Contents air transport; air Transport; air Transport; air Transport; airport; airport; airport; airplane accidents; airplane accidents; airplane accidents; airplane accidents; basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner; basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; depressurization of the cabin; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; oxygen mask; sudden braking; sudden braking; sudden braking; sudden braking; emergency landing; emergency landing; emergency landing; emergency landing; fire on an airplane; fire on an airplane; fire on an airplane; fire on an airplane; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; questions on the topic; bibliography. bibliography. bibliography. bibliography.


Airport At airports, many situations arise that are similar to incidents at railway stations. These include being late, losing things, being poisoned by poor-quality food, and having unpleasant contacts. Many situations arise at airports that are similar to incidents at railway stations. These include being late, losing things, being poisoned by poor-quality food, and having unpleasant contacts.


Airplane accidents Airplane accidents most often occur during takeoff or landing. Therefore, all buildings, stadiums, and dachas built near airports are at risk. Residents of such areas have become accustomed to the noise of airplanes since childhood and pay almost no attention to them. However, an unusual sound or tilt of the aircraft, smoke, or fire should not go unnoticed by them. Airplane accidents most often occur during takeoff or landing. Therefore, all buildings, stadiums, and dachas built near airports are at risk. Residents of such areas have become accustomed to the noise of airplanes since childhood and pay almost no attention to them. However, an unusual sound or tilt of the aircraft, smoke, or fire should not go unnoticed by them.


Basic safety rules on the ground and on board an airliner: do not take with you prohibited items or packages for transfer from strangers; do not take with you prohibited items or packages for transfer from strangers; do not keep sharp objects on you that can hurt when jolted; do not keep sharp objects on you that can hurt when jolted; listen carefully to the location instructions emergency exits from the salon; carefully listen to instructions on the location of emergency exits from the cabin; Fasten your seat belt during takeoff and landing, and also if necessary at the request of flight attendants. Make sure it is securely fastened. Fasten your seat belt during takeoff and landing, and also if necessary at the request of flight attendants. Make sure it is securely fastened.


Depressurization of the cabin One of the dangerous situations in the air is depressurization of the cabin. The cause could be a mine explosion, a terrorist's shot, or someone's attempt to open the door during a flight. One of the dangerous situations in the air is depressurization of the cabin. The cause could be a mine explosion, a terrorist's shot, or someone's attempt to open the door during a flight.


Oxygen mask To avoid death, in such a situation you should quickly hold your breath and put on an oxygen mask. IN big planes it is always right in front of you in the back of the front seat. Storage oxygen mask opens automatically when the pressure in the cabin decreases. At this moment you need to quickly put on a mask. In order not to die, in such a situation you should quickly hold your breath and put on an oxygen mask. On large planes it is always right in front of you in the back of the front seat. The oxygen mask storage area opens automatically when the cabin pressure decreases. At this moment you need to quickly put on a mask.


Sharp braking During sudden braking or impact, the safest position is the following: the body is bent, the legs rest on the floor, the knees are on the back of the front seat, the head is tilted as low as possible (it is better to bury your head in your knees or a bag with soft things), your hands cover your head. During sudden braking or impact, the safest position is the following: the body is bent, the legs rest on the floor, the knees are on the back of the front seat, the head is tilted as low as possible (it is better to bury oneself in the knees or a bag with soft things), hands cover the head.


For a forced landing, follow all instructions from the crew commander and do not get up from your seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop; follow all instructions from the crew commander and do not get up from your seat until the aircraft comes to a complete stop; leave the plane immediately (without hand luggage), observing the order, using escape hatches and inflatable slides; immediately leave the plane (without carry-on luggage), observing the order, using emergency hatches and inflatable slides; do not jump onto the ground, especially onto a concrete surface, from a height; do not jump onto the ground, especially onto a concrete surface, from a height; You can use available means for descent: ropes, belts, luggage net, help from other passengers. You can use available means for descent: ropes, belts, luggage net, help from other passengers.


