NATURE OF CRIMEA Educator Strekalova I.A. MBDOU d/s combined type No. 4 “Sun”, Belogorsk, Republic of Crimea

Goal: acquaintance with the beauty and diversity of nature of the Crimean peninsula. Objectives: - develop cognitive interest in nature, observation skills; - cultivate love for the environment and the need to preserve natural resources.

Crimea is popularly called “the world in miniature”. And it is completely justified, because the nature of Crimea is so diverse and unique. Only on the Crimean peninsula can one encounter a combination of flat mountain peaks, see the yaylas with a coldish and incredible moist air. And just a couple of kilometers away are the warm Black Sea shores with their pebbles and sandy beaches. Beautiful nature Crimea is not all that this peninsula can surprise. Its pleasant climate also pleases local residents and tourists. Most of the territory is dominated by a climate characteristic of the temperate zone: in the flat part it is steppe and mild, and in the mountains it is more humid, just like what can be found in deciduous forests.

Another feature of Crimea is a very clear change of vegetation from north to south. Northern part The peninsulas are hilly steppes.

In the foothills area, the steppes change to forest-steppe. Here, in addition to steppe plants, such species as juniper, downy oak, shaggy pear, rose hips, hornbeam, etc. grow.

Mountains rise in the southern part of the Crimean peninsula. Oak forests grow on the mountains. With height, oak forests give way to beech forests. 200-250-year-old trees amaze with their power and pristine, gloomy beauty. It is always very gloomy here, there is even no undergrowth or grass cover, there is only a thick layer of fallen leaves. At an altitude of about a thousand meters, huge, mighty beeches give way to gnarled, stunted trees. At the very top, the forests give way to flat peaks, which are separated from each other by very deep passes

Further, closer to the sea, there is a belt of beech-pine and pine forests, which consists of Crimean pine and Scots pine. There are also oaks, beeches, and hornbeams here. Natural pine forests are more pronounced on the South Coast, which cannot be said about the southeastern part

The Crimean mountains stretch along South Bank peninsulas in a gentle arc more than 160 km long and up to 40 - 50 km wide. They are clearly divided into three ridges: Main, Inner and Outer.

Mount Demerdzhi is considered a natural wonder of the Crimean peninsula. Here you can find huge stone blocks of intricate shapes, colossi and pillars. This was done not by the hand of a master, but by nature itself. The almighty wind, her majesty water and time can sometimes create things that are beyond the power of man. Depending on the time of day, almost every hour, the color of the mountain changes. The play of the sun's rays along the slopes of the Crimean beauty resembles a rainbow.

Not far from Demerdzhi there is the village of Luchistoye and next to it the “Valley of Ghosts” with stones of the most bizarre shape, this is very unusual. As a rule, everyone finds a stone here that they like. The stones have original names: mother-in-law, witch, Peter's finger.

Mount Ai-Petri is the pearl of the Crimean mountains.

The Golden Gate in Crimea is one of the most amazing places in the world. The gate is located in the Feodosia region of Crimea, near the urban village of Koktebel.

Ayu-Dag or Bear - mountain - a mountain on the southern coast of Crimea, located on the border of Big Alushta and Big Yalta.

Roman Kosh is the most high mountain in Crimea. According to legend, in the caves of Mount Roman-Kosh, pirates and robbers hid treasures that they looted through honest and backbreaking labor.

The White Rock (Ak-Kaya) is a landmark of the city of Belogorsk. A large number of films were shot here: “Mirage”, “The Headless Horseman”, “The Man from the Boulevard des Capuchins”, “Cippolino”, “Apocalypse Code”, etc.

Red caves in Crimea ( Simferopol district) - in fact, an entire underground system, simply stunning with its enormous size, branching, bizarre shapes and completely unearthly, fantastic beauty. When visiting Kizil-Koba (this is their second name), you get the impression that you find yourself in another world, mysterious, beautiful

A kilometer from it there is a rock cave.

Emine Bair Khosar Cave or Mammoth Cave

From the west and south Crimean peninsula washed by the Black Sea, from the east by the Sea of ​​Azov and the Kerch Strait. The Sea of ​​Azov is the shallowest sea of ​​the World Ocean.

From the north, the Crimean Peninsula cuts deep into the Black Sea.

