Tourism as a process is carried out in the form of travel. Depending on how the region of travel of a tourist correlates with the citizenship of this tourist, tourism can be divided into three types:

  • - domestic tourism: travel of citizens of a given country within the same country;
  • - outbound tourism: travel of citizens of a given country outside that country;
  • - inbound tourism: travel within a given country by citizens of other countries.

Any tourist, planning to go on a trip, sets himself a certain goal or several goals. Such goals can be: - rest; - treatment; - getting to know something in the travel area /culture, history, architecture, art, customs of the people, etc./; - entertainment; - overcoming natural obstacles; - study of any branch of knowledge /foreign language, cultural monuments, etc./; - solving business issues; - satisfaction of religious needs; - protection and conservation of nature; - visiting places where you spent your childhood; - to celebrate a wedding or other event in an unconventional way, and so on.

Depending on the purpose of travel, tourism can be divided into several types.

There is no single generally accepted register of types of tourism. This is due both to the emergence of new species from time to time, and to different interpretations of the types and subtypes of tourism by tour operators and tourism theorists.

Without pretending to be comprehensive, we will highlight the basic structure of types of tourism.

In each of the three indicated types of tourism, there are two main types of tourism - recreational tourism, the main goal of which is rest and restoration of human vitality (physical, mental), and educational tourism, aimed at satisfying intellectual, moral, aesthetic needs, acquiring new experience , knowledge, etc.

Each of these types of tourism combines several subtypes.

RECREATIONAL TOURISM:

  • - resort and health
  • - medical and recreational
  • - sporty

EDUCATIONAL TOURISM:

  • - excursion tourism
  • - educational tours
  • - scientific tourism

In addition to these main types of tourism, there are other types of tourism that differ in goals:

  • - business (or business tourism)
  • - entertaining
  • - environmental
  • - specialized tourism (tours based on interests)

In turn, some of the listed species include certain varieties:

RESORT AND HEALTH TOURISM:

  • - holidays at sea resorts
  • - recreation on the lakes
  • - holiday in the mountains

MEDICAL AND HEALTH TOURISM (rest and possible treatment):

  • - at thermal resorts
  • - relaxation in SPA
  • - at thalasso resorts
  • - at mineral (salt) resorts
  • - at mud resorts
  • - at radon resorts (radon springs and radon caves)
  • - at climatic resorts (health improvement under the influence of air

and climate)

ENTERTAINMENT TOURISM. EVENT TOURISM:

  • - weekend tours
  • - trips to sporting events as a fan
  • - trips to concerts
  • - trips to festivals, carnivals

SPORTS TOURISM:

  • - route (water / rafting and kayaking/, mountain, speleological, walking, cycling, skiing, combined - combining several types of sports tourism)
  • - stationary (practicing any sport during vacation: ski tours, golf, diving, mountaineering)

EXCURSION TOURISM:

  • - stationary
  • - route (bus)
  • - cruises

STUDY TOURS:

  • - language classes
  • - sports training camps
  • - business trainings, etc.

BUSINESS TOURISM /its goals: solving issues related to the business engaged in by the person going on such tours/:

  • - trips to conferences, exhibitions, seminars, business meetings
  • - incentive tourism (incentive tours)

Let us describe in some detail the most widespread subtypes of tourism.

Resort and health tourism.

This is the most widespread type of tourism, because wellness holiday every person needs. Even adherents excursion tourism Those who are constantly striving for new knowledge and impressions, or lovers of sports tourism, need a wellness vacation at least once every few years.

In world practice, the concept of a resort (Kurort - healing place, area) implies both relaxation and health improvement, i.e. resort services. In Russia, this concept often means balneological (sea, mountain) or mineral resorts.

In the broadest sense of the word, a resort area is an area with good ecology and favorable climatic conditions, located in a picturesque area and possessing healing natural factors: healing climate, mineral springs, salt, dirt, etc.

Resort and health tour programs are aimed at providing maximum opportunities for relaxation at the resort: maximum free time, ample opportunities for activities various types sports, a fairly wide range of additional services (excursions, concerts, etc.)

The programs of medical and health tours are varied, but there are general specific requirements for organizing just such tours. When creating such a tourism product, it is necessary to remember that it is being made for people who want not only to relax, but also to improve their health. Therefore, health tour programs are built taking into account the fact that a significant part of the time should be allocated to medical and health procedures. If such tours include excursion program, it should not be saturated. When organizing leisure programs, it is necessary to give preference to events such as competitions, dance evenings, quizzes, etc., as well as hobby activities that allow you to diversify your leisure time. Sports programs are allowed in the form of easy walks around the surrounding area, simple sports competitions, aerobics, shaping, swimming, etc. It is recommended to create resort and tourist complexes in resort areas that are preferred for family holidays, allowing healthy family members to engage in sports and tourism , and those in need of treatment to receive treatment and rest. Meals on health tours should have dietary options.

Entertaining tours.

The not entirely apt name (for lack of a more suitable one) hides a variety of tours that are becoming increasingly popular. It’s easier to characterize them with the slogan “Escape from everyday life.” The most common entertainment tours are “weekend tours”. Their essence is that a sharp change in the environment, even for a short time, gives a powerful charge of energy and restores strength well. Their main goal, naturally, is entertainment during a tourist trip. Excursions are usually provided at a minimum. More attention is paid to evening entertainment events. These same tours include trips as fans to competitions, trips to various festivals, holidays dedicated to any events, phenomena, etc.

Sports tourism.

Clients of sports tourism are people with an active lifestyle, sports fans (not professional athletes), who want to engage in their chosen sport while traveling and entrust the organization of this to travel companies and enterprises. This group of tours includes specialized tours dedicated to sports activities, separated into special programs, and, accordingly, into separate segments of demand. These are the most common specific sports tours.

The purpose of sports tours can be defined as unity with nature in overcoming obstacles.

Sports tours are divided into route and stationary or local, i.e. passing in one place. This is due to the specifics of the chosen sport. The package of services on such tours, of course, is focused on a specific sport. However, there are also general requirements for organizing sports tours.

For example, the presence of appropriate natural conditions is necessary. Ski tourism requires the presence of mountains with suitable slopes of varying difficulty; for rafting - availability mountain rivers with interesting sections and water obstacles of varying degrees of difficulty, the possibility of convenient entry and exit from the route, etc.

The material base (hotels, transport, sports equipment) should also be focused on sports recreation and for a specific sport. Organizers ski tours must provide the opportunity to use ski lifts, specially equipped trails, as well as the possibility of renting tourist equipment. Sports hotels are selected. Very desirable Additional services relaxation that relieves stress after sports: baths, saunas, swimming pools, massage services, etc.

The material base of route tours usually involves tourists staying in the wild and, accordingly, living in tents, cooking over a fire or primus stove, tourists having special clothing, shoes, equipment, as well as certain physical and technical training. When organizing sports tours, a fundamental condition is the availability of qualified and experienced instructors in the relevant sport.

Hiking athletes do not always turn to the services of professional travel organizers, preferring to organize everything themselves. Because of this, in our country they are often called “amateur tourists.” At the same time, there is a certain segment of sports and hiking tours organized for a wide range of consumers by professional tourism organizations. These are walking, water, horseback riding, cycling, mountain, skiing, speleo and various similar tours.

Educational excursion tourism.

The educational tourism market is also quite wide; it is not limited to any age characteristics of tourists. Every person, to a greater or lesser extent, is interested in the new, unusual, and unknown.

There are two main types of educational tours:

  • - stationary tours with tourists staying in one city, tourist center;
  • - route tours visiting several cities, countries, regions.

Sea and river cruises with excursion programs can be considered as a separate specific type of educational tourism.

When organizing route tours, a special schedule for visiting the planned points is developed, the duration of stay in them depending on the quantity and quality of attractions.