Fire on an airplane In case of a fire on an airplane, you must: protect yourself from heat and smoke by putting on outerwear, a hat, and lying on the floor; protect yourself from heat and smoke by putting on outerwear, a hat, and lying on the floor; if the plane is on the ground, then bend down or crawl to the exit; if the plane is on the ground, then bend down or crawl to the exit; do not take hand luggage with you; do not take hand luggage with you; use not only the passage, but also make your way through the chairs; use not only the passage, but also make your way through the chairs; after exiting a burning plane, move away from it as quickly as possible and, covering your head with your hands, fall to the ground so as not to get hurt in a possible explosion. after exiting a burning plane, move away from it as quickly as possible and, covering your head with your hands, fall to the ground so as not to get hurt in a possible explosion.


Behavior rules If you are involved in an accident:

    maintain composure in any situation;

    passengers must quickly group themselves, lie down on the floor or seat, protect their heads with their hands, cover the children with their bodies, tense their muscles;

    leave the car only after it has come to a complete stop;

    determine the degree of injury and condition of all participants in the accident;

    try to get out of the car yourself and help all the victims leave it. If it is impossible to do this, calm down, do not make sudden movements, take an optimal position, call for help, wait for rescuers;

    leave the car through doors, windows, hatches;

    move to a safe distance from the scene of the accident;

    call traffic police officers, rescuers, firefighters, doctors; provide assistance to the victims;

    if a fire occurs, try to extinguish the fire using manual means or call specialists;

    keep all traces of the accident until the traffic police arrive;

    if the car falls into the water, try to leave it; the doors can be opened after the car is completely submerged under water;

    If you are hit by a car and it is no longer possible to avoid it, then you need to jump on its hood or windshield and protect your head with your hands.

Aviation transport

The modern world and society cannot be imagined without aviation. Despite the fact that safety issues in aviation transport are given top priority, emergencies still occur.

During 2005, according to the Ministry of Transport of Russia, 29 aviation accidents occurred on civil aircraft of the Russian Federation, in which 102 people died and 83 were injured.

Emergencies on aviation transport have a number of specific features. This is due to the high speed of movement of aircraft, the presence on board of a large amount of fuel that can ignite or explode, the presence of people in a confined space of the cabin, high flight altitude, the lack of effective and reliable measures to influence and help people who are in distress in the air, surprise and the rapidity of events.

Damaging factors in air transport:

    the force generated by the impact of an aircraft during a fall;

    fire, explosion, poisonous gases;

    decompression.

An emergency in air transport can occur at any stage: takeoff, flight, landing. Therefore, it is very important to know the features of aviation accidents, to be able to behave in case of their occurrence, and to skillfully use the emergency rescue equipment that is on board the aircraft.

Behavior rules If there is an emergency on the plane:

    quickly take a safe position: group yourself, clasp your hands under your knees, place your head on your knees; Do not straighten your legs and place them under the chair in front - they may be injured at the moment of impact;

    remain in your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not panic, act quickly and skillfully.

Safety requirements for aviation transport:

    you cannot go to the aircraft parking area without being accompanied by airport workers, without permission to enter the aircraft cabin, enter the cockpit, touch or open the locks and handles of the exits, open doors and hatches;

    It is strictly prohibited to transport flammable and explosive materials, spontaneously combustible objects, cylinders with compressed and liquefied gas, poisonous, poisonous, caustic substances;

    It is prohibited to carry bladed weapons or firearms;

    People with health contraindications are prohibited from using air transport;

    It is prohibited to get up from your seats or walk around the cabin when the airliner is moving on the ground, taking off and landing.

In the event of an emergency on board an aircraft, the primary task of rescuing people is to quickly evacuate through the main, emergency, service exits, windows in the cockpit, cargo hatches, holes made by rescuers, and breaks in the fuselage.

The design of the locks of all aircraft doors ensures their rapid opening both from inside the cabin and from the outside. This operation does not require much physical effort - the locations of emergency exits are indicated with stencils, the lock handles are painted with bright colors. Emergency evacuation is led by crew members or rescuers. Rescuers must evacuate injured people using special means. After leaving vehicle, you need to move away from him to a safe distance. A distance of at least 100 m is considered safe. Each aircraft is equipped with its own emergency means for evacuating people, these include: inflatable ladders, fabric chutes, rescue ropes. Their locations, activation order and operating methods are indicated on the stencils. Detailed information about emergency life-saving equipment gives by the flight attendant during the flight.