Crimea is rich in waterfalls. The Uchan Su waterfall descends from Mount Ai Petri - the most... high waterfall Crimea

Dzhur-Dzhur waterfall in the Alushta region

There are lakes in Crimea, among them there are many healing ones - Saki Lake

Lake Moinaki near Evpatoria is popular for its healing mud. The beauty, diversity of the flora and fauna of Crimea, its healing climate have made Crimea truly the pearl of the Earth.

Business card. Features of nature


Nature of Crimea


  • LESSON 1: Business card. Features of nature
  • LESSON 2: Population and economy
  • LESSON 3: Cities of Crimea, attractions

  • Explore the features of the Crimean Republic:
  • Nature
  • Population
  • Farming.
  • Attractions.

Business card. Features of nature


  • With subject Russian Federation, part of the Crimean Federal District. Formed on March 18, 2014 on the basis of an agreement on the admission of the independent sovereign Republic of Crimea to Russia. The capital of the Republic of Crimea is the city of Simferopol.
  • Area: 27,000 km² Population: 2,284,400 people

  • It juts out deeply into the Black Sea, which it is washed from the south and west, and from the east it is washed by the Sea of ​​Azov. The coastline of the Crimean Peninsula exceeds 2,500 km. Of these, almost 50% are in the Sivash region, 750 km in the Black Sea and about 500 km in the Azov Sea.
  • In the north it is connected to the continent by the narrow (up to 8 km) Perekop Isthmus. The area is about 26,860 km², of which 72% is plain, 20% is mountains and 8% is lakes and other water bodies.

The largest bays on the Black Sea coast: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosiya.

On the coast of Azov: Sivash, Kazantip and Arabat.

In the east of Crimea there is the Kerch Peninsula, in the west - the Tarkhankutsky, Heraclean Peninsula, in the north - Tyup-Tarkhan.


Geological structure

  • From a geological point of view, the Crimean Peninsula is the southern part of the Ukrainian crystalline shield of the East European Platform, within which the Scythian plate and the Crimean folded region are distinguished.

  • According to the nature of the relief, the peninsula is divided into three unequal parts:
  • 1) North Crimean Plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory),
  • 2) ridge-hilly plains of the Kerch Peninsula with the manifestation of mud volcanism
  • 3) mountainous Crimea, stretching in three ridges - Main (southern), Internal and External (northern), separated by longitudinal plains.

  • High mountain peaks:

Roman-Kosh - 1545 m;

  • Demir-Kapu - 1540 m;
  • Zeytin-Kosh - 1534 m;
  • Kemal Egerek - 1529 m;
  • Eklizi-Burun - 1527 m;
  • Angara-Burun - 1453 m.

  • The mountain structures of Crimea are part of the Alpine folded geosynclinal region. folded area Mountain Crimea- large block uplift, South part which is lowered below the level of the Black Sea. The shores are accumulatively leveled. Length coastline 980 km, of which 76% are abrasion shores (that is, where rocks were destroyed under the influence of waves).








  • Mineral deposits: mineral salts, construction raw materials, combustible gas, thermal waters, iron ore. Natural resources are of greatest importance recreational resources: mild climate, warm sea, healing mud, mineral water, picturesque landscapes.


  • Crimea, despite its relatively small territory, has a varied climate. The climate of Crimea is divided into three subzones:
  • 1) Steppe Crimea(most of Crimea, north, west and center of Crimea).
  • 2) Crimean mountains
  • 3) Southern coast of Crimea
  • The climate of the northern part is temperate continental, on the southern coast - with features similar to subtropical. The average January temperature is from −1… −3 °C in the north of the steppe zone to +1… −1 °C in the south of the steppe zone, on the southern coast of Crimea from +2… +4 °C. The average July temperature of the South Coast and the eastern part of Crimea: Kerch and Feodosia is +23…+25 °C. Precipitation ranges from 300-400 mm per year in the north to 1000-2000 mm in the mountains.

  • In summer (in the second half of July) in the steppe part of Crimea, daytime air temperatures reach +35...+37 °C in the shade, at night up to +23...+25 °C. The climate is predominantly dry, with seasonal dry winds prevailing. The Black Sea warms up to +25 °C in summer. The Sea of ​​Azov warms up to +27…+28 °C.