Educational tours have a lot of thematic varieties: historical, architectural, geographical, natural history, literary, theatrical, ethnographic, folklore, etc. The program is built depending on the topic. But if we are not talking about a group with highly specialized interests, then, as a rule, a certain symbiosis of objects and topics covering different areas is created. The main role in such programs is played by excursion, educational and cultural (museums, architectural monuments) events aimed at satisfying the aesthetic, moral and cognitive needs of tourists.

In stationary tours, tourists often have the opportunity to choose an accommodation category - hotels from 2* to 5* (1* hotels are, as a rule, not offered on the Russian market). On route tours, all tourists in each city are usually accommodated in the same hotel. Their category is determined by the tour operator and adapted to the general price level of the tour.

Business tourism

Tourist trips for business purposes (business travel) have recently acquired enormous scope.

Business tourism covers a wide range of trips:

  • - individual business trips for employees of corporations and companies for the purpose of negotiations, participation in production meetings, presentations, sales activities, etc.;
  • - congress services - trips to congresses, conferences, seminars;
  • - exhibition services - exhibitions, fairs, exchanges;
  • - incentive tourism (incentive) is a form of encouragement by companies for their employees in the form of organizing a free tourist trip for them;
  • - servicing delegations - trips to team sports competitions, tours, trips of official delegations.

Business tourism is one of the most highly profitable and promising types of travel, which is characterized by high and stable growth and relative resistance to the effects of economic, political, climatic, weather and other factors. Its important feature is that the customer, as a rule, is a company or corporation. Therefore, business tourism is most often carried out in the form of corporate tourism. In addition, congress tourism has two great advantages for the tour operator over other types of travel: - tours to congresses and exhibitions usually take place in the off-season, which makes it easier to work with the hotel base; - reservations for congress participants are made long before the event.

Incentive tourism - this term refers to the currently dynamically developing incentive tourism, which is a modern means of encouraging employees of firms and enterprises in order to further increase employee productivity. Companies consider tourist trips as one of the most effective means of rewarding employees at various levels. Experts note that incentive tourism has a great future; it will become the most important form of employee incentives. Attracting tourists traveling on incentive tours is one of the most important tasks of travel companies and hotels, since this category of tourists brings high income.

Ecological tourism.

According to experts from the World tourism organization(UNWTO), ecotourism is travel to places with relatively untouched nature and well-preserved cultural and historical heritage for the purpose of studying and preserving them. Ecotourism creates conditions under which conservation environment and rational use natural resources become economically beneficial for local population.

Specialized tourism.

This type of tourism includes everything that does not fall under the previously described types. These are, for example, pilgrimage and religious tours in which a person satisfies his religious needs. These are nostalgic tours in which a person goes to visit places with which he has important memories and impressions. This also includes wedding, fishing, hunting, and prison tours. Market specialized tours constantly replenished, as over time a person develops new needs.

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Books

  • Specific types of tourism and features of their organization, K.A. Ashashtina, M.N. Solntseva, A.I. Shchukin. The collective monograph examines for the first time the specific features of the organization of wedding and ufological tourism, and gives the basic definitions of these types of tourism. Publication format: 150…
  • Special types of tourism, Dmitry Savin. The textbook discusses methodological problems in the classification and definition of special types of tourism, identifying their varieties and features. Special attention is paid to this…

Currently, there are many classifications of tourism. However, one of the main ones is the classification of tourism depending on the needs of travelers. The tourist himself is an active or passive subject of tourism activity. Tourist activities have changed over time from traditional types associated with culture, sports, to the latest, such as adventure tourism, rural tourism, etc. But more and more new species are constantly appearing.

So, let's look at the main types of tourism according to needs.

Cultural and educational tourism. It is based on the tourist’s need to expand his cultural horizons. This type of tourism introduces cultural values. At the same time, the tourist receives knowledge without coercion, of his own choice.

Cultural and educational activities can be grouped as follows:

A) getting to know different historical, architectural or cultural eras by visiting architectural monuments, museums, historical routes, etc.;
b) visiting cultural or artistic performances: music, cinema or theaters, concerts, exhibitions;
c) attending lectures, seminars, foreign language courses.

Sports tourism. There are 2 types of sports tourism: active and passive. When active, the basis is the need to engage in some kind of sport. When passive, it is interest in the sport, observation.

Sports tourism is a traditional form of activity. New forms of sports tourism have significantly revitalized it recently.

This type of tourism includes the following sports activities:

1. Water tourism, is an active form of activity known since ancient times in countries with water resources. Recently, with the emergence of new modern forms, it has been on the rise. This refers to the use of various types of vessels (sailing or motorized), which are purchased by tourists or rented. The main infrastructure of this type of tourism is the sports port.

2. Winter sport. The practice of winter sports is a traditional tourism activity. It has varieties: alpine skiing, skiing, sledding, etc. As a rule, winter tourism is based on mountain winter stations.

3. Hunting and fishing. Activities related to hunting and fishing are a traditional form of tourism. However, it is carried out according to certain rules. A special license or permit is required. Hunting and fishing depend on geographical location, time of year and relevant permits and prohibitions aimed at preserving certain species of animals and fish.

One of the hunting options is a safari in reserves in Africa. It should be noted that these 2 types of sports tourism are quite specific and have their own adherents.

4. Golf is another type of sports tourism. The practice of this type of tourism originated in the UK and then spread to other countries around the world, mainly in Europe and the USA. It should be noted that sports tourism must have a wide infrastructure. It includes rental points for sports equipment, service areas: locker rooms, technical services; the presence of special facilities: fields, courts, swimming pools, skating rinks, etc. Due to the increased risk and risk of injury, the presence of medical stations is expected. In addition, an additional service area is also needed, including accommodation, food, shops, discos, etc.

Adventure tourism. Adventure tourism can be divided into two parts: adventure sports and adventure travel.

1. Adventure sports. Currently, in addition to traditional sports, new types associated with adventure have emerged and are included in tourism activities.

Among them are:

Balloon tourism (travel in a hot air balloon);
- rock climbing;
- descent along stormy rivers - rafting;
- water skiing;
- windsurfing;
- travel on horses, motorcycles, bicycles across the plains and mountains;
- parachute descent in the mountains or into the sea;
- diving;
- snowmobiling, jet skiing.

2. Adventure travel, or adventure tourism consists not only of sporting activities with a greater or lesser degree of risk, but also of various types of travel, the routes of which take place in difficult geographical or natural conditions. For example: Amazon River, Sahara Desert, Himalaya Mountains, etc. In addition, the possible difficulties of the route may depend on vehicles, places of accommodation (accommodation), and type of food.

Tourist areas in which adventure tourism is especially popular are African savannas and deserts, mountainous areas South America and Asia.

Business tourism. These are trips for the purpose of establishing or maintaining contacts with business partners. Business tourism covers travel for business purposes without generating income at the place of business. In contrast to leisure trips, the decision to travel on a business trip is, as a rule, made not by the tourists themselves, but by other persons (boss)

Business tourism is directly related to big cities, where industry, trade, science and culture mainly develop. The largest cities in which these meetings and business negotiations take place are Paris, London, Frankfurt am Main, Rome, Amsterdam, Madrid, Geneva, Barcelona.

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) includes business tourism as trips to participate in congresses, general meetings of any organization of a diplomatic or other nature, conferences, industrial seminars and meetings, fairs, exhibitions and international salons, etc.

The WTO includes business tourists as truck drivers, commercial agents, flight attendants, tour guides and others who are constantly traveling and performing their professional duties outside the usual environment. All of them can be rightfully considered tourists at work.

However, business tourism is often divided into business trips; congress and exhibition; incentive tourism(from the English incentive - stimulating, encouraging).

Convention and exhibition tourism- these are tours for the purpose of participating in various events (meetings, congresses). The intensive development of this type of tourism has led to the creation of a number of organizations completely specialized in international events (“International Union of Congress Organizers”). Carrying out such events requires special preparation. Since the service includes both the provision of direct tourism services (accommodation, meals, excursions, transfers) and specific ones. It is necessary to provide a large volume of services that go beyond traditional ones: registration of congress participants, translation services, technical support, production of a large volume of printed materials (booklets, catalogs, etc.)