Explosion or fire on an airplane necessitates the prompt evacuation of people, since one of the main causes of injury to people inside the cabin during a fire is rapid poisoning by combustion products and, first of all, carbon dioxide - a few minutes after the start of combustion, its concentration reaches a lethal level.

High temperature in the cabin is no less dangerous. During a fire, do not remove outer clothing and shoes- They will protect against burns and broken glass. An emergency landing can be made on a water surface. In this situation, inflatable boats with emergency supplies of food, drinking water, medicine, and alarm systems are used to rescue people.

Railway transport

IN transport system Russia takes the leading position in terms of the number of cargo and passengers transported railway transport. Railway transport is a potential source of emergency situations with a large number of victims, significant material damage, and the onset of adverse environmental and sanitary-hygienic consequences.

In 2005, 11 emergency situations occurred in railway transport, 5 people died and 1 was injured.

Railway transport poses a threat not only to passengers, workers railway, but also for the population living in close proximity to railway tracks, stations, terminals, depots. This is due to the transportation by rail of large quantities of flammable, explosive, chemical and radiation materials. A large amount of dangerous goods accumulates at stations. Causes of emergency situations in railway transport:

    derailment of rolling stock (crash) as a result of collisions, violation of the integrity of tracks, collapse of bridges;

    fires, explosions, leaks of toxic cargo;

    collision of trains with cars, horse-drawn vehicles, etc.;

    the impact of adverse weather conditions and natural disasters.

Emergencies in railway transport lead to injuries and deaths, damage and destruction of material assets, and damage to the natural environment.

A high-risk area is the railway track, especially at the intersection of the railway with a road or street. Such intersections are arranged in places of good visibility. The approaching train must be visible from less than 400 m away, the crossing must be equipped with sound and light alarms, and a barrier; Recently, rising walkways have been additionally installed.

It is necessary to cross railway tracks only in established places. Before crossing the railway tracks, you must make sure that there is no moving train. Walk around standing cars and locomotives at a distance of at least five meters from them.

The most dangerous month for air travel is September. This conclusion was reached by the online publication PlaneCrashInfo.com after analyzing data on plane crashes that occurred between 1950 and 2013. More than 15% of annual crashes occur in September. May accounts for the smallest share of annual plane crashes, about 6%. The riskiest days for air travel are August 12 and 29, September 3 and 11, October 2, November 23, December 7, 8, 21 and 22. December 22 at different years More disasters occurred than on other days - 17.

Most experts agree that there is no safe place on an airplane. However, a study conducted by an American magazine showed that this is not the case. The study analyzed accident statistics from American passenger airliners for the period from 2001 to 2013. In total, 25 plane crashes occurred during this time. It turns out that the safest place to sit is in the rear of the plane - passengers who are closer to the tail have a 40% higher chance of surviving a crash than those who sit in the front rows of the cabin.

A calculation of the safety levels of various seats on the plane showed that passengers in the rear had a 69% chance of survival. For those whose seats are on the line of the wings - 56%. Passengers are most at risk business class, which is traditionally located in the front part of the cabin, just behind the cockpit - their chance is estimated at 49%.

According to estimates by the International Air Transport Association, in most cases the main cause of accidents is pilot errors (including forced ones - for example, due to the influence of adverse weather conditions) - pilots are to blame for 53% of accidents. In 20% of cases, disasters occurred due to mechanical problems, in 11% - due to the effects of weather (including hurricanes, fogs, lightning strikes, etc.), in 8% - due to acts of sabotage (terrorism, attack for the pilot, etc.).

According to Boeing, the most dangerous part of a flight is landing. 45% of accidents occur during landing, another 13% during approach. 12% of accidents occur during takeoff, 13% during climb, 6% during the main flight, 5% during preparation for takeoff, loading luggage and cargo, boarding passengers, etc.

Russia and other former Soviet republics have the worst safety record on air, according to the International Air Transport Association. air transport.

In the accident rate rating of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), which takes into account Western-made airplanes and helicopters irretrievably lost in accidents, the CIS, including Russia, is in the unenviable first place, ahead of the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Thus, in the CIS, 5 aircraft per million flights die, in Africa - only 3.5. In Northern Asia, Europe and North America– less than 0.5 aircraft for the same million flights. Thus, according to IATA, in 2010 there was one serious accident per 1.6 million flights. In total, 786 people died in them in 2010.