Climate. Distribution of total solar radiation.

Air temperature (July)

Air temperature (January)


The climate of most of Crimea can be characterized as a temperate climate - soft steppe in the flat part, more humid, characteristic of deciduous forests - in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a subtropical Mediterranean climate.

Temperate continental zone

Subtropical Mediterranean belt (SMC)


Moderate continental climate type


Temperate climate (mountain forest)


Subtropical Mediterranean (South Coast)


Inland waters Crimea. Rivers

A relatively small amount of precipitation, long dry summers, and the spread of karst rocks in the mountains have caused Crimea to be poor in surface water. Due to the unequal conditions for the formation and distribution of surface waters, Crimea is divided into two parts: flat steppe with a very small number of surface watercourses and mountain forest with a relatively dense river network. Almost all the rivers of the peninsula originate here. There are no rivers only on the flat surfaces of the land.


  • 257 rivers flow through the territory of Crimea (the largest are Salgir, Kacha, Alma, Belbek), Indol, Biyuk-Karasu, Chernaya, Burulcha. The longest river in Crimea is Salgir (220 km), the deepest is Belbek (water flow - 1500 liters per second).

  • There are over 50 salt lakes in Crimea, the largest of them is Lake Sasyk-Sivash - 205 km². The Black Sea artesian basin is located. The steppe part is cut by canals for irrigation; the largest is the North Crimean Canal.

Crimean groundwater

North Sivash, Belogorsky, Alminsky basins

Artesian basin of the Crimean Mountains.

In the mountains there is much more precipitation than in the plain Crimea, and evaporation, on the contrary, is less. Therefore, runoff formation occurs in the mountains, in the foothills (primarily within the Outer Ridge) water penetrates into permeable rock layers, and in the lowland Crimea accumulation groundwater. Waters trapped in the limestone layer move north and west. There they formed a powerful artesian basin. Thus, the lowland Crimea, poor in surface water, has been steadily receiving good quality water from the mountains for a long geological time.

According to scientists, up to 75% of exploitable fresh water reserves are located in the artesian basins of the Crimean plain. Most extensive here North Sivashsky, Belogorsky and Alminsky artesian pools. They are giant troughs in the earth's crust, in which the number and thickness of rock layers, including aquifers, as a rule, increases.


Soils of Crimea

Mountain forest

Mountain Crimea

Brown

Plain Crimea is located in the subzone of turf-grass dry steppes with southern black soils And dark chestnut soils .

The southern coast and partly the southwestern part of Crimea are characterized by brown soils, formed under sub-Mediterranean dry forests and bushes.

Chernozems and dark chestnut soils


Population and economy of Crimea


  • 65% Russians, 24% Ukrainians, 11% Ukrainians. Tatars, 1% Belarusians, Armenians, Jews, Moldovans, Poles, Greeks, Gypsies. According to the results of the 2014 population census in the Crimean Federal District, the absolute majority of the population of the peninsula named Russian as their native language - 84%. Crimean Tatar was named as a native language by 7.9%, Tatar by 3.7%, and Ukrainian by 3.3%. 79.7% of Ukrainians, 24.8% of Tatars and 5.6% of Crimean Tatars named Russian as their native language. For 0.1% of Russians, their native language is Ukrainian.

1,239,800 people, in rural areas - 730,000 people. The largest cities: Sevastopol, Simferopol, Kerch, Evpatoria and Feodosia.

Simferopol


Sevastopol

The largest city of the Crimean peninsula is Sevastopol - 389,921 inhabitants (2009), the capital of the Republic of Crimea, Simferopol, is in 2nd place - 337,139 inhabitants (2009). Historically, Sevastopol and Simferopol are characterized by “competition” for 1st place in population, while the third place since the first All-Russian population census in 1897 invariably belongs to Kerch


  • Feodosia Mechanical Plant
  • Factory "Gidropribor" (Feodosia)
  • Sevastopol Instrument-Making Plant
  • Santekhprom plant (Simferopol)
  • Scientific and Production Association "Pneumatics"

Kamysh-Burunsky iron ore plant

  • Kerch Metallurgical Plant named after. P. L. Voikova

Dzhankoy Machine-Building Plant

Plant "Selkhozdetal" (Simferopol)


