Crimean Tatar into Russian as “black mountain”.

Kara-Dag is the remains of a volcano that was active about 150 million years ago as a manifestation of Middle Jurassic volcanism. Kara-Dag is an isolated mountain range between the valley of the Otuzka River and the Koktebel Basin, located on the shores of the Black Sea. Main parts mountain range Kara-Dag: Coastal ridge stretching along the coast and the dome-shaped massif of the Holy Mountain located inland. The coastal ridge consists in turn of the Karagach, Khoba-Tepe, Magnitny and Kok-Kaya ridges. On the northwestern slope of the Holy Mountain there is another peak - Small Karadag. Of great interest are the bizarre coastal rock formations, including the Shaitan-kapu rocks (Devil's, or Golden Gate), Devil's Finger, Ivan the Robber, Leo, etc.

Interesting Facts:

Previously, the Golden Gate was called Sheitan-Kapu (Crimean Catholicate. şeytan qapu - damn gate). It was believed that somewhere there, among the rocks, there was an entrance to the underworld. Currently, the rock is perceived only positively, which is reflected in the modern name Golden Gate. When the sun sets and you get a good angle, they look just like gold... Passing through the arch of the Golden Gate on a small boat promises the fulfillment of your deepest desire. The bottom is strewn with coins - which tourists willingly throw.

There is a legend about a certain “Karadag monster” living in the sea at the foot of the massif

Scientists tried for a very long time to find the crater of the volcano, but without finding it, they came to the conclusion that it does not exist, or rather there are many of them. This is a group volcano.

Conclusion

Considering the natural resources of Crimea, I came to the conclusion that, due to its uniqueness and uniqueness, the natural potential for the development of tourism in our lands is very high. Mountains, canyons, lost worlds with their unique microclimate, fauna and flora - all this contributes to the development of hiking tourism.

But when going on a hike, a tourist must carefully think through his route, the necessary equipment, understand the technique of overcoming obstacles and sensibly assess his strength.

Walking tourism is a great way to travel when minimum costs, which brings a lot of positive emotions and impressions, and also brings people together.

Bibliography

Popchikovsky V. Yu. Organization and conduct tourist trips- M: Profizdat, 1987.

Grand Canyon of Crimea [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org /wiki/Grand_Canyon_(Crimea). (Access date: 10/12/2014)

Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Aya. (Access date: 10/12/2014)

Wikipedia [Electronic resource]. URL: ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Dag. (Access date: 10/12/2014)

Features of pedestrian tourism [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.technostartravel.com/o-peshehodnom-turizme/osobennosti-peshexodnogo.html. (Access date: 10/12/2014)

All about hiking

Long, vigorous walking, usually on trails (footpaths), in rural areas in Canada and the United States is most often called hiking, while the word "walking" is used for short, mostly urban walks. However, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, the word "walking" is acceptable to describe all forms of movement, be it a walk in the park or mountain climbing. The word "tourism" is also often used in the UK, along with others (rambling, hillwalking, fell walking). In New Zealand, long, vigorous walking or hiking is called "tramping". This is a popular form of physical activity. There are many all over the world tourism organizations, and research shows that all forms of walking have health benefits.

Basic types of walking

In the United States, Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom, “hiking” refers to outdoor walking on paths or rough terrain for recreational purposes. A day hike is a hike that can be completed in one day. At the same time, in the United Kingdom the word "walking" is also used, along with "traveling" (rambling), when walking in mountainous areas is called "hillwalking". IN Northern England, including in Yorkshire and the Lake District, walks in the hills and mountains are called "hill walks".

Tourism sometimes involves bush clearing. This particularly applies to difficult hikes through dense forest, underbrush, or bushes where vegetation must be cleared from the road in order to progress. In cases where the vegetation is so dense that it is impossible for a person to pass through, a machete is used. The Australian term "bushwalking" refers to both walking on paths and over rough terrain. New Zealanders use the words "tramping" (especially for overnight hikes), "walking" or "bushwalking" to define walking. For description multi-day hikes in the mountainous regions of India, Nepal, Pakistan, North America, South America, Iran and high mountain areas East Africa The word "trekking" is often used. Hiking long distances with a known starting and ending point are also called “trekking” (thru-hiking). In North America, multi-day hikes, usually with tents, are called backpacking.

