Tourism is an area that most people associate with new experiences, relaxation and pleasure. It has firmly entered the life of a modern person who strives to explore unexplored lands, monuments of culture, history, nature, as well as the traditions and customs of different peoples.

Today tourism is a powerful industry. It includes a variety of components. One of them is tourism infrastructure and its components.

Basic concept

Tourist infrastructure is a collection of hotels, Vehicle, catering and leisure organizations, business, educational, sports, recreational and other purposes. But these businesses are not the only ones that serve travelers. This category includes organizations engaged in travel agency and tour operator activities. One of the elements of this area are companies offering excursion services, as well as the services of guides and translators.

The infrastructure of tourist sites also includes those organizations whose activities do not directly relate to the area under consideration. However, in those places where a large number of travelers want to go, they offer their services to them as well. This list includes fleets that provide transport for excursion services, enterprises offering car rental services, as well as cafes and restaurants, museums and theaters, sports clubs and cinemas, zoos and casinos.

Composition of tourism infrastructure

Of all the facilities whose work is related to the traveler service sector, two elements can be distinguished. The first element of tourism infrastructure is the hospitality industry. This includes enterprises that provide accommodation and food services for vacationers.

The second element of the tourist infrastructure is represented by a three-level system. Let's take a closer look at it.

At the first level of this system is the production infrastructure. It includes existing buildings and structures, transport networks and systems that are not directly related to the product of this area, but at the same time their presence is necessary to provide services to travelers. These are communications and transport, utilities and energy, security, insurance and finance.

At the second and third levels of tourism infrastructure there are organizations and enterprises whose activities directly affect the formation of the final tourism product. What are they?

The second level includes enterprises that produce products typical for travelers. The result of their activities are recreational goods and means of transportation, souvenirs and excursion services, leisure activities, issuing visas, etc.

At the third level there are enterprises that produce atypical products, as well as services for this area. These are clothing for tourism and recreation, cosmetics, photographic products, and medicines. Services include medical, hairdressing, cultural and educational.

Thus, at the first level of the tourism industry infrastructure there is a group of enterprises with primary tourism products. On the second and third - secondary.

Main components

The elements of the tourism market infrastructure include:

  1. Material base owned by specialized business entities. These include travel agents and operators, excursion bureaus and manufacturers producing goods for this area.
  2. A system of government bodies that create the legal framework for tourism, as well as control and regulate this area in a particular region. This includes state organizations, enterprises and institutions.
  3. A system of commercial and non-commercial business entities, the functioning of which is carried out to develop and support tourism in the region. This list includes a variety of exhibitions, fairs, exchanges, etc.

Main functions

When considering the concept of tourism infrastructure, it becomes obvious that it represents one part of the infrastructure of the entire region. Being part of this vast complex, it is called upon to perform a number of specific functions.

Among them are providing, integrating and regulating. What is characteristic of each of them?

  1. The supporting function of the infrastructure of tourist facilities is to create the necessary conditions that facilitate the organization of services for vacationers.
  2. Integration serves to create and further maintain connections between enterprises in this field, as well as to form tourist complexes in the region.
  3. The regulatory function for tourism infrastructure is the most important. With its help, new jobs are created, consumer demand is influenced, industries that produce consumer goods are developed, and the growth of financial revenues to the budget in the form of taxes is also promoted.

As part of these functions, tourism infrastructure contributes to the following:

  • streamlines and accelerates trade turnover, reacting sharply to the slightest market fluctuations;
  • provides mutual connections between sellers and buyers of goods, as well as both with financial companies - owners of monetary capital;
  • using a system of contracts allows you to form business relationships on an organizational and legal basis;
  • provides state regulation with simultaneous support for the organized movement of tourism products;
  • exercises legal and financial control over the movement of financial and commodity flows;
  • provides auditing, consulting, innovation, marketing and information services, using various institutions of the tourism market infrastructure.

Impact on the economy

The creation and development of tourism infrastructure is beneficial for any state, because this area has a direct impact on the country’s economy, including direct and indirect. The first of them is the attraction of funds by tourism enterprises for the services they provide, as well as material support for people employed in this area, expansion of the labor market, and growth in tax revenues to the budget.

The indirect impact of tourism infrastructure on the economy of the country and region lies in its multiplier effect in the field of intersectoral interaction. The level of this indicator depends on the share of income that will be spent within a certain region.

Hotel industry

When creating tourism infrastructure, it is impossible to avoid the issue of accommodating travelers. Without this, the provision of services in this area becomes simply impossible.

This is the basis of the hospitality system. It includes a variety of options for both individual and collective accommodation of vacationers. Let's look at their varieties in more detail.