  • Shipbuilding:
  • Kerch shipyard "Zaliv"
  • Feodosia shipbuilding company "MORE"
  • Sevastopol Marine Plant named after. S. Ordzhonikidze
  • Mining:
  • Balaklava Mining Administration named after. M. Gorky
  • Chernomorneftegaz

  • The chemical industry of Crimea has a clear focus on sources of raw materials and is therefore located in the city of Saki, adjacent to the large salt lakes Sasyk and Saki and on the Perekop Isthmus, where the system of bitter-salty lakes is located
  • Saki Chemical Plant (Saki)
  • Scientific and Production Association “Iodobrom” (Saki)
  • Crimean Soda Plant (Krasnoperekopsk)
  • Perekop Bromine Plant (Krasnoperekopsk)
  • Crimean Titan (Armensk)
  • chemical production in Simferopol

  • WINE MAKING:
  • Wine house "Fotisal" (Bakhchisaray)
  • Bakhchisarai Winery (Bakhchisarai)
  • Champagne wine factory " New World" (New World)
  • Factory of vintage wines and cognacs "Koktebel" (Koktebel)
  • Winery "Zolotoe Pole" (Zolotoe Pole)
  • LLC "Agrofirm "Zolotaya Balka" (Balaklava)
  • Inkerman Vintage Wine Factory (Inkerman)
  • National production and agricultural association "Massandra" (Yalta) (pictured)
  • National Institute of Grapes and Wine "Magarach" (Yalta)
  • SE "Sevastopol Winery" (Sevastopol)
  • PJSC " Sunny Valley" (Sunny Valley)

Tobacco industry:

  • Simferopol Tobacco-Fermentation Plant
  • Feodosia tobacco factory

  • The specialization of Crimean agriculture is grain growing, livestock breeding, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, as well as the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, roses, sage).
  • The structure of agricultural land, which occupies 63% of the territory of Crimea, is dominated by arable land (63.3% of the total area of ​​agricultural land). This is followed by pastures - 22.9%, perennial plantings - 8.7% and hayfields - 0.1%.
  • The oldest agricultural industry in Crimea is viticulture. Crimea is famous for its technical grape varieties, which are used to produce high-quality wines, cognacs and juices. The republic was the main region of Ukraine for grape production. In 2013, Crimea collected 472 thousand tons of vegetables and almost 412 tons of potatoes


Attractions

One of the most scenic spots Crimea - Balaklava Bay has long won the hearts of tourists, and even the residents themselves. We shouldn't lag behind either!


Attractions

The Khan's Palace is located on Crimean territory, in the city of Bakhchisarai, on the left bank of the Churuk-Su River and dates back to the 16th century.


Attractions

“Jur-Jur...”, the deepest Crimean waterfall flows from a fifteen-meter height at a speed of about three hundred liters per second.

In the Crimean Tatar language, the name of a picturesque waterfall located in the vicinity of the famous resort town Alushta, that’s what it means: “water” or “murmuring” (“Сurcur”).


Attractions

Vorontsov Palace (19th century) is located in the city of Alupka, at the feet of the Ai-Petri hill.


Attractions

Genoese fortress located on Mount “Fortress” near the city of Sudak, on the coast of Crimea, built by the Genoese in the period from 1371 to 1469.


Attractions

Mount Ai-Petri (1234 meters) rises above the city of Alupka and the village of Koreiz on the territory of the Yalta mountain forest reserve


Attractions

One of the most popular natural objects is Mount Ayu-Dag - located on the border between Alushta and Yalta.


Attractions

bird home(19th century) is located in the village of Gaspra. The architectural and historical monument rises 40 meters above the sea, located on the steep cliff of Cape Ai-Todor.


Attractions

The Livadia Palace, park, Suite (Prague) building, Fredericks Palace, Holy Cross Church in the complex are an architectural and natural ensemble located in the village of the same name, on Black Sea coast Yalta Crimea. Directly separated from Yalta by three kilometers.


Attractions

Massandra Palace (19th century) or the palace of Alexander the Third is located on the Crimean southern coast, on the territory of Upper Massandra. It is a branch of the Alupka Palace and Park Museum-Reserve.


Attractions

The cape, also known as the Tarkhantuk Peninsula, is a real pearl of Crimea, and, moreover, the most extreme point The Crimean Peninsula, with which it has a land border of 52 kilometers.

