Brief history of tourism development in the world. How Group Travel appeared, or a brief history of tourism

Some people associate the concept of “tourism” with sand and sea, others immediately think about sightseeing... But there is a special subtype of tourism - industrial. Fans of this type of recreation are interested in exploring various industrial and military facilities, as well as abandoned buildings. They find a special aesthetic in this. If you also decide to become interested in this type of vacation, find out everything about industrial tourism in Russia - best places for a trip in 2019 you will be attracted.

History of development

This type of recreation began to develop relatively recently - in the 60s of the last century. In general, back in the 19th century, some factories allowed tourists on excursions a couple of times, but at that time people were not yet interested in them. But half a century ago, a special committee was created in Great Britain, whose members sought to preserve industrial sites as cultural heritage.

At the end of the millennium, in the 80s, Europeans were drawn to old plants, mines and factories, seeing them as “monuments of the industrial era.” Well, after 2000 this type of recreation became very popular. The Internet has spread, and it contains information about objects, which attracted many people tired of the usual beaches.

In Russia, industrial tourism began to emerge in the 18th century. Schoolchildren were taken to mines and factories on excursions. This practice continued in the USSR. In addition, after the release of the film "Stalker", young people and adults became interested in visiting abandoned buildings and forbidden areas, and later the name of the film became a synonym for such lovers. Well, with the beginning of the new millennium everything has only increased in a similar way to the Western direction. In 2007, the computer game S.T.A.L.K.E.R. was released, and young people became even more interested in objects industrial tourism.

Now industrial tourism, although less popular than traditional tourism, still interests millions of people around the world.

Kinds

This type of rest can be divided into several types:

Stalking. This is precisely the visit to abandoned, old, unused objects that was formed after the release of the film of the same name. Stalkers are attracted to residential buildings, entire cities (), and factories. They not only look at them with pleasure, but also take photographs - just like traditional tourists photographing sights.
Digging. Diggers are those who are passionate about the "underworld". No, we are not talking about some esotericism here - just about various bunkers or ghost subway stations.
Roofing. From the English word “roof”, translated as “roof”. Roofers love to visit the rooftops of city buildings and look at the views. There are those who prefer to simply contemplate, those who enjoy the extreme process of “climbing” some ladders or pipes, and finally, someone even holds or attends all sorts of cultural events on the roofs.
Passive tourism. Not everyone likes to enter forbidden places; such tourists are akin to the first among industrial tourists - they prefer to go on excursions to various operating industries.
Urbanism. Tourists-urbanists get aesthetic pleasure from exploring the city's beauties. Some people “collect” buildings in a certain architectural style, others like abandoned areas.
Post-pilgrimage. It is a type of stalking and means visiting abandoned places of worship.

What is the price?

It must be said that in Russia there are not very many similar offers from tour operators yet. The West is still more interested in this type of recreation. However, there are special travel agencies who specialize in this. Vacationers are offered excursions to plants, factories, film studios and even nuclear power plants.

In the last five-year period, the direction has become more promising; many experts argue that in Russia it can be developed quite well, since a large number of abandoned objects have been preserved in the country since the Soviet era.

The cost of the offer depends on the payment to the owners of the object, guides, and travel expenses. For example, in Sevastopol, a five-hour jeep tour of abandoned sites will cost around 6 thousand rubles for a group of 4 people. A visit to the factory where Belevskaya marshmallow is made will cost around 2 thousand rubles - this amount already includes round-trip travel from, guide services, and tea. But, for example, you can get to the Moscow Brewing Company and see the process of making a foamy drink for free - the production itself organizes such visits on weekends.

If a person wants to organize a trip on his own, then its cost will directly depend on the costs of transport, accommodation and the cost of a ticket to the site. It is clear that visiting some places will be completely free, because abandoned objects are abandoned for that reason.

Safety

By the way, about abandoned objects - there is a lot to understand here so that your pleasant vacation is not overshadowed by anything. If an industrial tourist visits an operating facility or books a tour, then, of course, this will include certain permits and guarantees, as well as safety instructions.

But as for other options, here you have to act yourself. The fact is that some old buildings can be places where people without a fixed abode, as well as marginalized people, live. Therefore, before becoming a stalker, it is best to get acquainted with experienced fans of this trend, learn everything about interesting objects, perhaps visit them with experts. In addition, when walking through abandoned buildings or areas, you should wear certain, closed clothing - after all, there may be fragments, construction debris and other things that are unsafe for direct contact.

