Rules of conduct in case of an accident in air transport. Aviation transport

An aviation accident is an event related to the operation of an aircraft that occurred while passengers or crew members were on board, resulting in damage or destruction of the aircraft and causing injury to people or not causing bodily injury.

Aviation accidents are divided into flight and ground accidents. A flight accident is an event associated with the performance of a flight mission by the crew and entailing consequences of varying severity for the people on board the aircraft (injury or death) or the aircraft itself (damage or destruction).

A ground accident is an aircraft accident that occurs before or after a flight.

Depending on the consequences for passengers, crew and aircraft, flight and ground aviation accidents are divided into breakdowns, accidents and disasters.

A breakdown is an aviation accident that was not followed by the death of crew members and passengers, leading to damage to the aircraft, the repair of which is possible and economically feasible.

An accident is an aviation incident that did not result in the death of crew members and passengers, but led to the complete destruction or severe damage of the aircraft, as a result of which its restoration is technically impossible and economically infeasible.

A disaster is an aviation accident that resulted in the death of crew members or passengers due to the destruction or damage of the aircraft, as well as the death of people from injuries received within 30 days. from the moment of the incident.

World statistics show that almost 50% of plane crashes occur on the airfield.

In other cases, disasters occur in the air at various altitudes, and an aircraft in distress causes the death of not only passengers and crew, but also people on the ground.

Serious consequences are caused by the destruction of individual aircraft structures, engine failure, disruption of control systems, power supply, communications, piloting, lack of fuel, and interruptions in life support for the crew and passengers. Today, perhaps the most dangerous and common tragedy on board an aircraft is fire and explosion.

Rescue and emergency operations can be divided into two types: the first - carried out by crew members, the second - organized ground services. The crew usually does not have enough time to take action. Everything happens extremely quickly. The crew issues a distress signal and lands at the nearest airport. Just before boarding, all entrance doors and hatches are opened and passages to them are cleared. As soon as the plane stops, an immediate evacuation of people to a safe distance is organized.

Disasters in civil aviation, which seem very frequent and dramatic compared to other transport incidents, are characterized by more modest average sanitary losses. At the same time, in aircraft accidents there is often almost 100% death of the crew and passengers; exceptions are rare. Typically, the size of sanitary losses in these cases can reach 80-90% of the total number of people on the aircraft.

Every year, on average, up to 60 plane crashes occur, of which 35 kill all passengers and crew. Among survivors, 40-90% may have mechanical injuries; combined and combined lesions occur in 10 and 20%, respectively, in 40-60% traumatic brain injuries are possible, and shock develops in 10% of victims. Almost half of the aircraft's passengers and crew may be seriously injured.

Based on the information presented, we can assume that the task of providing medical care to a large number of victims of aircraft accidents will not be typical. It will most often occur in cases of ground incidents or after an emergency landing of an aircraft.

The victims are immediately provided with first aid. All work is supervised by the ship's commander. His orders are binding on both the crew and all passengers.

Transport accident- This is damage to the vehicle. For example, a car, a train, an airplane, or a ship can suffer an accident. In this case, an accident with tragic consequences associated with the death of people is called catastrophe.

Protection in case of car accidents (disasters)

Car accidents are one of the leading causes of death in peacetime.

In most cases, car accidents occur due to non-compliance with basic safety measures and traffic rules, as well as insufficient awareness of the consequences of a particular violation of road safety rules. For example, few people know that colliding with a stationary obstacle at a speed of 50 km/h without a seat belt is equivalent to jumping face down from the 4th floor.

About 75% of all accidents in road transport occur due to drivers violating traffic rules. Most dangerous species violations still remain: speeding, ignoring road signs, driving into oncoming traffic and driving while intoxicated.

Bad roads (mainly slippery ones) and vehicle malfunctions (in the first place are brakes, in second place are steering, in third place are wheels and tires) often lead to accidents.