Hotels

These enterprises are classic representatives of infrastructure tourism sector. Their difference from other facilities for temporary accommodation of people lies in the rooms provided to visitors. In addition, hotels are enterprises that provide such mandatory services as daily making of beds, cleaning of living quarters and sanitary facilities, etc.

When forming tourism infrastructure, the need for such institutions is taken into account, on the basis of which both separate enterprises and entire ones can be created. hotel chains controlled by one management and engaged in collective business.

Specialized establishments

In addition to hotels, the tourism infrastructure also includes other accommodation facilities for travelers. These include furnished rooms and boarding houses, as well as other facilities that have rooms and provide certain mandatory services.

There are also specialized establishments for serving vacationers that do not have rooms. The starting unit for them is the collective bedroom or home. Such establishments provide accommodation for the night, but the function of accommodating tourists is not their main function. These are health institutions ( rehabilitation centers and sanatoriums), public transport with sleeping places equipped in it (ships, trains), as well as congress centers hosting conferences, symposia and other events with accommodation for participants.

The list of other collective tourist infrastructure facilities includes house complexes, apartment-type hotels, and bungalows. In addition to an overnight stay, the client is provided with a minimum list of services.

Food industry

This area is one of the most important components of tourism infrastructure. After all, food is an integral part of any tour.

Depending on customer service, such enterprises are divided into:

  • working with a permanent contingent (at hotels, sanatoriums, etc.);
  • serving a variable contingent (restaurants in the locality).

The public catering system of the tourist infrastructure includes restaurants of various classes, bars, cafes, canteens, self-service and fast food outlets. All of them are designed to meet the needs of travelers arriving in this region.

Types of food

When drawing up an agreement for the provision of tourist services, it must indicate the availability of breakfast or half board, as well as full board (three meals a day). Some expensive service options provide the ability to provide meals in any quantity and at any time.

Leisure organization

Catering establishments included in the tourism infrastructure are called upon to perform not only their direct function related to the preparation of dishes. They should also provide opportunities for visitors to have fun while providing an unforgettable experience.

Thanks to this, many tourists prefer to go on food and drink tours, during which they get to know national cuisines different countries.

Tour operators

In the tourism business, there are companies that organize the movements of travelers. These are tour operators and travel agents.

The first of them are legal entities or individual entrepreneurs, whose activities are related to the formation, promotion and sale of the final product in this area. They form tours, creating an orderly and interconnected sequence of services and works, consistent in terms of quality and cost. At the same time, contracts are concluded for the reservation of places, their reservation and provision. Tour operators play an important role in tourism, because their task includes packaging various services.

Travel agents

These tourism infrastructure facilities are legal entities or individual entrepreneurs whose activities are related to the promotion and sale of the final product of the field in question. Such a company acquires the developed products and sells them to the consumer.

In this case, the cost of travel from the place where the group will be formed to the first hotel or other accommodation point, as well as from the last point of the route back, is added to the offered product.

Transport infrastructure

The objects included in it are one of the constituent elements of the tourism industry. Transport tourism infrastructure is a set of transport organizations who transport travelers.

The existing system in each country is formed using the following:

  • animals - dogs, donkeys, horses, camels, elephants;
  • mechanical ground means- bicycles, cars, buses, trains;
  • air vehicles;
  • water transport- boats, rafts, sea and river surface vessels.

Based on the stages of work performed, the following are distinguished:

  • transfer, which is the delivery of tourists to the hotel from the train station or airport terminal and similarly back at the end of the tour;
  • transportation to the destination long distances;
  • transportation during the execution of railway and bus tours;
  • cargo transportation for shopping tours.

It is worth noting that the development of tourism directly depends on the development of transport. It takes place, as a rule, with the advent of faster, more comfortable and safe means movement.

Moscow is a city that many travelers dream of visiting. What attracts the Russian capital and what unusual places will appear in tourist routes?

The Russian capital, one of the most major cities world, continues to actively attract tourists. This is facilitated, among other things, by holding large-scale annual festivals. And public holidays, such as National Unity Day, which was celebrated on November 4, are celebrated in the capital on a grand scale. Moscow expects even more guests in 2018, when the World Cup matches will take place here.

More every year

The number of tourists coming to see Moscow's sights is growing every year. In 2011, 15.35 million tourists came here, and in 2015 this figure increased to 17.1 million people. It is expected that these figures will continue to grow - in 2016 the city is preparing to receive 17.5 million people, next year - 18.4 million, and in 2018 - 19.5 million.

The festivals “Golden Autumn”, “Journey to Christmas”, “Times and Epochs”, “Spasskaya Tower”, “Circle of Light” and others have become especially attractive for tourists. Many people come specifically for these holidays, and festival sites are already included in tourist routes. “Circle of Light,” for example, was visited by seven million people last year, thanks to which the festival was included in the Guinness Book of Records.

For the convenience and comfort of guests from other countries, over two thousand guides and translators work in the capital. You can listen to excursions in 25 foreign languages.