There are objects that are even guarded and are not intended for outsiders to enter. This is the most extreme direction industrial tourism, since it may even involve breaking the law. Some people are attracted by precisely this unattainability, but here everyone acts at their own peril and risk.

As for digging and roofing, you need to do this only with full confidence in your physical fitness, as well as if you have the equipment. After all, climbing onto the roof is quite difficult - if we're talking about about entering through fire escapes, and not about going to the “open roof”. As for underground objects, for example, ghost subway stations, there may be dangers in the form of collapse of structures. It is better for beginners to join this type of tourism in an experienced company. In addition, digging as such is also often associated with breaking the law, since official areas are prohibited for outsiders.

Be that as it may, as a rule, an industrial tourist is quite a risky person. We can only urge you to carefully plan all the details of visiting the site.

Places and objects in Russia

It would take a long time to list all the objects of attention of industrial tourists, but some popular spots are worth talking about.

Stalking

On websites of fans of this type of tourism there are articles about many interesting places. Among them are such different ones as:

An abandoned naval training base on Russky Island. Previously, this place was the largest for training Soviet sailors, and is currently popular among stalkers. In addition to the base itself, you can examine the remains of the military’s “interiors” and equipment.
Olgovo Estate in Dmitrovsky district Moscow region . Built at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries, it was a holiday home and pioneer camp in the USSR. It is currently possible to view main house and outbuildings, a school building, utility rooms, as well as a garden.
Kola superdeep well in Murmansk region. Drilling the deepest hole in the earth made by human hands began in the 70s. However, in the 90s the project was abandoned. By that time, the hole had reached 12 thousand meters.
Hotel "Northern Crown" in . Construction was frozen in 1995; they had been trying to build the hotel for 7 years by that time. Currently, it is a protected object, however, especially daring stalkers get inside.
Königsberg Castle in Kaliningrad region. It was built back in the 13th century and survived glorious times as the residence of the head of the Teutonic Order. Unfortunately, during the Second World War the building was damaged. The Soviet authorities tried to build the House of Soviets here. Discussions are currently underway regarding the restoration of the building, but for now the place is a ruin that attracts stalkers.

Digging

Abandoned or under construction metro stations are popular among representatives of this trend. This direction is most developed, of course, in and. However, due to the fact that entry into such objects is illegal, extreme sportsmen carefully hide the details of their “tourist” forays.

Other places that diggers like to visit are abandoned bunkers. For example, one of these was found in Chelyabinsk, “tourists” found in it everything they needed in the event of a nuclear war. Such places are also found right in the center - this is how the KGB bunker was discovered.

Roofing

The favorite city of roofers in Russia is . Again, this hobby is by no means welcomed by the authorities, however, sometimes the residents of the house themselves are not against entering the roof for the completely calm purpose of inspecting the panorama. There are even special communities that organize excursions to open roofs for those interested. As their managers say, they have an agreement with the residents and ensure the safety of tourists.

Video about the roofs and courtyards of the Northern capital:

In , according to roofers, it is more difficult to get onto the roofs - due to the fact that it is not easy to get into the entrance itself. However, sometimes they find such options: a house on Entuziastov Highway, the roof of the Tea House on Myasnitskaya, the Oruzheiny business center - these are just a few popular places.

Passive tourism

This is the simplest type of industrial tourism, since everything is completely legal, safe and easy. So, the following are open to tourists:

Brewery"Baltika" in the Tula region;
Lipetsk Machine Tool Enterprise;
“Khokhloma painting” in the Nizhny Novgorod region;
Hydroelectric power station KamHPP in the Perm region;
"Art glass studio" in Sochi and other objects.

A very popular company offering excursions is Promtour. An operating nuclear power plant, Star City, the Babaevsky Confectionery Concern, Moscow City Federation Tower, Mosfilm - this is far from full list exciting objects.

The Petrotour company offers excursions to the Imperial Porcelain Factory, the Baltika Brewery, the Uzor tapestry factory, the dam, the stained glass workshop and other places.