The peculiarity of car accidents is that 80% of the wounded die in the first three hours due to excessive blood loss.

There are several recommendations on how to protect yourself during an accident. So, if a car accident occurs, if you see that it is impossible to prevent it, try to take the safest position by grouping yourself and covering your head with your hands. During an accident, all muscles must be tense to the limit. The most important thing is to prevent yourself from moving forward. To do this, if you are sitting in the driver’s seat, you need to press your back into the seat and, straining all your muscles, rest your hands on the steering wheel; if you are sitting in the front seat as a passenger, then you should rest against the “front panel”; and if from behind, then into the front seat. If you are driving and are not wearing a seat belt, you should press yourself against the steering column, and if you are in the passenger seat, you should cover your head with your hands and lean to one side. Do not leave the car before it stops, as the chances of surviving in a car are 10 times greater than if you jump out of it.

If the accident involves a vehicle rollover or fire, try to get out of the vehicle as soon as possible, using not only the doors but also the windows if necessary.

If the car falls into the water, the doors should not be opened, as water will immediately rush inside and the car will begin to sink sharply. In this case, you need to get out through an open window.

If a fire occurs in public transport Firstly, inform the driver immediately. Secondly, try to open the doors using the emergency release button. If this fails, break the side windows or open them according to the instructions as emergency exits. Thirdly, try to put out the fire yourself, and if you cannot do this, then leave the salon immediately.

Electric power supply of trams and trolleybuses creates an additional threat of electric shock to humans. Therefore, when getting out of a tram or trolleybus, do not touch its metal parts.

In any case, the main thing is to remain calm and never panic, as panic can lead to more damage. Determine where in the car and in what position you are, whether the car is on fire and whether gasoline is leaking (especially when tipping over). After getting out of the car, move away from it - there may be an explosion.

If nothing serious happened to you, help the victims, organize first aid and take measures to eliminate the consequences of the accident. If necessary, call " Ambulance" and report the incident to the police.

Protection in case of accidents (disasters) in railway transport

Statistics show that deaths in railway transport are mainly associated with train crashes. Therefore, it is necessary to know and apply the rules and safety measures when this emergency occurs.

In case of a crash or emergency braking of the train, the most important thing is to gain a foothold and prevent yourself from moving forward or being thrown to the sides. To do this, during an impact resulting from an accident, try to grab hold of the stationary parts of the car or group yourself, covering your head, to avoid injury. When turning the car over, hold on tightly with your hands and rest your feet on the wall, top shelf, etc. After the car has gained stability, mark the exit routes from it. At the same time, if the carriage is overturned or damaged, get out through the windows, pulling out children and victims in your arms. In the event of a break in the contact network wires, move 30-50 m away from the cars so as not to be exposed to step voltage.

Of course, ensuring the safe movement of trains depends mainly on drivers and dispatchers, but you can also reduce the risk by possible crash trains, if you know some rules:

• in a train collision, the most dangerous are the head and tail cars;
• compartment doors that are not locked in the extreme position lead to injuries from their sudden movement when stopping;
• bulky items and glassware located on the upper shelves also lead to injuries to passengers during a sudden stop;
• in electrified areas railway Broken supports and electrical wires lying on the ground pose a particular danger in train accidents.

Greater danger for passengers railway transport also represents a fire in a carriage. This is due to the concentration of a large number of people in passenger cars and the difficulty of evacuating them, the rapid rise in temperature and the spread of toxic gases in confined spaces, and the distance of the en route train from fire departments.

If a fire occurs on the way, first of all inform the conductor or driver. Try to take all measures to stop the train, using a stop valve or emergency braking system, and put out the fire. (Remember that in case of a fire, you cannot stop the train on a bridge, in a tunnel or other places where evacuation will be difficult.) If you cannot put out the fire on your own, immediately leave the car, using all exits, including windows, without forgetting to provide assistance in evacuation for children and the elderly. Remember that in the event of a fire, the material with which the walls of the carriages are lined - malminite - releases toxic gas that is dangerous to life. Therefore, during a fire on a train, try to provide yourself with respiratory protection.