This place embodies a tourist’s dream - ecological cleanliness, healing climate and vibrant nature.


Attractions

The mysterious medieval fortress city of Chufut-Kale, which is 2.5 km east of the no less legendary Bakhchisarai, rises above three picturesque valleys.


Attractions

Kara-Dag is a mountain-volcanic massif on the territory of the Feodosia City Council of Crimea, on the shores of the Black Sea. The reserve occupies the territory of a volcanic massif.

Kara-Dag (Karadag), translated from Turkish and Crimean Tatar languages ​​into Russian - “ black Mountain" Nearby is the Koktebel resort


Attractions

The Golden Gate is an arched coastal rock located in the sea, 85 meters from the coast of the ancient extinct volcano Kara-Dag. WELCOME TO CRIMEA!!!

  • The Crimean peninsula occupies a relatively small territory - in area it is 20 times smaller than the Iberian and Balkan Peninsulas, 15 times - Kamchatka and Asia Minor. But Crimea became famous, significant and attractive largely due to the peculiarities of its nature, and above all its unique geographical location.
  • On April 8, 1783, Catherine II issued a manifesto on the acceptance of the “Crimean Peninsula”, as well as the Kuban side, into Russia. Russian troops of Suvorov entered the territory of Crimea, and the city of Sevastopol was founded near the ruins of ancient Chersonesus.
  • There are no wars without losses, and sometimes victory brings so many losses that it looks more like defeat. War is always unpredictable - your enemy can become your ally if the two of you have common interests. The people who suffer the most from war are the innocents who are forced into battle against their will. War is the path of deception. And sometimes you yourself are deceived.
  • At dawn on June 22, 1941, fascist planes bombed many Soviet cities, including the main base of the Black Sea Fleet - Sevastopol. Already on June 22-23 in all cities and villages of Crimea, in factories, factories, construction sites, educational institutions rallies were held on collective and state farms, at which workers angrily denounced the fascist aggressors and unanimously declared their determination to defend the socialist Motherland. After the rallies, hundreds of workers went to recruiting stations with a request to send them to the front. In the first days of the war, over 8.1 thousand Crimean communists - more than 1/3 of the regional party organization - joined the ranks of the Red Army and Navy
This flame is silent.
  • This flame is silent.
  • These stones are screaming.
  • Whoever you are, bow down
  • Before the bright memory
  • Hero soldiers,
  • Life for the glory of the Fatherland
  • Those who gave...
  • Nature will act on us with all its strength only when we bring our human element into the feeling of it, when our state of mind, our love, our joy or sadness comes into full harmony with nature and it will no longer be possible to separate the freshness of the morning from the light of our loved ones eyes and the measured noise of the forest from thinking about the life lived.
  • The flora of the Crimean peninsula is extremely diverse: according to some sources, it has 2,400 wild species of higher plants, according to others - 2,775.
  • You can find such plants as: walnut, hawthorn, beech and others.
  • The connection between the unique geographical location of Crimea and the uniqueness of the peninsula’s fauna is no less obvious than for the flora, although the animals are more dynamic. In addition to species characteristic of the nearby southern regions of Ukraine, we everywhere encounter animals of the Mediterranean range on the peninsula. You can find such plants as: Stingray, owl, dolphin, red deer and others.
  • Ocheretai Bay
  • Catherine's Mile
  • Diana's Grotto
  • Rock of the Holy Apparition
  • Evpatoria
  • Holidays in Crimea have always been in demand, and recently it has become even more attractive. The cost of housing in the private sector of Crimea is cheaper than in many other resorts, but there are also quite a few more comfortable, expensive hotels. The variety of resorts in Crimea, a huge number of attractions in all corners of the peninsula make holidays in Crimea interesting and varied.
  • Eastern coast of Crimea
  • the south coast of Crimea
  • Sevastopol
  • Zander
  • Kerch
  • Sandy
  • Simeiz
  • Yalta
  • Gurzuf
  • According to the 2001 census, the population of Crimea is 2.031 million people, of which the four largest major cities autonomy - Sevastopol (365.8 thousand people), Simferopol (364 thousand people), Kerch (157.2 thousand people) and Evpatoria (122 thousand people) - 41%. The share of the urban population of Crimea is 63%, living in rural populated areas– 37% (according to the previous census of 1989, this ratio was 70% to 30%).
1.
  • 1. The length of the longest trolleybus route in the world is 86 kilometers, and it runs in Crimea between Simferopol and Yalta.
  • 2. Another interesting animal of Crimea can be considered the South Russian tarantula. Its bite can cause anaphylactic shock, and besides, the bite itself is very painful, despite the fact that the size of the spider is only 3.5 cm.
  • 3. The shallowest sea in the world is the Sea of ​​Azov. It washes the shores of Crimea. Maximum depth Sea of ​​Azov - 15 meters.
  • As a result of the referendum that took place on March 16, 2014. the majority of Crimeans voted to join Russia. Currently, the Republic of Crimea is a subject of the Russian Federation that is part of the Crimean Federal District. March 18, 2014 an agreement was concluded on the admission to the Russian Federation of the independent sovereign Republic of Crimea (entry in notebooks), proclaimed within the administrative borders of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol (received the status of a city of federal significance). March 21, 2014 Putin V.V. signed the federal constitutional law on the entry of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol into the Russian Federation (invite students to evaluate this historical event).