Incentive tourism represents trips with which the company rewards its employees for high performance in their work. Of course, productive work can also be stimulated with the help of a cash bonus. But, as practice shows, tourist trip carries with it a much stronger incentive to perform better. This form of labor encouragement has proven itself especially well in insurance and banking companies, and in trading enterprises. The results of a survey conducted among UK commercial firms showed that more than 90% of them recognize the high effectiveness of the incentive and intend to use it in the future. Unlike mass tours, incentive programs are developed for a specific corporate customer and, as a rule, involve high-quality accommodation and service along the route. And although “award” tourists make up only 5-7% of the total tourist flow, the share of incentives in countries’ tourism income is much larger. This is explained by the high cost of incentive programs compared to regular tours.

Curative (medical) tourism. It is based on the need to treat various diseases. Medical tourism has several varieties, characterized by different means of influencing the human body (climate therapy; sea therapy; milk therapy). Often, several types of influence can be used simultaneously during treatment.

One of the types of medical tourism is balneological tourism, known since ancient times, which is associated with thermal and healing waters. Currently, mud therapy and thalassotherapy (algae wrap using mineral water) are actively developing.

Introduction

Tourism is a phenomenon known to everyone. At all times, our planet has been crossed by numerous travelers and pioneers. But only recently tourism has emerged as a specific form of human activity. Each of us imagines tourism as an industry that is more or less known, since we have all traveled somewhere and spent holidays away from home. Tourism is a relatively young phenomenon, which, however, has roots going back to ancient times.

We entered the market economy at a time when significant changes in relation to tourism had already taken place in the international market. Tourism throughout the world has become one of the most significant economic sectors, and for some developing countries - the basis of their existence (Thailand, Cyprus, Malaysia, etc.).

Tourism is now one of the most dynamic sectors of both the Russian and world economies. Tourism also means tourism enterprises, primarily the activities of tourism organizers and intermediaries. Today, the number of travel companies has increased greatly, and fierce competition forces them to occupy their niches in the market. There are companies that deal with individual countries or destinations, and there are companies that work only to receive tourists. There are those that work with groups, and those that organize trips on an individual basis. There are tour operators who fully organize trips and offer ready-made routes to other travel agencies at a discount, and there are travel agents who act as intermediaries between the tour operator and the client. Travel agents receive information about various tours, from which they select the one the client needs and the most affordable one.

Definition of tourism

Is it possible to unambiguously answer the question of what such a concept as “tourism” includes? For some, tourism is associated with kilometers traveled along untrodden paths, with a tent, with songs around the fire; for others, it is trips along historical places, for others – travel around foreign countries. And they are all right, because tourism is extremely diverse.

Tourism is a type of travel and covers the circle of people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment, for the purpose of recreation, business or other purposes. At first glance, the concept of “tourism” is accessible to each of us, since we have all traveled somewhere, read articles about tourism in newspapers, watched TV shows about travel, and, when planning our vacation, used the advice and services of travel agencies. However, for scientific and educational purposes, it is very important to determine the relationships between the constituent elements of tourism as a branch of the national economy. Although in the process of tourism development various interpretations of this concept have appeared, the following criteria are of particular importance in determining this phenomenon:

1. Change of location. In this case we are talking about a trip that takes place to a place outside the usual environment. However, persons who travel daily between home and their place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, since these trips do not go beyond their usual environment.

2. Stay somewhere else. The main condition here is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence. In addition, it should not be related to work activity (wages). This nuance should be taken into account, because the behavior of a person engaged in labor activity differs from the behavior of a tourist and cannot be classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers should not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who is staying or planning to stay for one year or more in a particular place is considered a permanent resident for tourism purposes and therefore cannot be called a tourist.

3. Payment of labor from a source at the location visited. The essence of this criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be to carry out an activity paid for from a source in the place visited. Any person who enters a country for work remunerated from a source in that country is considered a migrant and not a tourist of that country. This applies not only to international tourism, but also to tourism within one country. Every person who travels to another place within the same country (or to another country) to carry out an activity remunerated from a source in that place (country) is not considered a tourist of that place.

These three criteria, which form the basis for the definition of tourism, are basic. At the same time, there are special categories of tourists for whom these criteria are still insufficient - these are refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.

Analysis of the above features, characteristics and criteria allows us to identify the following characteristics of tourism:

Business trips, as well as travel for the purpose of spending free time, are moving outside the usual place of residence and work. If a resident of a city moves around it for the purpose of making purchases, then he is not a tourist, since he does not leave his functional place;

Tourism is not only an important sector of the economy, but also an important part of people's lives. It covers the relationship of a person with his external environment.

Hence, tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activities.

Characteristics and features of types of tourism

As a feature that allows you to classify travel by types of tourism, motivational factors can be used. With this classification, one should proceed from the main motive that prompted the person to go on a trip. Although the motives are not always determined unambiguously, it is still possible to distinguish six types of tourism in the system of its management.

Tourism for recreational purposes. This type consists of a short or longer rest for the purpose of physical or psychological recovery of the body. In addition, this group also includes resort holiday, in which the natural properties of the soil, climate and sea water are used for treatment or restoration of strength.

Tourism for the purpose of studying culture. Tourism, focused on understanding a foreign culture, is divided into educational and pilgrimage. Educational tourism includes visits to historical, cultural or geographical attractions. Tourists traveling for educational purposes are most often interested in the social and economic relations of the countries they visit. The purpose of pilgrimage tourism is to visit places of special religious significance.

Community tourism. Public tourism includes trips to visit relatives, acquaintances, friends (in international terminology known as visitingfriendsandrelatives -VFR), as well as club tourism. Club tourism is distinguished by the fact that travelers are consciously integrated into groups. Grouping occurs when there is an entertainment or sports program that interests people.

Sports tourism. Sports tourism includes trips for the purpose of active participation in sports events, as well as trips that are passive in nature to participate in sports competitions.

Example of active participation in sports: Mrs. L. goes to the Carpathians to go skiing; passive participation: a football fan goes to all the biggest competitions of his football club.

Economic tourism - trips made out of professional and commercial interest: visiting stock exchanges, exhibitions, fairs, etc.

Congress (political) tourism is divided into diplomatic tourism, participation in congresses, as well as tourism associated with political events and activities.

Example of diplomatic tourism: members of the Russian Parliament travel to the city of M. to take part in parliamentary meetings; tourism associated with political events: Mrs. V. sympathizes with the political trends of a certain party in Moscow. She attends the party's congress.

Sometimes the need to specify tourism in its forms arises in connection with different durations of travel (long and short trips). In this case, the length of stay during the trip was chosen as the main criterion for such classification. If journeys differ according to such external criteria as length of stay, then we can say that these trips belong to various forms of tourism. There are many opportunities to distinguish forms of tourism according to external criteria: by the origin of tourists; by organizational form; by length of stay on the trip; according to the age; by vehicles; by time of year or season.

At first glance, it may seem that there is not much difference between the forms and types of tourism. In both cases, trips are grouped based on certain points of view. The difference is that types of tourism differ in the motivation of travelers, i.e., according to internal factors, and forms of tourism - according to external reasons and influences, which is very important for management.

Forms of tourism depending on the origin of tourists. Depending on the origin of travelers, tourism is divided into domestic and international. In this case, the word "origin" does not refer to a person's nationality or place of birth, but to his place of residence and work.

Forms of tourism depending on its organization (organizational form). Depending on the form of organization, a distinction is made between lump-sum tourism (providing a range of services for one cost) and individual tourism. A lump sum tour is a standardized, pre-organized set of tourist services. Individual tour has the peculiarities that the tourist organizes and carries out it independently. Such tours are also called single, but this does not mean that you need to travel alone, because you can travel with your family, and the trip is called solo.