When evacuating, be careful not to get hit by an oncoming train. After leaving the train, do not stay near it, but try to move to a safe distance.

Protection in case of accidents (disasters) in air transport

Flight safety depends, first of all, on the reliability of aircraft and the professionalism of crews and dispatchers. However, when using air transport you must follow certain safety rules.

If you have a choice, sit in a seat that is located near the exit and, if possible, closer to the middle or tail of the plane. Find out where the exits (main and emergency) are located on your plane and how they open. Make sure your seat belt is fastened tightly during takeoff and landing. Be attentive to commands and signals that are transmitted over the microphone, on the light display or by flight attendants.

One of the emergency situations that can occur during flight is decompression - a decrease in oxygen content due to the “leakage” of air. Decompression usually begins with a deafening roar, the aircraft cabin is filled with dust and fog, and visibility is sharply reduced. At the same time, people experience ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines (gases expand), air quickly leaves the lungs, and people lose consciousness. Therefore, at the first sign of decompression, you should immediately put on oxygen mask(the flight attendant will inform you about where it is stored and how to use it at the beginning of the flight) and prepare for a sharp descent or emergency landing, since an emergency situation associated with decompression is corrected by lowering the flight altitude.

During an emergency landing, take the safest possible position. To do this, lower the chair and group yourself, pressing your head to your hands and resting your feet in the direction of movement. At the moment of impact, tense as much as possible. When the plane makes an emergency landing, strictly follow all instructions from the crew.

If a fire occurs during a flight, do not panic, but try to help put out the fire or protect yourself from fire and smoke using clothing and water. Prepare for an emergency landing and be sure to mentally visualize your path to the nearest exit. After an emergency landing, try to leave the plane as quickly as possible using escape hatches and ladders (you have one or two minutes for this). At the same time, try to protect your skin and avoid breathing smoke. The main thing is to remain calm and do not panic, since not only your salvation, but also the salvation of other passengers depends on this (according to the US National Transportation Safety Administration, over 70% of people involved in plane crashes with fires survive). Once overboard the aircraft, provide assistance to the injured and try to move with them to a safe distance as quickly as possible.

If the plane crashed in a deserted area, then during an emergency evacuation from the plane, try to take with you the most necessary things (medical kits, warm clothes in winter) and think about how to send signals from the ground that are visible from the air.

Protection in case of accidents (disasters) in water transport

For timely and organized work to rescue passengers and the ship itself, each of them has developed Alarm schedules. They describe all the actions of the crew and passengers in response to the appropriate alarm signals in the event of an emergency. Moreover, everyone passenger seat the passenger's cabin card is assigned in Russian and English languages, which indicates: the meaning of alarm signals; emergency gathering place for passengers; lifeboat number and location; Illustrated brief instructions for putting on personal life-saving equipment, indicating their storage location.

Therefore, before settling into your cabin, carefully study this card.

There are three ship alarms:

• “General alarm” - one long signal with a loud bell for 25-30 s, after which the announcement of “General alarm” is announced on the general ship broadcast in forced operation mode. An alarm is declared when an emergency occurs or in the pre-emergency period, when it becomes clear that an accident cannot be avoided. However, this does not mean “Abandon ship.”
• “Man overboard” alarm - three long signals with a loud chime sound 3-4 times. Following this, a voice announcement is made over the ship's general broadcast indicating the number of the boat for launching. The alarm applies only to the ship's crew members. During this alarm, passengers are prohibited from exiting onto open decks.
• “Boat alarm” - seven short and one long signal with a loud bell, repeated 3-4 times, followed by a voice announcement over the ship’s broadcast. Submitted only when the condition of the damaged ship leaves no hope for success in the struggle for survivability and the ship must immediately perish; announced only by order of the captain. After a lifeboat alarm, crew members responsible for the safety of passengers will take you to the boarding point in collective life-saving equipment.