Slide 1

History of Crimea Compiled by: history teacher MBOU secondary school No. 26, Krasnoyarsk Besedina E.V.

Slide 2

Ancient history The oldest inhabitants of Crimea are the Cimmerians (XII century BC). In the middle of the 7th century. BC e. part of the Cimmerians was pushed back by the Scythians. Here, in the foothills and mountains of Crimea, the Tauri lived. (Tavria) remains of fortified shelters and residential buildings of the Taurians, their cromlechs - ring-shaped fences made of vertically placed stones

Slide 3

Greek past In the VI – V centuries. BC e., immigrants from Hellas founded their trading colonies on the coast of Crimea. In the first half of the 5th century. BC e. Two independent Greek states emerge on the shores of the Black Sea. Republic of Chersonese (peninsula) Tauride, which included the lands of western Crimea. The other is the Bosporan autocratic state, whose capital was Panticapaeum (“the way of the fish”).

Slide 4

Change of tribes The Scythian state in Crimea existed until the second half of the 3rd century. n. e. and was destroyed by the Goths. Under the powerful onslaught of the Huns in the 4th century. AD they were forced to leave for the mountainous regions of Crimea, where they gradually mixed with the descendants of the Tauro-Scythians. TO historical monuments that period include the so-called cave cities, located in the Bakhchisarai region and in the Sevastopol area. In the second half of the 4th century, the invasion of Asian barbarians - the Huns - began.

Slide 5

Byzantium and Crimea After the collapse of the Roman Empire (VI century), Crimea fell into the sphere of influence of Byzantium. The Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527–565), trying to strengthen his position in Tauris and protect the Byzantine possessions on the coast from steppe nomads, built fortresses

Slide 6

Kievan princes in Crimea At the end of the 8th - beginning of the 9th centuries, after the emergence of the state of Kievan Rus, the Kievan princes, pursuing political goals that were related to trade, organized campaigns in the Crimea, to South coast. In 988 (according to other sources - in 989), the prince of Kievan Rus Vladimir, having occupied Korsun, was officially baptized here.

Slide 7

Mongol-Tatars in the 12th century. most of the peninsula became Polovtsian. The Mongol-Tatars first entered Crimea in 1223. Tavria was conquered by the Mongols in the first half of the 13th century. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the remnants of the Tatar-Mongols in Crimea were influenced by Turkic speech and were Turkified.

Slide 8

Ottoman Empire Since 1475, Crimea was conquered by the Ottoman Turks. The main occupation of the Crimean Tatars (as they began to be called much later) in the south was gardening and viticulture. In the Middle Ages, located at the crossroads of the most important trade routes, Crimea played a prominent role in international trade. Goods went to Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Constantinople, Syria, Iran, the Caucasus, and Khorezm.