Last year, guests of the capital spent about 457 billion rubles, this amount is 11.5 percent more than in 2014. Thus, hotel business At the end of 2015, he contributed more than 3.6 billion rubles to the Moscow budget. On average, a tourist spends about four and a half thousand rubles a day in Moscow. Shopping tourists spend more - about eight thousand.

Behind are Madrid and Vienna

In September, the Business Traveler Awards ceremony took place in Moscow. The Russian capital was recognized the best city business and event tourism in the “Destination” category. Paris, Barcelona, ​​Madrid, Vienna, Jerusalem, Abu Dhabi, and St. Petersburg were also represented in this category.

According to the largest travel portal TripAdvisor, Moscow ranks second in Europe and fifth in the world among developing tourist destinations.

Among other things, Moscow is in fourth place in the ranking of the most popular cities in the world in terms of the total number of pictures from Instagram users. The first places were taken by Paris, London and New York.

Where to stay?

In total, there are currently 242 hotels in Moscow (50 or more rooms each), 509 small hotels and 353 hostels (a total of more than 55 thousand rooms). Of this number, only 25 percent of establishments are business class.

Over the past five years, 35 hotels with 5.8 thousand beds have opened in the city. By the end of 2016, they plan to build and open 11 hotels in the capital (three of them are already accepting guests), in 2017 - 25 for 3.8 thousand beds, and in 2018 - 27 hotels designed for 4.2 thousand visitors . The average load for the first half of the year was 67.5 percent.

Last year, nine hotels with 1.6 thousand beds were commissioned in Moscow.

Through hotel activities, Moscow brings over nine billion rubles in taxes to the budget - this is three times more than the most popular tourist regions Russia.

Today, hotels in the capital have begun active preparations for the FIFA World Cup. Already more than 800 of them, as well as more than 200 hostels, have passed the necessary classification. They were supposed to do this before July 1, but in the end the deadline was postponed to January 1.

You can find out whether a particular hotel or hostel has passed the classification on the booking services booking.com, bronevik.com, ostrovok.ru, hrs.com.

In addition, 102 hotels have already entered into preliminary agreements to receive members of the 2018 World Cup teams, official delegations and journalists. 76 of these hotels are located in Moscow, 26 in the Moscow region.





What to visit?

In Moscow, tourists can visit 270 museums, 170 theaters, and more than 400 parks. It has become even easier to navigate city events and find out what is happening in a particular place: this year the capital has appeared, which announces the most exciting cultural and sporting events. It is planned to be translated into five foreign languages ​​- English, Spanish, French, Chinese and German.





Residents of the capital were also invited to speak out - in September, on the portal, Muscovites could vote for those places in the city that, in their opinion, should be included in excursion routes. Users recommended tourists to go to the Novodevichy Convent, the Chambers of the Romanov Boyars, the Hermitage Garden, the Muzeon Art Park, the Darwin Museum, the Winzavod Center for Contemporary Art, the Moscow Planetarium and other places.

Usually, Foreign tourists First of all, they go to Red Square, to the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, to the Arbat and to the Tretyakov Gallery. And guests from other regions of Russia most often go to museums, theaters, parks, circuses and the zoo. The main purpose of voting is to show that there are plenty of other places in the city that are worth seeing.

Tourist infrastructure Moscow also includes pedestrian zones, bicycle paths, bicycle rental points, and multilingual signs.

Reviewers:

Candidate of Historical Sciences

V. K. Egorov

Candidate of Economic Sciences

S. V. Terebova

© Uskova T.V., Velichkina A.V., 2014

© ISEDT RAS, 2014

Introduction

The global tourism industry is currently at a turning point. In most countries, there is a transformation in people's ideas about travel, which is increasingly perceived as a necessary attribute of life. This is also facilitated by the intensive growth in the speed of information circulation and accessibility. transport services. The ongoing changes allow us to conclude that in the long term, tourism will develop at a high pace, regardless of the economic and geopolitical situation.

Despite the negative dynamics of the general macroeconomic environment, it can be noted that the Russian tourism market is demonstrating phenomenal growth. Outbound tourism is developing especially actively. Thus, according to the World tourist organization(UNWTO), costs for international tourist trips Russians are increasing annually: if in 2010 this figure was 26.6 billion dollars, then in 2012 it was already 42.8 billion dollars (an increase of 61%). From an economic point of view, the rapid development of outbound international tourism indicates the export of capital and foreign currency savings of citizens abroad. In modern conditions, such “wastefulness” is unacceptable, especially in the presence of tourism, cultural, historical and recreational potential. Thus, the problem of developing domestic tourism becomes acute for the Russian economy.