Urbanism

As for this direction, everything is simple. If you are a fan of a certain style of architecture, you should just look for where there are many objects or entire areas of such development. In Russia there are many buildings in the Stalinist Empire style, Constructivism, as well as industrial buildings from the 19th century.

Post-pilgrimage

Among the interesting objects in Russia are such as:

Abandoned temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the Moscow region. Built at the end of the 18th century opposite the Chernyshev estate. During Soviet times, a museum was not organized here, and therefore both the estate and the temple fell into disrepair. Nowadays it is quite easy to get into it.
Tikhvin Church in Glukhovo. It was built in the 18th century and restored in the 19th century. The Soviet government destroyed the bell tower and installed a mill in the church; the temple was soon abandoned.
Church of the Nativity of Christ in Ilkodino. Built in the 19th century in the Empire and Classicism styles. During the years of Soviet power, the temple was closed.
Annenkirche (St. Petersburg). Lutheran Church, unlike many objects of attention of industrial tourists, it is very accessible for visiting, in addition, it hosts cultural events - funds are being raised for restoration.
Novotorzhsky Boris and Gleb Monastery. It was founded in the 18th century. The monumental temple, as well as adjacent buildings, constitute a fairly well-preserved complex.

List interesting places Russia can work within the framework of industrial tourism for quite a long time. Of course, in certain of its branches the “points” are not advertised due to contradictions with the law, but other sites can be accessed legally and easily - if only you had the money for an excursion. If you are interested in trying to visit such places, find communities of people who are passionate about this in your latitude or major cities- and you will definitely find something that will attract you.

Federal Agency for Education and Science of the Russian Federation

TEST

By discipline :

« History of tourism and resortography »

on this topic: “History of tourism development in Russia: main stages”

Introduction

1.The importance of tourism. History of development

2. History of tourism development in Russia

2.1 About the history of travel and tourism in Russia

2.2 Main stages of tourism development in Russia

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The first in the world travel company discovered by Thomas Cook in early XIX centuries. However, it took almost another 150 years for tourism to develop into a powerful, well-organized movement.

The tourism industry occupies an important place in the economy of most countries. The tourism industry is one of the three largest export industries, second only to the oil and automotive industries.

The development of the tourism industry represents a vast job market. Currently, every fifteenth person on the planet works in the hotel and tourism industry.

Tourism can be considered as a factor in improving the quality of life. In this case, tourism activity is associated not only with a direct economic effect in the form of additional income, the creation of new jobs, and infrastructure development, but also with the influence of tourism on a person’s socio-psychological state, improving his health and level of well-being.

The following periods are mainly distinguished: 1. Tourism until the end of the 18th century - the prehistory of tourism. a) tourism in ancient times; b) tourism during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance; c) tourism in the 17th and 18th centuries. 2. Tourism of the early XIX – early XX centuries. – elite tourism; the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services. 3. Tourism of the early 20th centuries. – before the Second World War – the beginning of the formation of social tourism 4. Tourism after the Second World War – the modern stage – mass tourism, the formation of the tourism industry as an inter-industry complex for the production of goods and services for tourism.

1.The importance of tourism. History of development

The importance and role of tourism in our time for the development of the economy of states, satisfying individual needs, and mutual enrichment of social ties between countries cannot be overestimated. The tourism industry occupies an important place in the economy of most countries. The number of tourist trips worldwide is approaching 600 million, according to World Health Organization forecasts. tourist organization(WTO) will reach 937 million by 2010. It should be taken into account that the entire population of the planet is 6 billion people.

Such a concept as “tourism” has ancient roots and its own history. Approaches to describing the history of tourism are ambiguous. Thus, J. Walker in the book “Introduction to Hospitality” identifies “five eras of tourism”: the pre-industrial period (before 1840); century railways; the age of the automobile; the age of jet airliners; century of cruises sea liners. Thus, he connects the evolution of relations in the field of tourism primarily with the development of means of transport. A similar point of view regarding the history of tourism is expressed by the Polish researcher I. Jedrzejczyk, citing a taxonomy according to which the following phases are distinguished in the tourist movement:

1. early historical phase - before 1850;

2. initial phase - from 1850 to 1914;

3. development phase - from 1914 to 1945;

4. phase of mass tourism - after 1945

In my opinion, all approaches to the history of tourism cannot be taken as the absolute truth. Tourism is a multifaceted phenomenon and in different historical periods it was formed under the influence of a certain group of factors. Thus, if in the Middle Ages important components of tourism were spiritual factors - religiosity, the desire for education, which stimulated pilgrimage, the emergence of “knowledge walkers”, then at present other factors are at work, in particular socio-economic ones (increasing levels of well-being, the presence of free time), demographic (increase in life expectancy, urbanization).