Slide 9

The struggle for access to the sea From 1575 to 1637. Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks made about 20 campaigns along the Black and Sea of ​​Azov. In 1628, a 4,000-strong Cossack army led by Hetman Doroshenko broke into Crimea. In 1637, the Don Cossacks, with the participation of the Cossacks, captured the Turkish fortress of Azov. (temporarily)

Slide 10

Campaigns of Sophia and Peter I The Crimeans raided the lands north of the Black Sea region, captured prisoners and sold them to Turkey. Princess Sophia organizes trips - unsuccessfully. Peter I decided, instead of going to the Crimea, to strike at the Turkish fortress of Azov. And he made the Azov campaigns in 1695-1696. However, Peter failed to gain access to the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait: he remained under the control of the Ottoman Empire.

Slide 11

Catherine II The Russian-Turkish War of 1768-74 put an end to Ottoman rule and, according to the peace treaty of 1774, the Ottomans renounced their claims to Crimea. But the raids continued. The Second War with Turkey in 1791. In 1792, the Treaty of Iasi was signed, which consolidated Russian influence in Bessarabia and Transcaucasia, as well as the annexation of Crimea.

Slide 12

Crimean War In June 1854, the Anglo-French flotilla began shelling Russian coastal fortifications in Crimea, and already in September the Allies (Great Britain, France, Ottoman Empire) began landing in Yevpatoria. In October the siege of Sevastopol began. On September 11, 1855, Sevastopol fell, but was returned to Russia at the end of the war in exchange for certain concessions.

Slide 13

1917 Pro-Soviet forces from among soldiers and workers proclaimed the Taurida SSR as part of the RSFSR at the beginning of 1918, April-June 1919 - the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR; The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is a state entity on the territory of Crimea formed from part of the former Tauride province of the Russian Empire, which occupied the area of ​​the Crimean peninsula. Existed in 1921-1946. as part of the RSFSR

Slide 14

Crimea during the war In November 1941, the Red Army was forced to leave Crimea. On April 11, 1944, the Soviet Army began an operation to liberate Crimea. The war sharply aggravated interethnic contradictions in Crimea, and in May-June 1944, Crimean Tatars (183 thousand) were evicted from the territory of the peninsula .people, Armenians, Greeks and Bulgarians.

Slide 15

Post-war Crimea Since 1946, instead of autonomy, the Crimean region existed. In 1948, Sevastopol received the status of a city of republican subordination of the RSFSR, which was equal to the status of the Crimean region.

Slide 16

Transfer of Crimea In 1954, due to the difficult economic situation on the peninsula, the Soviet leadership decided to transfer Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR with the following wording: “Taking into account the commonality of the economy, territorial proximity and close economic and cultural ties between the Crimean region and the Ukrainian SSR.” On February 19, 1954, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a Decree “On the transfer of the Crimean region from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR.”

Slide 17

1990s On August 24, 1991, the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR adopted the Act of Independence of Ukraine. On September 4, 1991, the session of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Republic, which speaks of the desire to create a legal democratic state within Ukraine. On May 5, 1992, the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea adopted the declaration “Act on the Declaration of State Independence of the Republic of Crimea,” but then, under pressure from Ukraine, he reversed this decision. At the same time, the Russian parliament voted to cancel the 1954 decision to transfer Crimea to the Ukrainian SSR. On May 6, 1992, by decision of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the position of President of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea was introduced. In May 1994, the situation escalated when the Crimean parliament voted to restore the 1992 constitution, effectively making Crimea independent from Ukraine. However, the leaders of Russia and Ukraine prevented violence from breaking out. In March 1995, by decision of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and the President of Ukraine, the 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Crimea was abolished and the presidency in Crimea was abolished. Crimea at home On March 16, a referendum was held, more than 90% voted “For the reunification of Crimea with Russia as a subject of the Russian Federation.” On March 17, 2014, the independent Republic of Crimea was proclaimed, in which the city of Sevastopol has a special status. On March 18, 2014, an agreement was signed on the entry of the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol into the Russian Federation as subjects of the Russian Federation.

Slide 20

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Republic of Crimea In a scarlet Varangian shield there is a silver griffin facing to the right, trembling in its right paw an open silver shell with a blue pearl. The shield is topped by a rising sun and surrounded by two white columns connected by a blue, white and red ribbon with the motto: “Prosperity in Unity.” The griffin, as one of the symbols of ancient Chersonesus, on the site of which Sevastopol was built, has been considered a symbol of amulet since ancient times and in this capacity symbolizes the city, one of the main tasks of which is to guard the borders of the country.