History of Hiking

The idea of ​​walking through the countryside for pleasure first appeared in the 18th century, and it arose from a change in attitudes towards nature that was associated with the advent of the Romantic movement. Previously, walking was mainly associated with wandering.

Sports tourism in the UK

Thomas West, an English clergyman, popularized the idea of ​​walking for pleasure in his 1778 guide to the Lake District. In the preface he wrote that he wants

so that people enjoy visiting the lakes, and for this purpose he provides the traveler with a guidebook; it contains and describes the places that travelers who recently visited here and the author himself liked most.

To this end, he described various places near the lake from which tourists could enjoy scenic views. The book was published in 1778 and was a huge success.

Another famous lover of walking for pleasure was the English poet William Wordsworth. In 1790 he began a tour of France, Switzerland and Germany. This journey was later described in his autobiographical poem "Prelude" (1850). The poet was inspired to write his famous poem "Tintern Abbey" by visiting the Wye Valley while traveling through Wales in 1798 with his sister Dorothy Wordsworth. Wordsworth's friend Coleridge was another supporter of walking, and in the autumn of 1799 he and Wordsworth undertook a three-week tour of the Lake District. John Keats, who belonged to the next generation of Romantic poets, began a walking tour of Scotland, Ireland and the Lake District with his friend Charles Armitage Browne in June 1818.

More and more people began to go on walking tours throughout the 19th century. The most famous of these is Robert Louis Stevenson's journey with his donkey through the Cevennes in France, later described in his Travels with a Donkey (1879). Stevenson also published the essay "Walking Routes" in 1876. In the next 20th century, many works in the genre appeared travel notes, which later became classics. An example of early American literature that describes a long walking tour is A Thousand Miles to the Bay (1916) by naturalist John Muir, which recounts his long journey in 1867 to study plants.

Due to industrialization in England, people began to move to big cities, where they often had to live in cramped conditions and unsanitary conditions. To distract themselves, many went to wander outside the city. But land in England, particularly around the urban areas of Manchester and Sheffield, was privately owned and trespassing was illegal. Soon, “walking clubs” began to appear in the north of the country, which began to seek the legal “right to wander.” One of the first was the Sunday Ramblers club, founded by Leslie White in 1879. The first state organization, the Federation of Walking Clubs, was formed in London in 1905 under the patronage of a peer.

Attempts to legislate the "right to roam" across private lands were made periodically by Parliament from 1884 to 1932, without much success. Finally, in 1932, the Rambler's Right Movement carried out a mass trespass on the Kinder Scout plateau in Derbyshire. Despite attempts on the part of the police to prevent this passage, it was successfully carried out due to mass publicity. However, the Mountain Access Bill, passed in 1939, was not passed by many organizations, including The Ramblers, who felt that it did not sufficiently protect their rights, and ultimately account it was cancelled.

Following the Second World War, attempts to achieve access to land led to the National Parks and Countryside Access Act in 1949, followed in 1951 by the creation of Britain's first national park, the Peak District. Creation of this and others national parks gave everyone the opportunity to walk in the fresh air. The Countryside and Right to Travel Act, passed in 2000, significantly expanded the rights of walkers in England and Wales.

Sports tourism in the USA

One of the first in the United States to show interest in hiking was Abel Crawford with his son Ethan. They cleared a trail leading to the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire in 1819. This 8.5-mile trail is the oldest active hiking trail in the United States. The influences of British and European Romanticism manifested themselves in North America through the Transcendentalism movement. Its representatives, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-82) and Henry David Thoreau (1817-62), greatly influenced the popularization of walking in North America. Among Thoreau's outdoor and hiking writings is the posthumously published "A Walk" (1862). His earlier essay "A Walk to Mount Wachusett" (1842) describes his and a companion's four-day trek from Concord, Massachusetts to the summit of Mount Wachusett. , Princeton, Massachusetts and back. In 1876, America's first organization was created to protect hiking trails and mountains in the northeastern United States - the Appalachian Club.