Thus, the history of tourism is a long, multifaceted process that was impossible, on the one hand, without the formation of the basic elements of this industry, and on the other, without the action of a certain group of socio-economic factors at each stage of historical development.

The basic elements of tourism development include: great geographical discoveries, expeditions that gave ideas about modern tourism resources, the evolution of accommodation facilities; the evolution of transport means.

The socio-economic factors stimulating the development of tourism were individual at each historical stage. In ancient centuries, travel was the lot of the aristocracy, who made trips for medical, sports, and educational purposes. In the Middle Ages, religion was a powerful factor stimulating travel. Pilgrimage and travel for knowledge became an important feature of this era. The great geographical discoveries, the bourgeois-democratic revolution and the industrial revolution paved the way for the development of tourism in modern times. The era of modern tourism dates back to 1841, when the legendary Thomas Cook organized a mass trip “for the purpose of a walk”, in which 600 people took part.

Tourism, which arose and developed as an objective social need, gradually established itself as one of the important means of educating people. Three stages can be traced in its development: the formation of prerequisites for organized group (collective) hikes and travels; approval of hikes as a means of education; the formation and subsequent development of tourism as a social phenomenon that successfully contributes to the comprehensive solution of educational, educational, health and sports tasks.

The emergence of prerequisites for organized campaigns and travel is apparently associated with the early periods of human history, when tribes or entire clans were forced to make long journeys in search of the most optimal conditions for existence. According to historians, tribes and clans even designated special scouts for new habitats.

In the later period of the development of society, the skills of people to make long and high-speed transitions through hard-to-reach places began to play an important military role. In the future, there is a public need for special expeditions to study the flora and fauna of remote areas globe, cultural values of individual nationalities, searching for minerals, clarifying geographical ideas about the Earth.

Probably, what was said served as the initial objective prerequisites for the emergence and subsequent development of organized campaigns and travels that met the needs of social labor and production relations of people.

2. History of tourism development in Russia

2.1 About the history of travel and tourism in Russia

The emergence of tourism in the vast territory of our country goes back to ancient times and the Middle Ages. The history of the development of tourism in Russia can be easily correlated with the periodization of the history of world tourism, adding to this the division within certain stages into certain substages, taking into account the specifics of the development of the Russian economy.

The geographical position of Russia, located at the center of the intersection of trade routes between the West and the East, has ensured stable international relations since ancient times, which were the basis for various types of contacts. With the adoption of Christianity, these contacts were further strengthened by church representatives, translators, book copyists, etc., who came from Byzantium, and trade relations expanded. Russian merchants had their trading rows in the most different countries Oh. Numerous pilgrims traveled to holy places.

In 1422-1472 took place famous travels Nikitin “walking across three seas” to find new markets. We passed Persia, India, and on the way back Somalia, the African coast. Nikitin wrote down everything, noticed everything.

Peter I played a huge role in the development of Russian travel. Peter I sent people not only on business trips, but also for educational purposes. Peter instructed: “look, see and write down.” Peter traveled to Italy, England, Holland, he traveled not only himself for educational and health purposes, but also forced others to travel and receive treatment. Peter became the founder of balneological tourism. The first resort that Peter created was named after the god of war and iron, Mars, “Marcial Waters”. In the 18th century, travel became an important part of the life of secular society. Nobles traveled all over the world. In those days it was prestigious to visit Europe and the East. Travel was a means to take a person out of his everyday life, broaden his horizons, and master the language.

Until the mid-19th century in Europe and Russia, travel was not an end in itself. Travel pursued trade, educational, medical, cognitive, missionary and religious purposes. At the beginning of the 19th century, excursion activities began.

Tourism and the hotel base have turned into a “service industry”, which, in combination with the “entertainment industry”, has become a source of large incomes and profits. The modern “hospitality industry” includes hotels, restaurants, bars, resorts, gambling houses, casinos, and health resorts.