At the same time, airlines in North America were recognized as the safest, where the accident rate was only 0.1. In Europe this figure is 0.45, in Japan - 0.34.

The European Union maintains a list of airlines that have dangerous aircraft in their fleet. It has 17 Russian airlines.

This is due to the fact that the quality of technical service has dropped significantly over the market years. Experts point out that detecting malfunctions just before a flight has become commonplace. Until now, the repair of domestic aircraft is often carried out by dismantling part of the aircraft fleet that is laid up. Until recently, scandals involving the sale of counterfeit spare parts continued.

Pilots began to fly more often, but the level of training is still insufficient. To train a pilot, you need to burn tons of fuel, and not every airline will do that. Air carriers prefer to lure pilots from competitors rather than invest in training their own. As a result, the average salary is growing, but the quality of flight personnel is not becoming higher.

Today at Russian aviation a process of gradual degradation occurs. Officials are seeking to reduce the number of airlines, hoping this will improve flight safety. As a result, the entire air transport sector began to decline. Airports in remote areas were closed.

A list of the most safe airlines peace. At the end of 2013, the top ten included:

10. BRITISH AIRWAYS

9. VIRGIN AUSTRALIA

8. HAINAN AIRLINES (China)

6. EVA AIR (China)

5. ETIHAD AIRWAYS (UAE)

4. EMIRATES (UAE)

3. CATHAY PACIFIC AIRWAYS (Hong Kong)

2. AIR NEW ZEALAND. The only accident with the carrier's aircraft occurred in 1979.

1. FINNAIR. The world's safest airline has had no accidents on its planes for the past 49 years.

According to calculations by the US Department of Transportation, the risk of dying while flying on an airliner is estimated at 1 in 52.6 million. The risk of death for passengers of smaller aircraft making short flights is noticeably higher - 1 in 581.4 thousand. For passengers of small aircraft (sport aircraft, air taxis, etc.) p.) - even higher - approximately 1 in 164 thousand.

According to a study conducted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the risk of a passenger dying in a plane crash on domestic airlines in industrialized countries is 1 in 8 million. In developing countries, domestic flights this probability increases to 1 chance in 500 thousand. The risk of death of a passenger during international flights between industrial developed countries is 1 in 5 million. International flights between developing and developed countries of the world are more dangerous - 1 in 600 thousand. On flights between developing countries, the risk is highest - 1 in 400 thousand.

According to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, on average about 60 air transport accidents occur in Russia every year. Airplane accidents occur more often during landing than during takeoff. They are caused by the subjective (human) factor, as well as the serviceability of equipment. The human factor includes crew fatigue, loss of orientation, miscalculations during landing and a number of other reasons. Unlike drivers of motor vehicles, pilots undergo psychophysiological selection, and this factor is less important than in accidents involving motor vehicles.

Technical malfunctions of airplanes and helicopters during accidents recent years due to their deterioration, they began to play a greater role than the human factor. Technical malfunctions include a significant decrease in reliability characteristics, deterioration in the quality of maintenance and repair.

The priority measures to save people in such an accident are usually associated with the evacuation of passengers from the aircraft. According to requirements International organization civil aviation(ICAO) all passengers must exit the aircraft in the event of an on-board emergency through exits located on one side within 90 seconds.

To reduce losses in aircraft accidents, it is necessary minimal preparation of the passenger for the flight.

First, you need to use seat belts during lifting and landing. Secondly, know the location of emergency exits from the cabin. Thirdly, during an accident, you need to take a safe position, bend over and clasp your hands tightly under your knees, put your head on your knees, and if this is not possible, bend down as low as possible. Your legs should be rested on the floor, extended as far as possible, but not under the front seat, which you need to put your arms crossed, but press your head to them, stretch your legs and rest. Both poses are taken with the seat belt fastened. When the cabin collapses at altitude and air leaves the cabin, decompression develops, which is accompanied by a deafening roar (air escapes). The cabin fills with dust and moisture (fog), visibility decreases sharply, air escapes from the lungs, and pain appears in the intestines due to swelling of the gas. In these cases, it is necessary to wear an oxygen mask. During decompression, the aircraft crew reduces the flight altitude to 3000 m, where the oxygen content in the atmosphere is close to normal.