Concept "individual tourism" most often contrasted with the concept "mass tourism". Mass tourism originally meant that many people participated in tourism. Over time, this concept acquired a negative meaning. Currently, negative impacts, primarily lump sum tourism, are associated with mass tourism, which is why the concept individual tourism And mass tourism are no longer suitable for distinguishing forms of tourism based on the number of participants.

Forms of tourism depending on the length of stay. A very important classification of forms of tourism is their classification depending on the length of stay.

Travel duration refers to the time spent by a tourist during the trip or stay in the place or country visited. Day trips are classified as follows: less than three hours; three - five hours; six - eight hours; nine - eleven o'clock; twelve or more hours. Overnight trips can be classified as follows: 1-3 nights; 4-7 nights; 8-28 nights; 29-91 nights; 92 - 365 nights.

Long trips are usually complemented by short trips. Short-term trips include transit trips, day trips and short-term tourism. Transit tourism is stops for tourists along the way to their destination. One-day tourism is tours lasting during daylight hours: they do not involve overnight stops. A particularly important form of short-term tourism is short-term tourism. Short-term tourism includes business tourism and weekend trips. Regardless of whether trips are made for business or personal purposes, their average duration is 2-4 days, i.e. they include a minimum of one and a maximum of three overnight stays.

Forms of tourism depending on the age of travelers. When classifying forms of tourism, the age of travelers is also taken into account. According to the age scale, the following groups of tourists are defined: children traveling with their parents; youth (tourists aged 15-24 years); relatively young, economically active people aged 25 - 44 years; economically active people of middle age (45 - 64 years old) (travel, as a rule, without children); pensioners (65 years and older).

Forms of tourism depending on means of transport. Depending on the means of transport used to move tourists from one place to another, the following forms of tourism are distinguished: air tourism, bus tourism, rail tourism, road tourism and sea tourism.

Forms of tourism depending on the time of year. Depending on the time of year, winter and summer tourism differ. Seasonal classification of forms of tourism shows fluctuations in demand for tourism services throughout the year. The time during which the maximum number of trips is made is called the tourist season, the period of decline in travel is called the off-season. Tourist seasons in different regions may not coincide.

In addition to the six proposed criteria, there are other points of view that allow us to classify travel according to forms. To make the classification of tourism more complete, the World Tourism Organization proposes to classify tourism into the following types: domestic tourism - travel of residents of a region within that region; inbound tourism- travel in any country by persons who are not its residents; outbound tourism - travel of residents of a country to another country. These main types of tourism can be combined in different ways to form categories of tourism. These categories of tourism can relate not only to a country, but also to a region; the term “region” refers to some area within a country, or to a group of countries. Definition « tourism within the country » covers domestic and inbound tourism; "National tourism"- domestic and outbound tourism; "international tourism"- entry and exit.

Types of tourists

When studying the tourism business, it is very important to correctly answer the following question: who uses what tourism services? At the same time, you should think about whether the families of Mr. Ivanov and Mr. Sidorov will have the same vacation and whether their needs for the tourism product will coincide. The answer is clear - no. In this regard, all tourists can be classified according to the following criteria:

Depending on their activity;

Depending on your lifestyle.

Traditionally among tourists according to their activities during vacation There are six groups:

Lovers of a relaxing holiday. Its representatives go on vacation in order to free themselves from everyday stress and relax in a calm and pleasant environment. They are afraid of strangers and large crowds of people. Quietly resting holidaymakers are attracted to sun, sand and sea.

Pleasure lovers. This is a type of very adventurous tourists who, during their holidays, are busy looking for a variety of pleasures and prefer a social atmosphere. In relation to them, words such as flirting, long distances.

Example: Mr M wakes up around noon and goes to the swimming pool. There he meets a cheerful company, they talk, drink a cocktail at the bar, swim a little and listen to music. In the afternoon Mr M plays tennis with another holidaymaker. For the evening he has dinner arrangement. After dinner, visit the disco, which lasts until the morning.

Lovers of active recreation. These tourists love nature and create active stress for their bodies. They prefer measured movement and being in the fresh air. Their vacation can be combined with treatment.

Sports lovers. Unlike active vacationers, tourist-athletes have all their attention focused on competitions. Sports are very important to them - their hobby. They are not afraid of physical activity.

Vacationers for the purpose of knowledge and study. This type of tourist is interested in improving their educational level and learning new things. In this type there are three subgroups: P1 P2 and P3. Type P1 tourists visit places described in guidebooks. Type P2 pays attention not so much to recognized attractions, but to searching for places where he can feel their atmosphere. For him, feelings and moods come to the fore. Type P3 tourists have pronounced cultural and socio-scientific interests and are very attracted to nature.

Adventure lovers. Few thrill-seekers go on a journey alone and expose themselves to truly serious risks. The type of adventurers includes those tourists who are looking for unusual experiences with a certain amount of risk. For them, risk is an opportunity to test themselves.

Classification of tourists into groups depending on from their lifestyle assumes a more in-depth approach to identifying types, since it considers a person and his behavior not in isolation, but in connection with his life position, attitude towards various things and his desires.

When identifying groups of tourists depending on their lifestyle, the basis is not some separate criterion, but a person’s general attitude towards his life. This is very difficult to do, since trends and the economic situation in society are subject to very strong changes over time.

Depending on the lifestyle, four groups of tourists are distinguished: pleasure-seekers, tendentious, family and exclusively leisure tourists. With this classification, it should be borne in mind that the identified groups are constantly changing and the boundaries between them are very vague.

Lovers of pleasure. Representatives of this group have very high demands on the quality of their vacation. For them, traveling is a way of self-expression. They want to enjoy their vacation, allow themselves some weaknesses, or give themselves exercise.

Example: Members of S.'s family spend their holidays in the Alps on the shores of a high-mountain lake. They are accommodated in a hotel in comfortable apartments with the most best view. During the day they surf and sail, and play golf and tennis for a change. It is important to them that they are well served at dinner and offered a varied menu. After dinner, they sometimes go to a disco or meet friends at a bar.

tendentious tourists. For tourists included in this group, vacation is an opportunity to find and express themselves as an individual. These are vacationers with high demands, but unlike those who “enjoy life,” they do not need luxury conditions. They are looking for unity with nature, silence and the possibility of psychological relief. They are aware of environmental issues and are interested in the politics and culture of the region they are visiting.

Example: Mrs. B. was planning to really relax during her vacation. She goes to a small boarding house. During the day she does a lot of cycling and hiking. She devotes some time to enjoying the solitude, the landscape, the play of light and shades. If the weather does not allow and in the evenings she stays in the boarding house, she reads and communicates with other vacationers. In the evening she attends concerts.

Family tourists. This group includes exclusively families with children. Family tourists love to spend their holidays with family, friends and relatives. They relax in a calm and comfortable environment, buy services at competitive prices, and do not like to be disturbed. Most often they serve themselves.

Example: The K. family rented a holiday house on the seashore for the holidays. The family consists of four people. Most often they can be found on the street. They play ball, read, sunbathe, and swim. All household responsibilities are distributed: the children go shopping for bread, everyone cleans their bed, the whole family goes shopping. In the evening they go to a restaurant for dinner or cook themselves. If they stay at home, everyone helps prepare dinner.

Entirely vacationers. The most important condition for tourists of this type is the opportunity to relax. This group includes relatively passive tourists who spend their vacation in the traditional way: they are content with silence, sleep for a long time, love to eat tasty and plentiful meals, and take short walks or short trips. Fans of such holidays are happy if their favorite habits can be maintained during the holidays, because they do not like to experiment.

Conclusion

Today we perceive tourism as the most massive phenomenon of the 20th century, as one of the most striking phenomena of our time, which really penetrates into all spheres of our lives and changes the world and landscape. Tourism has become one of the most important factors in the economy, so we see it as more than just a trip or vacation. This concept is much broader and represents the totality of relationships and the unity of connections and phenomena that accompany a person on his travels.