The name Simferopol means “city of benefit” (lit. Polzograd) in Greek. The Crimean Tatar name Aqmescit is translated into Russian as " white mosque"(aq - white, mescit - mosque). The coat of arms tells about the strength and fearlessness of the Russian people in Sevastopol, who built a formidable fortress in the Crimea, twice famous for its valiant defense.

Brief historical sketch of the 15th – 8th centuries. BC. – on the shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus ( Kerch Strait) Achilles, hero of the Trojan War, was born. 9th – 8th centuries BC e. – Crimea is inhabited by tribes under common name"Taurs" 6th – 5th centuries. BC e. – the first ancient Greek colonies 6th – 12th centuries. AD – ancient cave cities; the most famous is Mangup 988 - the capture of Chersonesus by Prince Vladimir, his adoption of Christianity and the baptism of Rus' 1475 - the seizure of the coast by Ottoman Turkey and raids on Moscow and the Zaporozhye Sich 1768 - 1774. – Russian-Turkish War, proclamation of the Crimean Khanate, independent from Turkey 1783 – annexation of the Khanate to Russia 1787 – 1791. Russian-Turkish War, recognition by Turkey of the annexation of Crimea to Russia 1853-1856. Crimean War. Russia fights against England, France and the Sardinian Kingdom, saving Turkey's influence on the Black Sea 1941 - 1944. – battles of the Great Patriotic War of 1944 – mass deportation of Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks. 1954 - Crimea becomes a region of Ukraine Since 1989 - return of deported peoples 2014 - reunification of Crimea with Russia

Yeni-Kale fortress in Kerch Chufut-Kale Genoese fortress in Sudak

Chersonesus is the place where Prince Vladimir of Kiev made his decision

Inkerman Cave Monastery Assumption Cave Monastery near Bakhchisarai

Khan's Palace in Bakhchisarai and the Fountain of Tears “Fountain of Love, a living fountain! I brought you two roses as a gift. I love your non-silent conversation and poetic tears.” A.S. Pushkin

By decree of Catherine II of February 10, 1784 new town received the name Sevastopol. By the same Decree, Prince G.A. Potemkin was ordered to build in Akhtiarskaya harbor great fortress with the Admiralty for ships of the first rank, as well as a port and a military settlement. At this time, there were already 26 ships in the bay with 4 thousand sailors and officers

Crimean War. First defense of Sevastopol. Monument to the Scuttled Ships

Vorontsov Palace in Alupka Palace in Livadia - the possession of the Romanov imperial family 3. The courtyard in the Livadia Palace Crimea became a favorite vacation spot for the imperial family

Palace of Alexander III in Massandra 2. Kichkin Palace of Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich 3. Swallow's Nest on Cape Ai-Todor

Sapun mountain, Sevastopol Adzhimushkai quarries Monument in Feodosia Great Patriotic War Second defense of Sevastopol

Forest midlands Forest-Shibliak Mediterranean Forest-steppe foothills Kerch steppe hills Plain-steppe Crimea Nature of Crimea

Ai-Petrinskaya yayla 2. Ai-Petri, 1234 m 3. Roman-Kosh, 1545 m

Ayu-Dag (Bear Mountain) Kara-Dag – dormant volcano Demerdzhi (Valley of Ghosts)

Chatyr-Dag massif B Marble Cave Entrance to the Red Cave

Great Crimean Canyon Dolgorukovskaya Yayla in spring Uchan-su Waterfall

Economy of Crimea Growing essential oil crops 2. Production of grapes 3. Growing peaches

Energy Wind, solar and thermal power plants Mining industry Oil, gas Chemical industry (Krasnoperekopsk, Armyansk, Saki) Based on salt reserves in large salt lakes Ferrous metallurgy (Kamysh-Burun, Kerch) Shipbuilding (Kerch, Feodosia, Sevastopol) Instrument making (Simferopol, Sevastopol) Winemaking (Massandra, Koktebel, Novy Svet, Yalta, Balaklava, Inkerman, Solnechnaya Dolina)

Recreational economy

Museum of I. Aivazovsky in Feodosia Museum of A. Green in Feodosia Knight's tournament in the Sudak fortress

For little tourists Glade of Fairy Tales


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