In Rus', inns, the predecessors of the first hotels, appeared in the 12th-13th centuries. In them the messengers rested and changed horses. These inns - “pits”, as they were called, were located one from the other at a distance of a horse ride.

Ancient Greek, Persian and Arab travelers left many ethnographic references from the 7th-10th centuries about Christian and sun-worshipping tribes and peoples who inhabited the territories that now belong to independent Ukraine. Mentions of the first German traveler were recorded by chroniclers at the court of Vladimir the Great (the prince received the German personally). In subsequent times, tourism remains the personal choice of certain deviant individuals, holy fools or obscenely wealthy.

It became something exceptional and more or less organized with the advent of steamships, at which time long sea voyages began to gain popularity, as well as river cruises. In the Russian Empire, the first tourism organization was the Russian Society of Tourists. Over time, the “Soviet Tourist” society (in our country, “Ukrtur”) under the People’s Commissariat of the RSFSR became its successor. It was replaced by the All-Union Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (abbreviated as OPT) in 1929, and it was a success, albeit a relative one.

In the first year of the society’s functioning, more than 50 thousand people became members of the OPT. The leadership of the OPT has established connections with communist organizations in Czechoslovakia, Germany and other European countries, international tourism began to take shape into something promising. At the end of the twentieth century. on European sea resorts they even began to open so-called “Russian boarding houses”, houses for Russian-speaking vacationers. But all this quickly fell into disrepair in 1936, when the entire leadership of the organization was repressed. Nevertheless, the structures of the OPT were transferred to the jurisdiction of the All-Union Committee for Physical Education and Sports.

For Ukrainians, this period was very difficult; out of 153 tourist houses throughout the territory of the united state, only a few were on the territory of Ukraine, and of course, did not satisfy the demands of even such an unassuming and small market. Thus, until 1914 there were very few tourists in our territories. However, the first attempts organized trips initiated in creative and cultural circles in sports, ethnographic and for health purposes. A student excursion to Crimea in 1876, trips of local history clubs and nature lovers, mountain sports clubs, a huge contribution to the development of tourist practice was made by Ivan Franko, who organized student excursions during his work at Lviv University in the 1880s.

Passes First World War. In 1924, the tourist and local history societies “Plai” and “Chornohora” began operating in Lviv. The influence of the Polish tourist movement is felt. But the repressions of 1939 again killed everything in the bud. And soon the Second World War breaks out. However, the war allowed the Russians to honestly take away from the Germans a couple of large ships, which were later renamed “Victory” and “Georgia” and were used by the tourist organization “Intourist” as cruise ships. Thus, today’s most luxurious type of tourism began to develop in an organized manner almost earlier than all the others. Cruises from Leningrad and Odessa around Europe were very popular. The 1950s saw another boom in the tourism industry.

In Ukraine, the highest demand was still for travel to the Carpathians, Crimea, Bukovina and Transcarpathia, as well as river cruises along the banks of the Dnieper, cruises along the Black and Sea of Azov, auto tours to the main cultural centers- Kyiv, Lvov, Kharkov, Odessa - and weekend trips. Trains were sometimes used as land cruise ships. During the day, passengers explored the city, and in the evening they returned to their compartments and went to bed, only to wake up in the morning at their next destination.

In 1962, the Central Council of Tourism was established, and in the 70s and 80s, Soviet tourism flourished again. The Soviets wanted to dispel the terrible myths about their totalitarian regime on the other side of the Iron Curtain, and Foreign tourists became frequent guests in the Soviet Union. However, the government of that time, which did not disdain to resort to primitive censorship measures, was not friendly to all countries in terms of tourism, and had great difficulty in releasing its residents to certain countries.

Happy ending cold war and the collapse of the Union, many previously forbidden things opened up for Ukrainians tourist destinations. At first, the number of tourists wishing to visit Ukraine decreased sharply, but over time the situation stabilized, and tourism organizations began to steadily increase in number. Now the main priority in the tourism business is timeliness - both in the provision of services and in following the latest global trends. Modern tourism has become more active, dynamic, flexible and intelligent, and with Internet integration its capabilities have increased significantly. The next item on the to-do list of Ukrainian tourism is space travel, and don’t grin so much, not so long ago the color display of a push-button telephone was an exceptional technological innovation.

INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………3
1. HISTORY OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT.................................................... .................5
1.1 International tourism……………………………………………………………………. 5
1.2 Cultural tourism……………………………………………………...12
2. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF CULTURAL OR EDUCATIONAL TOURISM……………………………………………………………... 16
2.1 Objects of cultural heritage………………………………………... 20
2.2 Assessment of cultural complexes……………………………………….. 22
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………... 24
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………... 26

INTRODUCTION

International tourism is a complex and complex sphere of the world economy, significantly influencing both the entire world economy and the economy of individual countries and regions. In some countries, international tourism is practically the only source of foreign exchange earnings, thanks to which a high level of economic development and well-being of citizens is maintained.
Tourism is not only the largest, but also one of the most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy. Due to its rapid growth rate, it is recognized as the economic phenomenon of the century. During the second half of the twentieth century, the number of international tourists increased almost 28 times, and revenues from this type of service increased 237 times.
With the development of scientific knowledge about tourism, the latter appears as a systematic object of study. Working definitions, limited to a narrow industry framework, do not reveal the full variety of internal and external connections of this socio-economic phenomenon. Therefore, there is a need for a conceptual or essential definition of tourism. It forms a comprehensive understanding of the subject of research.
In the scientific literature on tourism, there is no clear definition of it. Despite the difference in formulations, all authors include in the concept of “tourism” tourist needs and motivations, the behavior of tourists, their stay outside their permanent residence, economic relations that develop between tourists and producers of goods and services, the interaction of the tourism sector with the surrounding natural, economic and other macroenvironments. The essential definition of tourism proposed by the International Association of Scientific Experts in the Field of Tourism has become widespread among specialists. According to him, tourism is “a set of relationships and phenomena that arise during the movement and stay of people in places other than their permanent place of residence and work”
Relevance of the topic. In Russian-language periodicals, research and educational literature, the term “cultural-educational” or “educational” tourism has increasingly begun to be replaced by the term “cultural” tourism. It should be noted that some authors give this concept new definitions, believing that a new type of tourism has arisen, while dividing “cultural” and “educational” as independent types of tourism, other researchers consider “educational tourism as a type of “cultural”, and others, saying about cultural and educational tourism, they adhere to other terms, for example, “excursion”, “excursion-educational”, “historical-local history” or “intellectual”. The work explores the phenomenon cultural tourism as a type of international tourist travel.
Goal of the work is to analyze the impact of cultural tourism on the development of international tourism as a whole.
Tasksworks:
- studying the history of the emergence of international and cultural tourism;
- identifying the foundations of cultural or educational tourism;
-study of heritage sites and assessment of cultural complexes.
Practical significance. The work can be used for in-depth study of cultural tourism by students majoring in Tourism.

1. HISTORY OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

1.1 International tourism
The desire to travel, the desire to change places is considered an innate human characteristic. The purposes of travel can be very diverse - business, educational, to seek adventure, to gain strong sensations, to relax, to escape from the monotony of everyday life.
There is no uniform periodization of the tourist movement in science, since its history is unique for each country or cultural community. However, systematization of the history of tourism is necessary in order to better understand the whole complex of economic, environmental and social phenomena associated with it, and attempts in this area continue.
The taxonomy that most accurately corresponds to the trends in global development of the tourism sector can be considered, according to which the following periods are distinguished in the tourist movement:
-early historical - until the middle of the nineteenth century;
- initial - from the middle of the 19th century to 1914;
-development period - from 1914 to 1945;
-the period of mass tourism - from 1945 to the present.
The beginnings of tourism activities appeared in ancient times. The motives for moving people most often were factors such as trade, thirst for knowledge, discovery, learning, religion and simply recreation. Special literature cites Egyptian texts dating back to 2000-1000 BC, which indicate that traveling for pleasure and recreation was commonplace in the life of the ancient Egyptians. 1

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1 Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to Tourism (3rd ed.). – Moscow – St. Petersburg: “Gerda Publishing House”, 2002, 320 p.