High rates of tourism development and large volumes of foreign exchange earnings actively influence various sectors of the economy, which contributes to the formation of our own tourism industry. The tourism sector accounts for about 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of global investment, every 16th job, 11% of global consumer spending. Thus, these days it is impossible not to notice the enormous impact that the tourism industry has on the global economy.

An important feature of the current stage of tourism development and changes in its organizational forms is the penetration of transport, trade, industrial, banking, insurance and other companies into the tourism business.

The intensive development of international tourist relations led to the creation of numerous international organizations and the promotion of better organization of this area of ​​international economic relations.

There are different classifications of types of tourism based on different basic classification principles or characteristics. As already noted, types of tourism are determined based on various basic criteria. Thus, the UNWTO “Thesaurus on Tourism and Leisure Activities” contains about 200 terms that reflect the essence of types of international tourism.

In this case, classifications of types of tourism can be divided into: 1) official(enshrined in international regulatory legal acts and acts of domestic legislation) and 2) unofficial(or scientific, developed for scientific and educational purposes).

Scientific classifications of types of tourism can be carried out based on existing legislative norms on the purposes of tourism, the concept tourism resources, principles of organization and financing, etc.

It is quite difficult to carry out a one-level differentiation of types of tourism. At the same time, it is possible to present a classification based on the use of various criteria that predetermine the allocation of appropriate groups.

Classification criteria and the corresponding types of tourism are presented in Table. 1.1.

Table 1.1

Classification criteria and corresponding types of tourism

Basic principle of classification

Types of tourism

1. Territorial principle

World:

International

Interior

Regional:

Interregional

Intraregional

Entry

Outcall

By service area:

Receptive

Initiative

3. Organizational principle

By participation of the tourism industry: Organized (planned) Unorganized (amateur)

By number of participants:

Group

Individual

4. Financial and economic principle

By funding sources:

Commercial

Social

Regarding the balance of payments:

Active

Passive

5. Type of tourism resources used

Cave

Basic principle of classification

Types of tourism

6. Type of tourist destination

Natural

Cultural

Urban

Rural

Coastal

7. Method of transportation

Walking (pedestrian)

Transport

Combined

By type of vehicle:

Aviation

Railway

Automotive

Bus

Cruise

Space

8. Route length

Neighboring border

Intercontinental

Around the world

9. Duration of the trip

Short

Medium term

Long term

10. Subjective principle

Family

School

Youth

Persons of the “third” age Persons of the “fourth” age

11. Motivational-target principle

By purpose of travel: Vacation tourism Business tourism Vacation tourism:

Cultural (cultural-cognitive)

Visiting friends and relatives (VFR tourism)

Educational

Medical and recreational

Sports

Spiritual and educational

(religious)

Adventure

According to the territorial principle tourism is primarily divided into international And interior. International tourism covers trips of travelers for tourism purposes outside the country of their permanent residence. That is, international tourism takes place when a traveler crosses the state border of a country, and therefore is associated with tourist formalities, including passport and visa, customs, currency, sanitary and epidemiological, depending on interstate legal relations between specific countries, as well as the entry or non-entry of cooperating countries into international unions , for example, to the European Union (and the Schengen area). Unlike international tourism interior tourism does not involve crossing state borders and, therefore, does not require compliance with interstate tourism formalities. This is the temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from their permanent place of residence within the national borders of the same country for recreation, entertainment, health, education, sports and other tourism purposes.

Recently there has been a rapprochement international And internal tourism, due to the simplification of tourist formalities. In Europe, such rapprochement is determined and ensured by the formation of a single European space. An important step in this direction was the signing of the Maastricht Treaty (1992) establishing the European Union (EU) by twelve countries of the European Community, which entered into force in 1993 after ratification by all signatory countries. Among the factors of convergence within the European tourism space is simplification visa regime. It's about on the signing of the Schengen Agreement (1985) by a number of countries of the European Community on the gradual abolition of passport and customs control for its citizens at the EU's common borders, which came into force in 1995.

From an economic point of view international tourism outweighs interior. Moreover, it is widely believed that domestic tourism has no or little international effect, and therefore maintaining statistical records of domestic tourism is an internal matter for each individual country. However, as tourism develops, it becomes obvious that international and domestic tourism are somehow interconnected. The motives and goals of tourists may change depending on the situation in the global, regional or domestic local markets, and then the choice in favor of domestic tourism may change in favor of international tourism and vice versa.

As already noted in paragraph 1.1, in international tourism there are two types: inbound and outbound, differing according to the direction of tourist flows. There is a distinction between the country of origin of the tourist, which he leaves ( away tourism), and the destination country where he arrives ( entry tourism).

The same types of tourism can receive different names depending on the position from which their essence, place and role in overall tourist flows are assessed. So, if you change the selection criterion entry And away types of tourism, based solely on the direction of tourist flows crossing the border of the country (as the country of reference), on the criterion of reception and service, then entry And away types of tourism can be called " receptive» And " proactive» respectively: receptive - receiving, proactive - directing (for example, receptive tour operator, proactive tour operator).

According to the organizational principle, those. the method of preparing and organizing travel is distinguished organized (organized) or planned And disorganized (unorganized, independent) or amateur tourism. Organized tourism involves implementation with the participation of tourism industry organizations, and disorganized (amateur) tourists prepare and carry out their activities independently, without the involvement of the tourism industry. In other words, “organized” tourists receive a set of services through the mediation of a travel company (tour operator, travel agent) or with the help of an information intermediary (computer system) and pay for the trip with comprehensive services in advance, while “unorganized” tourists go on a trip without the participation of any intermediaries and pay each service separately as it is consumed at the place of stay. Thus, organized or planned tourism is strictly regulated travel offered by travel companies, and, as a rule, implemented on the terms advance reservation and payment. Planned tourism forms the basis of the mass travel industry and involves the active participation of the state in its regulation through legislative and regulatory acts, the creation of benefits, and the simplification of passport, visa, customs and other tourist formalities.

Organized tourism can take the form packaged tourism or package tourism from English, package- package), meaning that it is implemented on the basis of comprehensive services or tour packages, including a standard set of services. Group tourist travel according to a predetermined route, schedule and program with a pre-planned fixed set of services is called inclusive tours, the most common type of which is considered route excursion tours. Some schools of thought use the term " program» tourism, which assumes that a comprehensive service is offered to the consumer according to a specific program.

According to the number of participants, traveling together on the same route and program, tourism is divided into individual(from one to five people) and group(more than five). However, in practice, for carriers (transport companies) and accommodation facilities (hotels), group tourism is groups of more than 12-14 people, and it is these groups that receive group discounts and preferential conditions for transportation and accommodation, free service on the 12th or 14th - member of the group, for example, its leader (“tour leader”) or accompanying person. As a rule, group trips are organized on the basis of the common interests of their participants, and can be very different in type and theme: cultural and educational, event-based, educational, environmental, skiing.

IN group tourism stand out affinity groups(from English affinity), those. groups of travelers united by common professional or amateur interests and a common purpose of travel (for example, archaeologists, actors, athletes, pilgrims, dog handlers, etc.).

IN According to financial and economic principle, namely, according to the source of financing, they distinguish commercial (commercial) And social (social) types of tourism. Commercial tourism is financed by the tourists themselves, while social financed in whole or in part from the state and municipal funds, as well as from state extra-budgetary funds.

Social tourism in the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in Russian Federation“” 2007 is defined as “tourism, fully or partially carried out at the expense of budgetary funds, state extra-budgetary funds (including funds allocated as part of state social assistance), as well as funds from employers.” Global humanitarian role and international support for social tourism, subsidized from funds allocated for social needs in order to create conditions for travel for schoolchildren, youth, pensioners, disabled people, war and labor veterans and other citizens supported by the state, state and non-state foundations and other charitable organizations provide social support to the less affluent part of the population when using their right to vacation, were enshrined in the Manila Declaration on World Tourism (1980).

By type of used tourist resource tourism can be divided into natural (nature-based) And cultural (culture-based, cultural), urban (urban) And rural, coastal tourism etc., depending on the resources prevailing in the territory of the destination, involved in the formation of the image of the destination and the nature of the tourism product promoted to the market.