Statistics show that the main danger during a shipwreck comes from a sinking ship, which can drag people under the water with it. In addition, in a shipwreck, people are exposed to danger during evacuation from a sinking ship, as well as while they are in the water, on rafts or on boats.

Among the preliminary protective measures, it may be advisable to remember the route from your cabin to the life-saving equipment on upper deck, since during a disaster it is very difficult to navigate, especially when there is smoke and the ship is tilting. Preventive measures also include studying instructions on actions in emergency situations, rules for using life-saving equipment and practical training in the use of life-saving equipment.

When evacuating people from a ship in distress, danger arises from failures of launching devices, capsizes and impacts of life-saving equipment, their improper use, as well as when it is necessary to jump into the water from a sinking ship with high altitude. During evacuation, you should take only necessary things with you. Places on life-saving equipment Primarily provided to women, children, elderly people and the wounded.

When evacuating from a ship, you must wear warm clothing, and on top - a protective suit made of waterproof fabric and a life jacket. You should go down to the rescue vessel using ladders or ropes. If circumstances permit, additional blankets, clothing, emergency radios, and supplies must be loaded into the life-saving equipment. drinking water and food. If you have to jump into the water, you should cover your nose and mouth with one hand and hold on tightly to the life jacket with the other.

Once in the water, a person is at risk of drowning, hypothermia and exhaustion. To slow down the onset of hypothermia while in water, you need to keep your head as high above the water as possible, while trying to expend a minimum of physical effort to keep yourself on the surface of the water. You should only swim to the life-saving device.

On the high seas, life-saving craft should follow two basic principles: all life-saving craft should stay together and be located at the place where the ship is lost, if there is no firm confidence in the ability to reach the shore or enter the shipping lanes.

When on rafts or boats main danger comes from hypothermia of the body, and with a long stay on them - from a lack of water and food. Therefore, while on a life-saving craft, you should first of all keep your feet dry and cover your body, strictly ration water (500-600 ml per day per person, divided into numerous small doses) and have only an emergency supply. However, in any case, it is necessary to maintain composure and not give in to panic, otherwise this will only reduce the chances of salvation and speed up death.

Behavior rules If you are involved in an accident:

maintain composure in any situation;

passengers must quickly group themselves, lie down on the floor or seat, protect their heads with their hands, cover the children with their bodies, tense their muscles;

leave the car only after it has come to a complete stop;

determine the degree of injury and condition of all participants in the accident;

try to get out of the car yourself and help all the victims leave it. If it is impossible to do this, calm down, do not make sudden movements, take an optimal position, call for help, wait for rescuers;

leave the car through doors, windows, hatches;

move to a safe distance from the scene of the accident;

call traffic police officers, rescuers, firefighters, doctors; provide assistance to the victims;

if a fire occurs, try to extinguish the fire using manual means or call specialists;

keep all traces of the accident until the traffic police arrive;

if the car falls into the water, try to leave it; the doors can be opened after the car is completely submerged under water;

If you are hit by a car and it is no longer possible to avoid it, then you need to jump on its hood or windshield and protect your head with your hands.

Aviation transport

The modern world and society cannot be imagined without aviation. Despite the fact that safety issues in aviation transport are given top priority, emergencies still occur.

During 2005, according to the Ministry of Transport of Russia, 29 aviation accidents occurred on civil aircraft of the Russian Federation, in which 102 people died and 83 were injured.

Emergency situations in air transport have a number of specific features. This is due to the high speed of movement of aircraft, the presence on board of a large amount of fuel that can ignite or explode, the presence of people in a confined space of the cabin, high flight altitude, the lack of effective and reliable measures to influence and help people who are in distress in the air, surprise and the rapidity of events.

Damaging factors in air transport:

the force generated by the impact of an aircraft during a fall;

fire, explosion, poisonous gases;

decompression.