Scottish-born American naturalist John Muir (1838 -1914) was another US wildlife advocate of the time. He helped Congress pass the National Parks Act in 1890, which created Yosemite and Sequoia parks. The Sierra Club, which he founded, is one of the largest environmental organizations in the United States. The love of nature and enthusiasm expressed in his writings inspired many, including presidents and congressmen, to take action to preserve large areas of untouched nature. Today Muir is called the "Father of National Parks." In 1916, the National Park Service was created to protect national parks and monuments.

In 1921, forester Benton McKay came up with the idea of ​​creating America's first national hiking trail, the Appalachian Trail. It was implemented in August 1937, and runs from Sugarloaf Mountain in Maine to Georgia. The Pacific Crest Trail was first explored in the 1930s by a tourist group called the YMCA (Young Men’s Christian Association). It now runs from the Mexican border to the Canadian border.

International routes for tourism

Currently, long-distance hiking is very popular. For this purpose, tourists often use national tourist routes, including the National Walking Trails of England and Wales, System national trails USA. "The Great Walk" (Grande Randonnée) in France, the Great Route (Grote Routepaden) in Holland, Big route(Grande Rota) in Portugal, the Great Walk (Gran Recorrido) in Spain are a network of walking paths in Europe. There are extensive networks of long hiking trails in other European countries, as well as in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Nepal. Other Asian countries, Turkey, Israel, Jordan also have networks of hiking trails, but not as extensive. IN Austrian Alps, Slovenia, Switzerland, Germany, France and Italy, walking tours are often organized “house-to-house”, using an extensive system of mountain huts.

Since the end of the 20th century there has been an increase in the number of official and unofficial routes long distance. It is now easier for tourists to use existing trail systems than to organize their own excursion route. The oldest examples of interurban paths are the Appalachian Mountain Trails in the USA and the Pennine Way in the UK. Some travelers view the pilgrimage routes as tourist routes, for example the North Downs Way is very close to the Pilgrimage Way to Canterbury.

The time required for a hike can be estimated using Naismith's rule or Tobler's hiking function.

Walking Equipment

The list of things needed for a hike depends on its duration, but even for short walks, tourists take at least water, food, a map of the area and waterproof clothing. Climbers typically wear durable hiking boots for mountain walking and hiking - they are comfortable for long walks and offer good foot protection. The Mountaineering Club has developed a list of ten essential items for hiking. It includes a compass, trekking poles, sunglasses, sunscreen, flashlight, first aid kit, flint and knife. Other organizations also recommend hats, gloves, insect repellent, and a thermal blanket. A GPS navigation device will also be useful, and route maps can be used as a guide.

Proponents of backpacking "light" argue that a large number of necessary items for multi-day hikes increases the weight of the backpack, and therefore fatigue, and the likelihood of injury. Instead, they recommend reducing the weight of the pack to make long-distance backpacking easier. Even the use of hiking boots for long hikes is controversial among "ultralight" hikers, due to their weight.

Environmental impact

Large numbers of tourists can cause serious harm to nature if they do not take care of it. For example, constant deforestation can deprive an alpine area of ​​valuable nutrients and have dire consequences. Some species of animals, such as martens and bighorn sheep, are very sensitive to the presence of person, especially during the mating season. Protected areas typically have rules designed to protect the environment and minimize harm. Such rules include a ban on lighting fires in the forest, setting up tents only in designated areas, removing garbage and waste, and limiting the number of tourists. Many travelers subscribe to the Leave No Trace philosophy, meaning they take cleaning up their litter, food waste and other environmental impacts very seriously.