In case of decompression, without waiting for a command, immediately:

· Wear an oxygen mask.

· Do not try to help anyone before you put on a mask yourself, even if it is your child. If you don't have time to help yourself and lose consciousness, you will both find yourself without oxygen.

· Immediately after putting on your mask, fasten your seat belts and prepare for a sharp descent.

When emergency leaving an aircraft through the doors, an average of one second is spent per passenger. In addition, food, water, medicine and an emergency radio must be removed from the aircraft. The aircraft captain must check that there is no silt left in aircraft any of their passengers or crew members and be the last to leave.

When organizing emergency rescue operations in the event of a fire on board an aircraft it is necessary to remember that: in 2-3 minutes. After a fiery combustion occurs, carbon dioxide in the cabin reaches lethal concentrations; temperature inside passenger cabins sharply increases in their height (at floor level - 50 0 C, and at a height of 1.5 m from the floor - 250 0 C.

In air transport accidents, up to 80% of passengers die. At the same time, 60-80% of the affected survivors receive a head injury, 60% - shock, 70% - rupture of internal organs, 60% - limb injuries.


Related information.



An airplane crash is a dangerous incident on an aircraft, in flight or during the evacuation process, leading to the death or disappearance of people, bodily harm to victims, destruction or damage to the ship and material assets transported on it.


Today, air transport occupies one of the leading places in the overall transport system for the transportation of passengers and cargo. Airplanes carry an average of more than 300 thousand people per day, and more than 100 million passengers per year. On average, there are 60 plane crashes worldwide each year, with 35 resulting in fatalities. For comparison: every year 300 thousand people die on the world's roads, while less than 2,000 people die in plane crashes. Statistics say that airplanes are the most safe look transport. However, for hundreds of thousands of plane crash victims, this is no consolation.




Decompression involves the rapid release of air from the aircraft cabin. Decompression is accompanied by a deafening roar and whistling of air escaping. The cabin is filled with fog and dust, visibility drops sharply. Air leaves a person's lungs, there is a ringing in the ears, gases in the intestines expand, and this creates additional, sharp pain. To avoid death from suffocation and rupture of the lungs, in the very first seconds of decompression you must put on an oxygen mask located near each seat. An oxygen mask that is worn poorly or simply pressed to the nose and mouth does not always prevent loss of consciousness, so it must be put on. To help a passenger or relative sitting next to you, you must first put on a mask for yourself. Otherwise, you can both die, left without oxygen! The action of the aircraft crew is to immediately descend to an altitude of less than 3000 m, at which oxygen levels are considered almost normal. Decompression


A fire on an airplane can occur for several reasons. One of them is the fire of one or more engines. In this case, through the windows you can see flames escaping from the engines or turbines on the wing of the aircraft, and at the very beginning of the fire, a thick black smoke plume emanating from them. Such a fire is associated with disturbances and serious malfunctions in the operation of the aircraft's engines and, as a rule, leads to engine shutdown and a forced landing. In another case, a fire may occur due to negligence in handling fire in the aircraft cabin. Modern aircraft made not only of aluminum, they contain a significant amount of synthetic and other flammable substances, such as plastic, foam rubber, polystyrene foam and others. These materials are dangerous not only because of their increased flammability; when burning or smoldering, they release toxic substances, which, together with the fire, spread throughout the cabin very quickly, and a lot of thick black smoke is released, making breathing difficult and contributing to loss of orientation. If a fire occurs in the aircraft's engines or inside the cabin, the crew makes an emergency landing. In this case, the main thing is not to create panic, but after the plane stops, in an orderly manner, head to the main or emergency exit, observing the established order of children, pregnant women, disabled people, then everyone else. Fire


Take-off accident This is perhaps the most dangerous type of accident, since during take-off the aircraft is fully loaded with fuel, which can explode or ignite on impact. In addition, a takeoff accident is a possible engine failure at low altitude, which leads to a sharp fall of the aircraft. It is almost impossible to survive in such a situation, although in world practice there are cases where one or even several people miraculously survived. Forced landing During a forced landing, an airplane or helicopter can crash into trees, rocks, split in half, catch fire and explode. If an emergency landing is declared, you must take a safe, fixed position.