An emergency in air transport can occur at any stage: takeoff, flight, landing. Therefore, it is very important to know the features of aviation accidents, to be able to behave in case of their occurrence, and to skillfully use the emergency rescue equipment that is on board the aircraft.

Behavior rules If there is an emergency on the plane:

quickly take a safe position: group yourself, clasp your hands under your knees, place your head on your knees; Do not straighten your legs and place them under the chair in front - they may be injured at the moment of impact;

remain in your seat until the plane comes to a complete stop, do not panic, act quickly and skillfully.

Safety requirements for aviation transport:

you cannot go to the aircraft parking area without being accompanied by airport workers, without permission to enter the aircraft cabin, enter the cockpit, touch or open the locks and handles of the exits, open doors and hatches;

It is strictly prohibited to transport flammable and explosive materials, spontaneously combustible objects, cylinders with compressed and liquefied gas, poisonous, poisonous, caustic substances;

It is prohibited to carry bladed weapons or firearms;

People with health contraindications are prohibited from using air transport;

It is prohibited to get up from your seats or walk around the cabin when the airliner is moving on the ground, taking off and landing.

In the event of an emergency on board an aircraft, the primary task of rescuing people is to quickly evacuate through the main, emergency, service exits, windows in the cockpit, cargo hatches, holes made by rescuers, and breaks in the fuselage.

The design of the locks of all aircraft doors ensures their rapid opening both from inside the cabin and from the outside. This operation does not require much physical effort - the locations of emergency exits are indicated with stencils, the lock handles are painted with bright colors. Emergency evacuation is led by crew members or rescuers. Rescuers must evacuate injured people using special means. After leaving vehicle, you need to move away from him to a safe distance. A distance of at least 100 m is considered safe. Each aircraft is equipped with its own emergency means for evacuating people, these include: inflatable ladders, fabric chutes, rescue ropes. Their locations, activation order and operating methods are indicated on the stencils. Detailed information The flight attendant gives information about emergency life-saving equipment during the flight.

Explosion or fire on an airplane necessitates the prompt evacuation of people, since one of the main causes of injury to people inside the cabin during a fire is rapid poisoning by combustion products and, first of all, carbon dioxide - a few minutes after the start of combustion, its concentration reaches a lethal level.

High temperature in the cabin is no less dangerous. During a fire, do not remove outer clothing and shoes- They will protect against burns and broken glass. An emergency landing can be made on a water surface. In this situation, inflatable boats with emergency supplies of food, drinking water, medicine, and alarm systems are used to rescue people.

Railway transport

In the Russian transport system, the leading position in terms of the number of transported goods and passengers is occupied by railway transport. Railway transport is a potential source of emergency situations with a large number of victims, significant material damage, and the onset of adverse environmental and sanitary-hygienic consequences.

In 2005, 11 emergency situations occurred in railway transport, 5 people died and 1 was injured.

Rail transport poses a threat not only to passengers and railway workers, but also to the population living in close proximity to railway tracks, stations, terminals, depots. This is due to the transportation by rail of large quantities of flammable, explosive, chemical and radiation materials. A large amount of dangerous goods accumulates at stations. Causes of emergency situations in railway transport:

derailment of rolling stock (crash) as a result of collisions, violation of the integrity of tracks, collapse of bridges;

fires, explosions, leaks of toxic cargo;

collision of trains with cars, horse-drawn vehicles, etc.;

the impact of adverse weather conditions and natural disasters.

Emergencies in railway transport lead to injuries and deaths, damage and destruction of material assets, and damage to the natural environment.

A high-risk area is the railway track, especially at the intersection of the railway with a road or street. Such intersections are arranged in places of good visibility. The approaching train must be visible from less than 400 m away, the crossing must be equipped with sound and light alarms, and a barrier; Recently, rising walkways have been additionally installed.