Nature tourism can serve as an umbrella term for such types of tourism that use various natural resources (landscapes, landscapes, parks, reserves, protected areas), How wildlife tourism (wildlife tourism),safari tourism (safari tourism),ecological tourism (ecological tourism, eco-tourism) and etc.

Wildlife tourism involves visiting natural areas where flora and fauna do not know human intervention. These are controlled protected areas, for example, national parks, which are usually not very accessible and not at all hospitable for mass tourists. However, they are very attractive to this category of travelers who strive for untouched virgin nature and solitude. The recreation of such tourists is determined by hiking, climbing mountains, living in tents, i.e. the impact of tourism activities on wildlife is minimized.

Safari tourism - these are travels for the purpose of hunting rare animals in places with exotic, pristine nature ("safari" in Swahili - "journey"), In recent years, an alternative to this type of tourism has become its “responsible” version - photo safari, travel to safari parks, involving photo hunting of rare and exotic animals in their natural habitat.

Despite the existence of over 80 different definitions ecological tourism 1 (from recreation in ecologically clean areas to participation in environmental projects for the preservation of flora and fauna), the main thing in ecotourism is that the focus of tourism activities is the natural environment. Traditionally, two approaches to defining goals in ecotourism are considered, namely: 1) access to remote, rare and/or spectacular natural environments; 2) observation of wildlife, and often participation in environmental projects and programs for monitoring, preserving and reviving unique natural objects.

International Ecotourism Society (the International Ecotourism Society) defines ecotourism as “responsible travel

activities in natural areas that help preserve the environment and improve the health of the local population." According to UNWTO definition, ecological tourism provides active personal experience site visits; provides an educational experience that develops the visitor's understanding and appreciation of the site visited and promotes appropriate environmental behavior and ethics; is environmentally responsible, using various strategies to minimize negative impacts on the environment and maximize local revenues from the development of this type of tourism.

Ecotourism has gained widespread recognition in society and a large number of followers in recent years. Interest in ecotourism reflects the growing attention of people to the problems of protecting their habitat, protecting natural resources and participating in environmental activities. Human awareness of the growing “sensitivity of the environment” to the negative impact of human activities and the threat of irreparable loss of unique natural and cultural heritage is manifested in the expansion of the segment soft tourism (soft tourism) or responsible tourism (responsive tourism) to protected areas and ecological territories, with participation in environmental programs and projects.

Often, the goals of tourists reflect an interest in the interaction of nature and culture, in natural and cultural monuments, visiting natural and cultural ensembles, and participating in cultural and environmental programs.

Despite all the positive motives and effects of ecotourism, it is regularly criticized due to the fact that many destinations visited by tourists are very fragile and susceptible to tourist influence, and even with careful attention of travelers, their stay can cause harm to these areas. In addition, environmental projects in remote and exotic destinations, as well as the cost of ecotours, have led to the formation of a negative image of this type of tourism as expensive and elitist.

Cultural (cultural-cognitive or cognitive) tourism(in a broad sense) is an umbrella term for many types of tourism that are similar in nature and character: historical, religious, pilgrimage, ethnic, ethnographic, folklore, anthropological, archaeological, event, artistic, museum, architectural, castle, palace, literary, musical and many others. This is because they are all “culturally based” ( culture-based), i.e. united by common interests and motivations of travelers (knowledge of the culture of the “Other”, search for new cultural experiences and intercultural contacts), as well as the use of common cultural and historical resources.

Motivations historical (historical tourism) tourism - interest in the history of the country, visiting historical monuments and memorial sites, thematic lectures on history and other events; religious (religious tourism) - interest in the religion or religions of the country, visits to places of worship, places of pilgrimage, thematic lectures on religion, familiarity with religious customs, traditions, rituals and ceremonies; pilgrimages (pilgrimage tourism*) - visiting important and world-famous sacred places (for example, Mecca); ethnic (ethnic tourism) - visiting the homeland of our ancestors, getting acquainted with cultural heritage its First Nations, ethnic conservation areas, ethnic theme parks; ethnographic (ethnographic tourism)- interest in the culture of an ethnic group (people or nationality), objects, objects and phenomena of ethnic culture, everyday life, costume, language, folklore, traditions and customs, ethnic creativity; anthropological (anthropological tourism)- interest in a representative of an ethnic group in development, from the point of view of evolution; visiting a country to get acquainted with modern “living culture”; archaeological (archaeological tourism)- interest in the archeology of the country, visiting ancient monuments, excavation sites, participation in archaeological expeditions; event-based (special-event tourism)- interest in ancient traditional or modern staged cultural events or “events” (holidays, festivals) and participation in them.

City tourism (urban tourism)- one of the most traditional and therefore most developed types of tourism throughout the world. Traveling to visit cities has been popular since ancient times, but it was not until the 1980s that it became popular. term " urban tourism"entered into official circulation and became the subject of scientific research. Urban tourism offers a wide variety of routes, programs and services, and also has a national and cultural identity, reflecting the diversity of cultures modern world. At the same time, urban tourism is a large-scale business, including the activities of hotels, attractions, entertainment industry enterprises, and the organization of events (holidays, festivals, etc.).

A type of urban tourism in recent years has become city ​​tourism (city tourism), those. tourism of big cities, megalopolises as special multi-destinations. The Cities 2012 Project was initiated, in which 21 metropolises of the world, including Kazan, participate. In November 2012, the first international meeting (summit) was held under the auspices of UNWTO on city tourism in Istanbul, and the second was held in Moscow in September 2013.

Rural tourism ( rural tourism), just like its varieties agritourism ( agrotourism) And farm tourism (farm tourism), is close to ecological travel in that the destinations of such tourism are territories remote from urban centers and megacities. This is tourism associated with staying in rural areas, living in rural houses or peasant families, outdoor recreation, with picturesque landscapes, in a secluded rural environment, with a measured pace of life, with participation in local folk traditions, holidays, rituals, etc. The countryside has opportunities for hiking or horseback riding, fishing, picking mushrooms, berries, herbs, etc. The flavor of this type of tourism is given by the “living” culture of the rural community: people with their own unique way of life, including life, costume, cuisine, crafts, language (dialects), folklore. Rural tourism destinations differ in their geographical and climatic features(plain or mountainous, lake or coastal areas, northern or southern), greater or lesser distance from urban centers.

By way of transportation tourists along the route, types of tourism can be divided into: on foot or pedestrian (hiking, walking), transport (transport tourism) or combined tourism, mixed-type transport tourism), a no to the types of vehicles used for: aviation (air tourism), railway (rail tourism), automobile (motoring), bus (coaching, coach tourism), cruise (cruising), space (space tourism) and etc.

Based on the criterion route length tourism is divided into: short-haul tourism, close vicinity tourism, medium-haul tourism, long-haul tourism, small-border tourism, intercontinental tourism, round-the -world tourism).

The term " short-distance tourism» applies to travel to destinations that can be reached within five hours or less. However, with the development of high-speed air travel, the length of the route that can be covered in five hours has increased significantly. Therefore, at present, short-distance tourism refers to travel within one continent, for example, the routes Dublin-Rome, Ottawa-Washington or Cairns-Sydney are short-distance tourism.

In contrast short-distance tourism long-distance tourism implies distances covered by tourists in more than five hours. Same as in relation to short-distance tourism with the development of high-speed air carriers, the idea of ​​space and time has changed, and speeds have actually shortened distances, understanding long-distance tourism has undergone some changes. In general, long-distance tourism is tours between different continents, even if the journeys take less than five hours at a time. From the perspective of European tourism, long-distance travel is tours from Europe beyond the European continent, for example, the London-New York, Paris-Rio de Janeiro, Moscow-Shanghai routes are long-distance tourism. In connection with changes, the concept is increasingly used “medium haul tourism» (“medium-distance tourism”). Examples could be the following routes: London-Paris (short-distance tourism), London-Montreal (medium-distance tourism), London-Sydney (long-distance tourism).