Causes of accidents in air transport The main causes of accidents are: pilot errors 50-60%, malfunctions in control systems, communications, power supplies, destruction of some aircraft structures, engine failure, etc. 15-30%, environmental influences 10-20%, other (international terrorism) 5-10%. They are distributed according to flight elements: takeoff 30%, cruising flight 18%, approach 16%, landing 36%.




Rules of conduct in an emergency The most important thing, during an emergency landing or when other problematic situations arise, is to listen to all the instructions of the flight attendants. Even the most stupid remarks or instructions can help save your life, which is the most important thing in this situation. Even if you don't speak the same language as the flight attendants, you just need to look at their gestures to help you figure out what to do and how to do it. It is very important to be buckled up in any situation. Moreover, you need to fasten yourself correctly: very tightly and the seat belt should lie on your pelvic bones and in no case on your stomach. When landing in an emergency, you should always take off your shoes, if they are high-heeled, as well as glasses and all earrings and other items that you may be wearing. If you are using a life jacket, it is very important not to inflate it in the aircraft cabin. This should only be done after you have left the ship. Otherwise, you risk getting stuck in the cabin, especially if it starts to fill with water and the vest will not allow you to move.


Rules of conduct in case of fire on an airplane Remember: In the event of a fire on board an airplane, it is smoke, not fire. Breathe only through items of clothing moistened with water; When making your way to the exit, move crouched or on all fours (there is less smoke at the bottom of the cabin) Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire, using existing clothing, blankets, etc. After landing and stopping the plane, immediately: Head to the nearest exit, as... there is a high probability of explosion; If the passage is blocked, make your way through the seats, lowering their backs. When evacuating, get rid of your carry-on luggage. Avoid exiting through hatches near which there is an open fire or heavy smoke. After leaving the plane, move as far away from it as possible and lie on the ground, covering your head with your hands (so how is an explosion possible?)


Rules for safe behavior on an airplane If a passenger occupies a seat that does not provide direct access to the aisle, he should try not to bother his neighbor with frequent requests to get up and let him through. As a last resort, invite your neighbor to switch places; unless absolutely necessary, do not bother the staff with requests to serve you food or drink immediately after boarding the plane: flight attendants serve soft drinks and lunch shortly after takeoff; if you are traveling in a group, try not to move all together from one aircraft cabin to another, do not crowd in the aisles and near the toilets; It is recommended to speak quietly in the cabin so as not to disturb your neighbors: very often people fly by plane to save time and take the opportunity to look through their affairs or glean information from the latest newspaper. In addition, it is not recommended to engage your neighbor in chatter, especially at the moment when the flight attendant or pilot is communicating information about the flight or about the rules of behavior on the plane and safety measures, even if the explanations are given in a foreign language that is unfamiliar to you; do not abuse smoking, if only because in the rules of behavior on an airplane, unlike on a train, there is no real opportunity to separate smokers from non-smokers; if you are traveling with a child, sit him next to the window: this will help distract him; at the time of takeoff and landing, as well as if the plane enters a turbulence zone, “experienced” passengers should not behave too freely or make fun of the fears of “newbies”; on the contrary, it would be kind of them to drop a few words aimed at reassuring their neighbors. When you get off the plane and don’t see your luggage on the conveyor belt, contact the special information desk: your suitcases may have been sent to the wrong address. Usually, troubles of this kind are sooner or later resolved safely, but you will have to be patient, and most importantly, remember: hand luggage You should always have a shirt, a change of clothes and toiletries with you to avoid such misunderstandings.



AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS Aircraft accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons. Serious consequences are caused by the destruction of individual aircraft structures, engine failure, disruption of control systems, power supply, communications, piloting, lack of fuel, and interruptions in life support for the crew and passengers.