It is necessary to cross railway tracks only in established places. Before crossing the railway tracks, you must make sure that there is no moving train. Walk around standing cars and locomotives at a distance of at least five meters from them.

Airships were replaced by airplanes and helicopters. The rapid development of aircraft manufacturing has led to numerous accidents and disasters.

That's all today Aviation emergencies are conditionally grouped into three groups: during takeoff, in cruising flight, upon landing.

The airplane allows you to quickly cover vast distances. More than a hundred million people use it every year around the world. The reliability and safety of aviation is constantly improving. Modern protections are being introduced in case of an accident on air transport, including inspection systems for passengers and baggage at airports, inspection of the vessel before departure, close interaction with meteorological services, the presence and compliance with clear regulations when operating an aircraft.

Air transport accidents, their main causes and consequences.

Aircraft accident- an event related to the operation of an aircraft that occurred while passengers or crew members were on board, resulting in damage or destruction of the aircraft and causing injury to people or not causing bodily injury.

Aviation accidents are divided into flight and ground.

Under flight accident understand an event associated with the performance of a flight mission by the crew and entailing consequences of varying degrees of severity for the people on board the aircraft (injury or death) or the aircraft itself (damage or destruction).

Ground incident An aviation accident that occurred before or after the flight is considered.

Depending on the consequences for passengers, crew and aircraft, flight and ground aviation accidents are divided into breakdowns, accidents and disasters.

Breaking- an aviation accident that was not followed by the death of crew members and passengers, leading to damage to the aircraft, the repair of which is possible and economically feasible.

Accident- an aviation accident that did not result in the death of crew members and passengers, but led to the complete destruction or severe damage of the aircraft, as a result of which its restoration is technically and economically impossible and impractical,

Catastrophe- an aviation accident that resulted in the death of crew members or passengers due to the destruction or damage of the aircraft, as well as the death of people from injuries received within 30 days. from the moment of the incident.

World statistics show that almost 50% of plane crashes occur on the airfield. For example, at the Havana airport in 1989, an IL-62M plane crashed, killing 125 people; at the Sverdlovsk airport in 1990, a Yak-42 plane crashed, killing 122 people.

In other cases, disasters occur in the air at various altitudes, and an aircraft in distress causes the death of not only passengers and crew, but also people on the ground. Thus, in 1994, when a TU-154 plane crashed near Irkutsk, 125 people died, including 1 local resident who happened to be at the scene of the incident; in 1988, a Boeing 747 with 258 passengers on board fell onto residential areas of the Scottish city of Lockerbie from a height of 10 thousand meters, killing 15 local residents of the city.

Civil aviation accidents, while seemingly very frequent and dramatic compared to other transportation accidents, have more modest average sanitary loss rates. At the same time, in aircraft accidents there is often almost 100% death of the crew and passengers; exceptions are rare. Typically, the size of sanitary losses in these cases can reach 80-90% of the total number of people on the aircraft.

Every year, on average, up to 60 plane crashes occur, of which 35 kill all passengers and crew. Among survivors, 40-90% may have mechanical injuries; combined and combined lesions occur in 10 and 20%, respectively, in 40-60% traumatic brain injuries are possible, and shock develops in 10% of victims. Almost half of the passengers and crew of the aircraft may be seriously injured.

According to the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations, in 1996 there were 40 accidents in air transport. aviation accidents, including 14 plane crashes in which 232 people died and 334 were injured.

Based on the information presented, we can assume that the task of providing medical care to a large number of victims of aircraft accidents will not be typical. It will most often occur in cases of ground incidents or after an emergency landing of an aircraft.

According to available data, the maximum number of victims, depending on the type of aircraft, can be: AN-2 aircraft - 12 people, AN-24 - 47 people, Yak-42 - 113 people, TU-154 - 168 people, IL-86 - 324 people.