The real dawn of tourism occurred during the Roman Empire, facilitated by its vast territories. Judging by historical sources, the Romans created a road network of an unprecedented scale, the length of the main roads exceeded 90 thousand kilometers, and the secondary ones - 200 thousand. Of course, roads served primarily military, administrative and commercial purposes, but were also used for travel, information services, vehicles with designated places for sleeping and cooking, as well as descriptions of roadside guest houses offering safe overnight stay and food.
The geographical culture of ancient China was also at a high level. The Chinese left many geographical descriptions rivers, seas, mountains. The travels of the Chinese ambassador Zhang Caa (2nd century BC) had important practical consequences - the Great Silk Road passed along his routes.
The sea voyages of the ancient Phoenicians along the coasts of Europe and Africa were the most risky and technically equipped; historical sources also report that already in the 6th century BC, the ancient Greeks and Romans made trips to Egypt; they were attracted not by the ordinary nature, the magnificent architectural structures, Moreover, Egypt was considered a healing resort. The ancient Greek historian Herodotus visited not only Egypt, but also many other countries of the East - from

Libya to Babylon and Assyria, as well as in Asia Minor and even the Northern Black Sea region. He described his travels in nine books of History.
The vast majority of the population in those days was content with stories of distant travels; Only much later - with the invention of printing - did it become possible to read about travel in books, newspapers and illustrated magazines.
In the 9th century, Princess Olga visited Byzantium. According to historian S.M. Solovyov, there was “curiosity to see the wonders of the educated world” and prestige, since “the one who was in Constantinople was returning.” IN ancient Greece Sports travel also began, as participants and spectators from different countries arrived at the Olympic Games.
In the Russian state, the first travels were dictated by educational, trade, political and religious purposes.

Along with Christianity, the tradition of pilgrimage came to Rus'. The main places of “foreign” pilgrimage were Palestine, Jerusalem, Mount Athos, and throughout the Russian lands - Sergiev Posad, Optina Pustyn, Korennaya Pustyn and other monasteries.
In 1438-1474, the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin made the famous “walk across the three seas” - a journey undertaken to expand sales markets. He visited Persia, India, and on the way back he visited Somalia, Muscat, and Turkey.
The Renaissance had an even greater impact on tourism, when the economy began to develop rapidly, new crafts appeared, and trade between countries expanded. At the same time, travel required significant financial resources, legal privileges and a significant amount of free time, so only a few representatives of the richest social groups could travel. In the 17th century, traveling around Europe became popular due to the desire to get an education. They were carried out as part of a “program for the education of young aristocrats.” In England, the route of such a trip began in London, led to France with a long stay in Paris, then to Italy: Genoa, Milan, Florence, Rome. The return route ran through Switzerland, Germany, and the Netherlands. Travel contributed to the establishment of economic and political contacts between aristocratic youth and noble foreign families. The pioneers of winter sports were the British, much later they were joined by the French and Americans.
It is believed that the noble and aristocratic youth of the 17th and 18th centuries, who traveled not only for education, but also for entertainment and pleasure, can be given the status of tourists.
Traveling abroad for the purpose of acquiring knowledge and broadening one's horizons has been practiced in Russia since the end of the 17th century, starting with the reign of Peter I. An example was set by Peter himself, having traveled as part of the Great Moscow Embassy to the countries of Western Europe in 1697 - 1699. Such travels, during which they became acquainted with different aspects of European life, significantly influenced the development of Russian culture. One of the results of this influence was the compulsory study of foreign languages by nobles. Catherine II, accompanied by her retinue and foreign ambassadors, crossed the entire western part of the Russian Empire, sailed along the Dnieper, and examined the cities of Kherson and Sevastopol. Emperor Paul I, together with his wife, under the name of Count of the North, traveled around Europe for more than a year. He visited many German cities, visited Austria, the Netherlands, France, Italy.
The early historical phase of tourism development was characterized by the complexity and duration of travel. The speed of movement was approximately 6 kilometers per hour, and the distance covered per day did not exceed 60 kilometers. The privilege or a kind of necessity to travel belonged to merchants, wealthy burghers, nobles and aristocrats. The Englishman Thomas Cook is considered the first specialist in the tourism industry. In 1841, he organized a massive tour of the country, after which tourism entered the initial period of the modern phase of development.

1 Makarenko S.N., Saak A.E. History of tourism. – Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2003, 94 p.

The description of this first tourist trip of 570 members of the temperance society from the city of Leicester to the city of Loughborough has survived to this day.