AIR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS The more prepared a person is for self-rescue in the conditions of flight accidents, the higher they are. An example of this is the disaster that occurred in 1974 with the B 707 plane at Paju Airport in Samoa. Of the 102 passengers, only five survived. The only thing that can be advised here is to strictly follow the crew’s instructions. Fasten the belts, and adjust them to your size so that they do not dangle on the body and are as low as possible, preferably almost on the hips. Place your crossed arms on the back of the chair in front of you, tilt them, press your head to them, stretch your legs and rest them on the floor. or front seat. In another recommended position in case of an accident, which seems to me more convincing, you should clasp your elbows with the passengers sitting next to you, protect your head with your palms (or, covering your head with them, rest your elbows on the back of the front seat), place a folded blanket on your knees and under your stomach, a coat, a bag with soft things to create the most voluminous soft buffer, bend over, firmly press your chin to your chest and rest your knees on the back of the front seat! It is better to get rid of glasses, earrings, brooches, pens, keys, etc., pocket change, so that later doctors do not have to cut and pick them out of your body. Dangerous are scarves, shawls, ties, chains and laces around the neck, which, if caught on a random protrusion, can strangle you. At the moment of impact, you need to tense all your muscles as much as possible, especially in the forward and downward direction, from where the push is most likely to follow. ! Until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not leave your seat or unfasten your seat belts. After the first blow, a second and third, more crushing, may follow.

You should exit the aircraft through both the main and emergency hatches. These hatches are located, as a rule, in each cabin. Unfortunately, the experience of accidents shows that passengers tend to leave the plane the same way they got on it. And they die in traffic jams formed at the entrances. To descend from a crashed aircraft to the ground, special ropes with knots and inflatable ladders are provided, which are two balloons inflated with air with a bottom stretched between them. One end of the ladder is fixed in the plane, the other ends against the ground. Passengers sit down (during a quick evacuation they jump) on the floor and slide down it. You need to see the emergency hatches and understand how they work before the flight begins. Most hatches are opened by turning the handle down, after which the door is pulled into the cabin and slides in. To avoid damaging the rubber surfaces of the ladder, women must remove high-heeled shoes before boarding it. You should not hold onto the side edged cord with your hands (to avoid getting burns) and stay below the ladder, interfering with the descent of other passengers. In case of landing on water, the emergency kit of each aircraft contains collective and individual life-saving equipment - life rafts and life jackets. Life jackets are stored in the seats of aircraft seats, from below.

DECOMPRESSION is the rarefaction of air in the aircraft cabin when its seal is broken. Accidents at altitudes above seven thousand meters are often accompanied by decompression. At first, passengers hear a deafening roar, characteristic of a massive air leak from the cabin. The surrounding area is filled with dust and fog, causing visibility to drop sharply. Loose objects and items may fly around the cabin. All the air that is there is very quickly drawn out of the lungs, which cannot be retained by force, no matter how hard you strain your chest. At the same time, the eardrums are overloaded, which is accompanied by pain and noise in the ears and intestines, where internal gases expand, causing sharp pain. Within a few seconds the person loses consciousness from suffocation. ! The only way to avoid losing consciousness when the plane depressurizes is to instantly use an oxygen mask, which is usually stored in the back of the seat in front, and put it on your face. By putting it on, and not by pressing it to your mouth, it is enough to lose consciousness for a short moment, which can also happen with oxygen, for it to fall out of your weakened hand.

Until you put on a mask, you cannot try to help other people! Even if it's your loved one or your child. No matter how blasphemous it may sound, your first concern should be about your health. What good is it if you rush towards them first and die before you can help. First, save yourself, then, while maintaining consciousness and capacity, you can help others. Immediately after securing the mask, fasten the straps. The first thing the crew will do is to send the plane, which has lost its seal, down, which can cause you to be thrown out of your seat. The safest places in an accident involving forced landings are located towards the rear of the fuselage, but not at the very tail. If an airplane explodes and breaks up in the air, there are naturally no safe places. All these places fall from the same height and with the same acceleration. And yet, even in such a hopeless situation as a free fall from a height of several kilometers, people manage to survive! The history of aviation knows truly amazing cases.