Neighboring border (cross-border ) tourism (small border tourism) - a type of short-term international tourist trips to the border areas of a neighboring country, usually traveling by car, bus or on foot. Often, this does not require the completion of any interstate tourism formalities, which greatly facilitates and promotes the promotion of short-term tours or weekend tours ( weekend breaks), for example, between France and Great Britain, Austria and Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.

Based on the criterion of travel duration, we determined short (short-term tourism)- lasting from one to three days, medium term (mid-term, medium-term tourism)- from three days to one month and long-term (long-term tourism) types of tourism - from one to six months.

In accordance with the subjective principle of classification, there are family tourism (family-type tourism),school tourism (school tourism),youth tourism (youth tourism)- from 15 to 29 years old, children's tourism

(ichildren's tourism)- up to 15 years.

TO family tourism include a married couple and their young children, i.e. the traditions of some cultures to consider several generations of direct and indirect relatives as a family are not taken into account in the classification of tourism. Per participants family tours a system of benefits/discounts provided by carriers, hotels, resorts applies (family plan).

Special types of tourism are (third-age tourism), those. pensioners, also called tourism of “senior citizens” (senior tourism), And (fourth-age tourism), those. persons with disabilities or disabled people. You should pay attention to the names of these types of tourism. Unlike most other terms, which directly reveal the essence of certain types and forms of tourism in the names themselves, the names tourism for people of the “third” age And tourism for people of the “fourth” age are euphemisms, i.e. terms of politeness and respect used by tourism industry professionals “to soften reality”, in order to avoid direct indication of age, physical and social limitations of these categories of tourists and thereby psychological trauma to traveling pensioners and the disabled.

Throughout the world, the segment of tourists of the “third” age shows clear growth trends, and tourism of people of the “fourth” age is gradually gaining more and more attention from participants in the tourism market and various sectors of the tourism industry. Thus, airports, ports, hotels, restaurants, museums, other service enterprises and places of interest that receive tourists take these special market segments into account, equipping their facilities with special equipment for the disabled and elderly (ramps, wide doorways, special elevators and lifts, special plumbing, special markings for the visually impaired, etc.), creating the necessary conditions for receiving and servicing these categories of consumers. Traditions of tourism for people with disabilities have existed in many countries for many years. Singapore was one of the first countries to pay attention to the market of tourists of the “fourth” age and began to invest in the construction of hotels aimed at this category of guests.

One of the main and most extensive classifications of tourism is based on the purpose of travel. Motivational-target principle classification of types of tourism allows us to divide all travel into two main groups: 1) vacation tourism (pleasure tourism, leisure tourism, holiday tourism) for the purpose of recreation and entertainment and 2) business tourism (business tourism) for various business purposes.

Vacation tourism or tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment also called leisure tourism, recreational tourism and even hedonistic tourism U, i.e. tourism for pleasure.

Tourist flows for the purpose of recreation and entertainment form the basis of international tourist exchanges, accounting for over 75% of world tourist arrivals.

Since recreation and entertainment involve different types of activities, vacation tourism combines various types of tourism, including cultural or cultural tourism, visiting friends and relatives (VFR-tourism), educational tourism, study tourism, health tourism, medical tourism, sports tourism, spiritual -educational or religious tourism, adventure tourism, special-event tourism, special-interest tourism and others.

Cultural, cultural-cognitive or educational tourism (cultural tourism) is one of the most popular types of tourism. The purpose of participants in cultural and educational tours may be to visit and get acquainted with objects and cultural phenomena of a nation or country: monuments of architecture, history, archeology, folk crafts, household items, works of musical and dance art, oral folk art, customs, traditions , holidays, living culture of local communities, as well as live intercultural communication with representatives of the visited territories.

In developed destinations, cultural tourism attractions include art museums, galleries, theaters, concert halls, musical performances. For example, the main purpose of tourists may be to visit a world-famous museum, such as the Prado in Madrid or the Louvre in Paris, or to attend a concert, for example, the Vienna Symphony Orchestra, or a ballet, for example, the Bolshoi Theater. In less developed destinations, cultural attractions may include traditional religious practices, folk cultural performances, folk festivals, traditional fairs, and active craft and craft centers.

Despite the existing approach that any type of international tourism can be called cultural, as it is associated with crossing national borders, temporary residence in other cultural communities, intercultural communication of guests and hosts, as well as guests from different cultures on the territory of the hosts, cultural tourism became an independent species in the 1970s, and already in the 1990s. has become a clear, mainstream trend.

The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) define cultural tourism as a carefully organized form of travel, educational or educational in nature, often of an elite nature, catering to the sophisticated interests of travelers, dedicated to the presentation and explanation of a cultural idea.

Globalization, with its both beneficial and negative effects on multicultural communities, dictates the need of their members to learn “other” traditions, customs, languages, worldviews, etc.

Throughout human history, people have exchanged cultural experiences, ideas, values, and goods through art, trade, and migration. "Human history is the history of such journeys".

As Samuel Huntington noted in his book “The Clash of Civilizations,” people have always divided the world into “us” and “strangers,” and their picture of the world consisted of two parts. Identification with “one’s own” simultaneously meant (and means) demarcation and isolation from “others”, “strangers”. However, since ancient times, man has sought to know and understand the “other.” The needs of the modern tourist for knowledge of the “Other” are crystallized precisely in this type of travel as cultural tourism.

This means that the tourism industry must provide tourists with contact with the cultures of “others”, entry into the space of the “Other”, staying and living next to “others” on their territory, visiting objects belonging to the history and culture of “others”, participation in events that reflect traditions of “others”, up to living a fragment of the life of the “Other”.

In describing the profile of modern tourists of this type of tourism as a special category of travelers, UNWTO and ICOMOS note that they are environmentally literate, concerned about environmental issues, have broad political views, are sensitive to cultural differences and know how to appreciate them. “They travel frequently, are highly educated, and bring a subtle energy of intelligence and friendliness to their contacts with foreigners.”

UNWTO estimates that cultural tourists now account for 37% of all international travellers, and the number of culturally themed tours is growing at an annual rate of 15%. Cultural tourism is often referred to as travel for various purposes of recreation and entertainment, and some experts believe that from 35 to 70% of global tourist flows can be attributed to cultural tourism.

Tourism to visit friends and relatives (VFR - visiting friends & relatives) is today the most widespread type of tourism in the world. A typical travel model is considered to be traveling with the whole family, often by car, to visit loved ones or people they know well, usually staying in their home, and for many travelers this type of tourism is the only one that they consider acceptable for themselves.

Looking at the content educational tourism (educational tourism, study tourism), It should be recognized that any type of tourism one way or another serves educational and cognitive purposes, since while traveling, the visitor finds himself in a different sociocultural environment, gets acquainted with various spheres of life and activity of the host community. However, strictly speaking, the term " educational tourism» refers to travel in which learning is the main purpose of the trip and is carried out in accordance with a special structured or formal program. A popular form of educational tourism is the study abroad program, during which students visit foreign educational institutions (usually for a semester or one academic year) in their destination. By participating in such a program, a student gets the opportunity not only to study under the program of a foreign college or university, to get acquainted with new teaching methods and technologies, but also to communicate with students from other countries, being in the same student community with them, living on the same campus, participating in joint student events (social, volunteer, sports, entertainment, etc.). Educational tourism programs provide participants with a unique tourist, cultural, linguistic, educational experience and even influence the future fate of a young person in choosing a profession or career.

One of the most popular reasons for visiting foreign school is an opportunity to immerse yourself in the language and culture of a community. Educational tours may focus on visiting important historical, archaeological, cultural or scientific sites and are often led by a teacher who has professional knowledge of those sites. Unlike other excursion trips, educational tours include educational and methodological support, lectures and seminars, video presentations, interactive forms of classes, scientific and methodological support by specialized specialists or experienced instructors. All this comprehensively provides a new educational experience for tourists.