Garbage and waste left by travelers cause great harm to nature; they can pollute water bodies and cause illness to other tourists. To reduce the risk of bacterial contamination, it is recommended to make so-called "Cat Pits" 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 inches) deep, depending on the local soil composition, and bury them after use. Such pits should be made no closer than 60 meters (200 feet) from reservoirs and springs.

Fire is a particular source of danger, and even one traveler can cause enormous damage to an ecosystem. For example, in 2005, a Czech tourist caused 7% of burnout National Park Torres del Paine in Chile, knocking over an alcohol burner.

Travel etiquette

Sometimes travelers' actions cause inconvenience to other people nearby. To minimize conflicts, the so-called tourist etiquette was developed. His general rules are:

When two groups of tourists meet on a steep path, the group going uphill has the right of first passage.

Many tourists find it difficult to constantly walk at a speed higher than their own. This increases fatigue and can lead to injury. But if the group consists of fast and slow tourists, slow travelers may fall behind or get lost. Therefore, as a rule, slower tourists go ahead, setting the pace for the entire group. There is also a rule for experienced travelers to close the chain of travelers to make sure that everything is in order in the group.

Climbers try to avoid shouting or talking loudly, and using cell phones or music. However, in countries where bears are found, tourists use noise as a precaution by using whistles or bells.

Tourists try not to change anything in the lands through which they travel. This can be done by following established routes, not picking up plants, and picking up trash after yourself. The Leave No Trace movement suggests adhering to the following principles when hiking: “Leave only footprints. Take only photos. Kill only time. Keep only memories.”

Feeding wild animals is dangerous. This can cause harm to both animals and people.

Hiking rules

During a hike, you can find yourself in a dangerous area, become a victim of inclement weather, get lost, or one of the tourists may experience an exacerbation of a chronic disease. Hazards, accidents or illnesses that tourists encounter include, for example, diarrhea, one of the most common diseases affecting tourists in the United States.

Potential dangers also include dehydration, frostbite, hypothermia, sunburn, sunstroke, as well as injuries such as ankle sprains and fractures.

Be aware of potential hazards such as attacks from animals (mammals (such as bears), reptiles (such as snakes), or insects) or contact with poisonous plants that can cause a rash (such as poison ivy, poison oak, stinging nettle). In some places you should be wary of attacks from other people. Lightning is also a threat, especially at higher elevations.

Traveling in glaciers is potentially dangerous due to possible cracks. Giant cracks in the ice can sometimes be hidden under the snow. To cross a glacier, ropes, crampons and ice axes are usually required. Deep, fast-moving rivers pose another danger. To cross them, as a rule, ropes are needed.

In some countries, borders may not be well marked. In 2009, three Americans were arrested in Iran for traveling across the border between Iran and Iraq. It is also illegal to cross the border into the US from Canada while hiking on the Pacific Crest Trail. However, the transition from south to north is much easier, and can be done if the Canadian Border Service will take certain measures. In the Schengen area, which includes most EU countries and associate members such as Switzerland and Norway, there are no barriers to crossing along the way.

Types of hiking

Dog tourism is hiking with dogs wearing equipment.

Traveling by llama walking in the polar regions.

“Climbing” is “non-technical” rock climbing/mountaineering, or “technical” hiking.

Water trips

Waterfalling is a well-known type of hiking, hiking with the goal of finding waterfalls and enjoying their grandeur and beauty.

Sports tourism competitions

Cross-country ski racing is a form of travel on skis.

Hill running - In England and Wales this is running over rough mountainous terrain, often off-road. In Scotland and Ireland it is called "hill running". This sport is similar to mountain running.

Hiding places is a treasure hunting game.

Orienteering is a sport that involves finding your way with a map and compass.

Hiking to the tops of the mountains.

River trekking is a combination of trekking and mountaineering, and sometimes river rafting.

Rogaining is long-distance hiking over rough terrain.

Hiking in deep snow.

"Pioneers" - known as "Breaking the Way" in Europe.