Lightweight for obvious reasons fuel tanks and tens of tons of fuel contained in them is not enough! Quickly get rid of flammable and meltable synthetic clothing. promote fire safety. It is not for nothing that every fifth plane accident is accompanied, for example, by women from tights. But outerwear made from natural materials that burn poorly, on the contrary, will result in subsequent fire. And that's why it's so important to follow flight instructions and wear it to protect yourself from the heat of the flames. For the same purpose and to protect your feet from possible fragments, wear prohibiting the carriage of flammable combustible and explosive substances on airplanes. shoes. Non-flammable hats are a must. If there is one, throw a blanket or blanket on top. Aerial fire safety regulations are more stringent than ground fire regulations. This is understandable - in a burning cabin, attempts to extinguish a fire using on-board fire-fighting equipment are not prohibited (you can’t pull the stop valve at an altitude of 10 thousand meters and you can’t jump out the window. Moreover, it’s better to find out in advance). An additional provocateur of fire here is the rarefaction of the atmosphere caused by altitude, which significantly increases the evaporation of volatile liquids. ! The respiratory tract should be protected from smoke with rags soaked in water, milk, juice, and urine. In case of heavy smoke, it is better to move on all fours close to the floor. If the passage is blocked, crawl on top. On earth there are no such problems. In this situation, a microcrack in the container where the lowered backrests of airplane seats is stored is sufficient. You cannot open emergency hatches if smoke and fire are visible behind them. a flammable substance, or a poorly ground plug plus microsparks to cause an explosion. It seems to me that the reasons listed are enough to study and follow fire safety instructions.

After an emergency landing, surviving passengers should follow the instructions of the crew, who are trained to operate in such extreme conditions. ! But even before that, without waiting for a separate invitation, you must: run away from the person who committed the accident! When landing the plane, to avoid getting caught in a possible explosion, lie down on the ground behind some obstacle and cover your head with your hands. And do not get up until the crew commands. Or until the plane cools down and the fuel spilled on the ground evaporates. After this, the passengers, unless another command follows, must gather together, carry the wounded to a safe distance from the crashed aircraft and provide them with first aid (first to people with severe arterial and venous bleeding and respiratory tracts clogged with foreign objects, then to those with fractures, wounds and other damage); to separate the dead from the main mass of people; examine the wreckage of the aircraft and the surrounding area in order to search for items useful for survival; build a temporary shelter that protects from wind and precipitation. These are priority actions, until completion of which it is inappropriate to engage in others. Only then can you analyze the place where you are for topographical hazards and ease of stay and try to find a safer one. ! Under no circumstances go far from the wreckage of an airplane unless absolutely necessary. The first thing the rescuers will do is follow the route of the missing airliner. Thanks to scattered debris clearly visible from the air and damage to the natural appearance of the area, they will quickly find it, but if you went into distant forests and scattered in twos or threes in all directions, they will still have to collect you.

Any search for places convenient for survival should be carried out only during the daytime and only in pairs or threes. Walking alone is unacceptable! While the scouts are searching, everyone else should insulate themselves as much as possible and light a fire. Fire, in addition to warmth, is important as a factor of moral support. The sight of fire always calms and gives hope. In addition, the fire makes it easier to find the crash site, as it is visible from the air ten kilometers or more away! When distributing responsibilities and work, it should be taken into account that wounded and injured people require the greatest attention. Children, despite their apparent vulnerability, are physically very resilient (remember preschoolers who, in the bitter cold, laugh and shove snow down a friend’s collar and then manage not to get sick! Yes, an adult would die in their place!), but they are weak in spirit, so they need support. Old people, on the contrary, are physically weak, but this is more than compensated for by their life experience and moral endurance. Women are simply examples of endurance and patience, but what is important to them is the participation of the stronger sex in their destiny, and most importantly, rational leadership. In situations where the crew of an aircraft has died, it is important that a leader emerges from among the confused passengers. He must inspire confidence with his entire appearance and behavior, give orders without a note of doubt in his voice, even if he does not know what to do in the next minute.

Once you board the plane, you MUST: # study the instructions, listen to the crew’s instructions; # fasten the belt, adjusting it to your figure; # if the aircraft depressurizes, immediately put on an oxygen mask and help your neighbors do this; # during an emergency landing, remove earrings, glasses and throw away other sharp and breakable objects; # take a safety pose - bow your head, rest your elbows and knees on the front seat, place soft things under your stomach and chest; # If there is a crush at the exit, use the emergency exit. DO NOT: # clutter the top shelves with heavy things; # unfasten your seat belts, stand up before the command; # help others before putting on an oxygen mask; # give in to panic.

Do you know how to act? Thank you for your attention! in a plane crash? author of the presentation: Popkova Vera 1 “I”.