Modern forms of educational tourism include: academic year, student interuniversity exchanges, summer and winter international camps and schools, internships, homestay(learning with host community family), one-to-one tuition(one-on-one training, i.e. living with a teacher’s family and individual training with him), grants and scholarships, international exams and certificates, work + study programs ( work & study),programs learning with fun " edutainment» (education + entertainment), a and pair( language and culture training through housework with childcare with accommodation and meals in the family of the host community), vacation educational programs, postgraduate education and advanced training, language courses, master classes and various trainings, including folk crafts, For example.

Medical and health tourism (health tourism) aims to maintain or improve the state of health and is focused on destinations and facilities specializing in the provision of medical and health services: sea climatic resorts, balneological or balneological resorts, thermal spas on warm-water lakes, sanatoriums and hospitals on mineral waters and mud, thermal springs, mountain climatic and ski resorts.

UNWTO identifies three main forms medical and health tourism:

  • 1) treatment or medical tourism (medical tourism)- trips to specific clinics or to specific specialists to receive specialized treatment or the quality of treatment that is not available in the tourist’s territory of residence;
  • 2) recovery (fitness & wellness or spa & wellness)- trips to specialized facilities, such as a mud or hydrotherapy clinic, a weight loss clinic, a cosmetology clinic, a health resort for maintaining physical fitness and beauty;
  • 3) rehabilitation and recovery (rehabilitation & recuperation)- travel to destinations or facilities that offer special care or that are in areas considered particularly conducive to health or recovery.

Russia has new conditions for successful development medical and health tourism laid down by the adoption in 2006 of the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation””. As noted in the Law, the goals of creating special economic zones include, inter alia, the development of tourism and the health resort sector, and the creation of tourist and recreational SEZs is aimed at increasing the competitiveness of tourism and other activities in the field of tourism, the development of health resorts, as well as development of activities for the organization of treatment and prevention of diseases, for the development and use of natural healing resources.

Sports tourism (sports tourism) aims to engage in physical education and sports, maintain physical fitness through participation in sports events and specialized classes (trekking, rock climbing, hiking, cycling, horseback riding, skiing, diving, yachting, rafting, surfing, etc.) under the guidance of instructors. In other words, the concept " sports tourism» covers a wide range of forms of this type of tourism.

Sports tourism in Russia is hiking trips, a sport included in the All-Russian Register of Sports. It is based on competitions on routes that include overcoming categorized obstacles in the natural environment (passes, peaks, rapids, canyons, caves), as well as those laid in the natural environment and on artificial terrain. Sports tourist trips vary in difficulty and are carried out along routes, the category of difficulty of which is determined depending on their complexity and availability obstacles. Route categorization factors are given in the Unified All-Russian Sports Classification of Tourist Routes. In sports tourism, categories and titles are assigned for sports trips and tourist all-around events. Currently, eight types of sports tourism have been developed: walking, water, mountain, skiing, speleo, automoto, sailing and cycling. This situation often leads to conflicts between sports and tourism organizations.

In order to better represent the entire range of sports-oriented tours, you can systematize them, and to do this, draw a distinction between:

  • ? active and passive sports tourism: in active forms, tourists participate in sporting events, and in passive forms, they attend sporting events as fans and spectators;
  • ? sports tours in which sport is the main and predetermining purpose of the trip, and tours in which the sports component is only one of the goals and part of the program of stay on the route;
  • ? sports tourism for professionals, the programs of which involve professional participation in various sports, and sports tourism for beginner athletes and for amateurs involved in sports to maintain physical fitness and health.

Motives and goals adventure tourism (adventure tourism) are participation in programs and activities that provide intense emotional experience, strong feelings, excitement, arousal, and an adrenaline rush ( adrenalin rush). Some tourists want to test their physical capabilities and skills in new, previously untested ways, by participating in mountain climbing. Mountain peaks or while operating a hunting kayak. Others seek to test their strength by remaining face to face with the wild, and try to live for some time without the modern conveniences that make life comfortable and safe. That is, travelers in this market segment are looking for destinations and tourism products that can provide them with an adventure experience with strong feelings and passions. The main resources of adventure tourism are nature in all its diversity: mountains, rivers, forests, lakes, deserts, islands, etc. Unlike other types and forms nature tourism, which involve contemplation and enjoyment of the beauty of nature, adventure tourism involves the “forces of nature” - territories and objects of the natural environment that should serve as obstacles and barriers for a person, with which he must enter into combat and, preferably, win. A form of adventure tourism is extreme tours, in which the participant risks health and life, for example, rock climbing or skydiving.

A special group consists of various species specialized tourism or hobby tourism (special-interest tourism), for example, tours for flower growers and gardeners, for pet lovers, collectors, antique lovers, for amateur actors, singers, dancers, musicians, culinary and gourmet tours, as well as wine, beer, cheese, chocolate, music lovers and folklore tours, castle and palace tours, hunting tours and for ice fishing enthusiasts, survival tours (on desert island, for example), for fans of gambling, for those who like to watch exotic birds or butterflies in their natural habitat, industrial tours and many, many others. According to various estimates, today the tourism industry offers consumers approximately 150-200 types of specialized recreation.

Business tourism or business tourism includes travel for official or professional business purposes, but without receiving income at the place of assignment. Unlike tours for the purpose of recreation and entertainment, the decision on a business trip, sources and amounts of financing, as a rule, is made not by the tourists themselves, but by their employers, and the demand for business tours is therefore inelastic. UNWTO classifies business tourism as trips to participate in industrial seminars and meetings, business meetings, negotiations, shareholder meetings, and other corporate events ( corporate tourism)-, forums, congresses, rallies, congresses, assemblies and conferences of organizations, scientific conferences ( congress tourism)-, exhibitions, fairs, trade shows, salons and presentations ( exhibition tourism), as well as incentive trips (incentive tourism,incentive tourism). The term came into active circulation "MICE tourism" and the so-called MICE - industry ( MICE from English Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, Exhibitions), including enterprises and services for organizing and servicing business meetings (meetings), participants of incentive programs (incentives), congresses conventions exhibitions (exhibitions). The specificity of the MICE industry and the basis for combining its individual sectors into one tourist segment is that each of the sectors, with the exception of incentive tourism, is associated with advance planning and organization of trips for large groups of people for professional and business purposes, as well as different types servicing public events.

Incentive or incentive tourism (incentive tourism) is an incentive trip that businesses award as bonuses to their employees for effective work that generates income for the company. This form of encouragement is an important tool for mobilizing and supporting the company’s human resources, restoring the physical and intellectual strength of the staff, a powerful incentive for the employee to maintain his loyalty to the company in the future, a means of supporting his corporate spirit, strengthening his desire to continue to work productively. It is important that incentive tours, as a rule, are organized at the expense of the company not only for the employee himself, but also for his family.

Introductory tourism or FAM tourism or familiarization tourism) is a common type of business tourism, gaining increasing popularity within the tourism industry itself as the geography of tourism expands and the tourist offer diversifies. Introductory or, as it is also called, Fennell D.A. A Content Analysis of Ecotourism Definitions // Current Issues in Tourism. No. 4 (5), 2001. pp. 403-421. Lomine L., Edmunds J. Key Concepts in Tourism. Palgrave Macmillan: NY, 2007. p. 116. UNESCO International Symposium on the Silk Roads. Xi'an Declaration. - 2002. Lomine L., Edmunds J. Key Concepts in Tourism. Palgrave Macmillan: NY, 2007. p. 172.

  • Moshnyaga E.V. Glossary of tourist terms: Dictionary of English-Russian and Russian-English correspondences. M.: Soviet sport, 2007.
  • International Tourism: L Global Perspective. Madrid: WTO, 1997. p. 380;Moshnyaga E.B. Glossary of tourist terms: Dictionary of English-Russian and Russian-English correspondences. M.: Soviet sport, 2007; Moshnyaga E.V. English language: tourism, hospitality, means of payment. M.: Soviet sport, 2007. p. 87-88.