Statistics for 1981-1989 indicates that per 100 thousand flight hours at passenger transportation the accident rate in the USSR was 0.11 cases in 1981 and, gradually decreasing, 0.03 in 1989. These figures in the USA were 0.06 and 0.04, respectively; according to International organization civil aviation ICAO (without the USSR), in these years the accident rate was 0.14. The number of victims (crew + passengers) per 1 million transported over the same years was respectively: USSR - 2.34 and 0.30; USA - 0.01 and 0.60; ICAO data (without the USSR) - 0.56 and 1.00 people.

Aircraft accidents and catastrophes are possible for many reasons and lead to serious consequences. Take-off and landing accidents are those where there is hope of rescue, since they usually occur while the aircraft is still on the ground or not high above it, and its speed is relatively low. Moreover, they usually occur in the area of ​​the airport, where rescue teams and the necessary equipment are available.

Actions for passengers in the event of an accident during takeoff and landing:
Bring the back of the chair to a vertical position;
Take off your glasses, high-heeled shoes, loosen your tie, unbutton your collar, remove sharp objects from your pockets;
Place soft items on your lap, adjust the seat belt and fasten it;
Lean forward, lower your head down, rest your hands on the back of the chair in front (if there is none, clasp your knees with your hands and rest your head on them).

When leaving the plane through the exit with the ladder extended and inflated, you need to jump onto it without stopping, and not sit on the edge and then slide down. Only by jumping can an increase in evacuation speed be achieved. Before jumping, remove glasses and high-heeled shoes.

During decompression, i.e. when the air in the aircraft cabin is rarefied as a result of depressurization, the latter is filled with dust and fog. Visibility is sharply reduced, air quickly escapes from a person’s lungs, and it cannot be contained. Ringing in the ears and pain in the intestines may occur at the same time.

Rapid decompression usually begins with a deafening roar (air is escaping). In this case, without waiting for a command, immediately put on an oxygen mask. Do not try to help someone before you put on a mask yourself, even if it is your child: if you do not have time to help yourself and lose consciousness, you will both find yourself without oxygen. Immediately after putting on your mask, fasten your seat belts and prepare for a sharp descent.

Actions for air passengers in case of fire:
Listen and follow crew members' commands;
Protect exposed areas of the body from direct exposure to fire using existing clothing, blankets, etc.;
Crouch down and crawl towards the exit on all fours;
If the passage is blocked, move over the lowered backs of the airplane seats;
Once outside the aircraft, move as far away from it as possible.

When evacuating, get rid of hand luggage and avoid exiting through hatches near which there is open fire or heavy smoke.

For emergency exit of the aircraft by passengers and crew, all main and emergency doors are used, as well as emergency exits, located, as a rule, on the left and right sides of the fuselage. Passenger exits, approaches and opening means are clearly marked to facilitate their identification. All inscriptions are illuminated from the inside, regardless of the main lighting system. The design of emergency hatches and their locks with handles is made simple, noticeable and does not require much effort to open. Instructions for opening them are printed on the doors (hatches).

A forced landing of an airplane on water is rare. Before sinking, the plane can float from 10 to 40 minutes. However, if the fuselage is damaged, this time is significantly shorter. Airplanes with engines on the wings will float in a horizontal position, while those with two or more engines on the tail will float tail-down.

In one case, the plane can touch the water surface very smoothly, in another it can fall apart and quickly sink. Therefore, during splashdown, it is necessary to strictly act on the command of the crew commander or flight attendant.

Actions of air passengers during a forced (emergency) landing on water:
Put on a life jacket and inflate it slightly;
Bring or wear warm clothes;
Take a seat on the life raft.

After a forced landing, life rafts are lowered into the water. The time required to bring the raft into working condition is approximately 1 minute. in summer and 3 min. in winter.

Using oars and available objects, you need to move away from the place where the plane dives. After this, straighten and throw overboard a floating anchor, which will reduce the speed of the raft's drift downwind and will keep those escaping in the area of ​​the accident.