The cost of the trip was small - only one shilling, and its goals were not commercial. Since 1847, the company created by Thomas Cook began to organize foreign trips - first to France, and later to other countries. European countries. In 1951, Cook founded the first commercial travel agency, Thomas Cook and Son, and in 1865 took the first group of wealthy tourists on holiday to Switzerland. Thus, it was he who laid the foundation for the modern tourism industry. In the second half of the 19th century, travel companies arose in many countries (in Russia - in 1885). Reserving seats on transport and hotel rooms, hotel classifications, traveler's checks, schedules and high-quality guidebooks with comprehensive information are becoming commonplace. In Russia, much attention has been paid to tourism since the second half of the 19th century. During this period, the “Society of Natural History Lovers”, “Crimean Mountain Club”, and “Caucasian Mountain Society” became widely known. In 1885, the first Russian travel company of L. Lipson began its activities in St. Petersburg. Since 1899, a commission has been working in Moscow at the Pedagogical Society to organize general educational excursions for students. In 1895, the Yalta Bureau of the Crimean-Caucasian Mining Club was created.
In the 19th century, excursions, hikes, and travel began to be used as a way of learning in school, special and higher education, as well as for collecting scientific, geographical and local history information about various regions of Russia. The development of science, inventions in the field of technology, the emergence of railways, steamships - all this contributed to the rapid spread of both internal and external travel for various purposes.
The creation of a car with an internal combustion engine in the second half of the twentieth century gave humanity a fast and comfortable way of transportation. Already in the first half of the twentieth century, cars and buses in Europe and the USA became a common form of transport. In 1903, in America, the Wright brothers flew an airplane they built with an internal combustion engine, and at the same time the first airplanes appeared in Europe. Maritime transport is being improved, giant liners for that time are being built, capable of crossing the ocean in a week - Sirius, Lusitania, Mauritania with a displacement of 30 thousand tons and a speed of 26 knots per hour, Imperator, Vaterland - 50 thousand tone and "Titanic" - 52 thousand tons. The Queen Mary liner with a displacement of 80 thousand tons and a speed of 30 knots began to make regular flights. The development of maritime and air transport has contributed to an increase in international travel.
In Russia, the origins of organized tourism date back to the early 1890s. Short educational trips began to be offered in resort areas of the Crimea and the Caucasus. With the advent of steamships, travel by water has become increasingly popular. In 1914, the two largest motor ships of that time were built - “Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna” and “Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna”. Recreational types of tourism are concentrated in Crimea and the Caucasus. The Caucasian Riviera complex was opened in Sochi, which included four hotels with 360 rooms and a concert hall with 600 seats, a medical building, courts, and an equipped beach. First-class hotels began to be built in large cities: in Moscow - “National” and “Metropol”, in St. Petersburg - “Astoria” and “European”.
The Russian Society of Tourists, created in 1901 on the basis of the Society of Cyclist Tourists (OVT), carried out extensive activities in the development of tourism. Members of the society organized various excursions - walking, cycling, skiing, horseback riding, and took part in kayaking and sailing races. Society member Anisim Pankratov made the first trip around the world by bicycle, which lasted more than a year and a half. 1.
The First World War interrupted international tourist ties. However, after its completion, international tourism entered into new period development. In the 1920s, the geographical area of foreign tourism expanded significantly. So, if before the war most tourists went to Italy and Switzerland, then after its end almost all European countries were involved in the tourism sector.
In Soviet Russia, the main goal of tourism was to educate the broad masses of the population through excursions and travel. Along with this, a base for elite recreation and recreation, as well as a market for elite outbound tourism, is being formed. The development of tourism in Russia was favorably influenced by the new economic policy (EP), introduced in 1992.
The Second World War sharply reduced the volume of international tourism. After the war, many European cities lay in ruins, and there was a sharp shortage of funds, fuel and energy resources, food, and qualified personnel. The worsening political situation in the world in the second half of the 1940s, when a rampant arms race began, also played a negative role. For millions of people, the outside world began to seem like a source of threat and danger. Only a few years after graduation. After World War II, international tourism in Europe, the United States and Canada began to revive. By 1950, the total number of foreign tourists recorded worldwide exceeded pre-war levels and amounted to more than 25 million. 2

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