The development of regional tourism is closely related to the tourism infrastructure, which either acts as a limiting factor in the development of the industry or determines its positive dynamics. At the same time, for most regions of Russia, infrastructure problems are becoming the main reason for the decline in the territory’s competitive advantages in the tourism services market.

In most regions, the tourism infrastructure has such features as: aging facilities, insufficient funding, lack of capacity in various segments that provide accommodation, food, health and leisure for consumers of the regional tourism product. In addition, there is high wear and tear of utility networks, poor condition of roads and railways, poor development transport routes and roadside service. Of particular concern are problems in the service sector: low qualifications of service personnel, inconsistency of the quality of services provided with international standards, poor consideration of the needs of tourists.

Purpose This study was the development of a methodology for a comprehensive assessment of regional tourism infrastructure and justification of directions for its development.

To achieve this goal, the following were decided tasks:

– the theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of tourism infrastructure have been studied;

– the available methods for assessing tourism infrastructure are summarized and analyzed, and the author’s method for assessing it is developed;

– the level of development of tourism infrastructure in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District was assessed;

– directions and comprehensive measures for the development of regional tourism infrastructure are proposed.

The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the works of domestic and foreign scientists in the field of tourism infrastructure research. The information base for the study was periodicals and Internet resources, data from the Federal State Statistics Service and the Department of International, Interregional Relations and Tourism of the Vologda Region, and regulations in the field of tourism. Methodological approaches to the study were based on a comprehensive analysis of tourism infrastructure; scientific methods such as comparison, analysis, generalization, graphical and tabular methods of information processing were also used.

The results of the study may be useful to regional authorities in the formation of program documents aimed at developing the tourism sector and making management decisions.

1. Theoretical and methodological aspects of the development of tourism infrastructure in the region

Currently, tourism is an intersectoral sector of the economy, covering accommodation facilities, transport, communications, the food industry, recreation and entertainment, trade enterprises, etc. The effective functioning of the tourism sector has a positive impact on all aspects of regional development, contributes to the growth of tax revenues to the budget, improvement social and market infrastructure, solving the employment problem, strengthening interstate and interregional ties. At the same time, the development of tourism in the region is possible only if there is an effectively functioning tourism infrastructure.

Tourism infrastructure is a necessary condition for the development recreational resources and development of the tourism industry. Its development, on the one hand, contributes to the tourist development of the territory, and on the other, improves the living conditions of residents of the area. In addition, tourism infrastructure creates a large number of jobs.

Although the concept of tourism infrastructure is not new, there is no uniform interpretation of it in the domestic literature. The ambiguity and vagueness of the substantive meaning of this concept is explained by the unfoundedness of clear signs of classifying certain types of economic activity as tourism infrastructure and the uncertainty of the range of its objects.

An analysis of the definitions of this concept presented in Table 1 allows us to agree with the opinion of D. F. Vasilikha, who understands the regional tourism infrastructure as “a set of material objects that are carriers of various material and intangible properties that ensure the highest possible quantitative and qualitative realization of the goals of tourists under certain spatio-temporal parameters (in a specific place and at a specific time).”

Table 1. Interpretations of the concept of “tourist infrastructure”


Regional tourism infrastructure is a set of enterprises that create conditions for meeting the needs of tourism (production infrastructure), and enterprises that directly satisfy the various needs of tourists (service sector infrastructure). In turn, the production infrastructure consists of transport, information and communication and utility infrastructures, and environmental treatment facilities. The infrastructure of the service sector includes such elements as tour operators and travel agents, accommodation facilities, recreation and entertainment enterprises, trade and catering, and security infrastructure (Fig. 1).


Rice. 1. Elements of regional tourism infrastructure


The assessment of the development of tourism infrastructure is of important methodological importance. In the scientific literature, a number of original methods are known that are used by specialists directly for these purposes (for example, the methods of V. S. Bogolyubov, I. G. Limonina, O. B. Evreinov, A. V. Kuchumov, etc.). Conventionally, two approaches to assessing the development of tourism infrastructure can be distinguished.

According to the first approach (I. G. Limonina, A. V. Kuchumov), the development of regional tourism infrastructure can be assessed through the totality of its elements. These methods make it possible to identify the most “weak points” of tourism infrastructure in a territorial context, and also make it possible to conduct a comprehensive economic and geographical study of the development of tourism infrastructure as a whole, but without reducing the importance of the development of its individual elements. However, these methods are not without a number of shortcomings, since they do not clearly define the significance of the system of those indicators within each group of infrastructural elements that make it possible to more fully characterize the actual state of the tourism infrastructure. At the same time, individual methods cover its incomplete component composition.

Representatives of the second approach (V.S. Bogolyubov, O.B. Evreinov) propose to evaluate the regional tourism infrastructure by analyzing its objects. The proposed model is very useful both for annual and operational planning at tourism infrastructure enterprises, and for strategic business planning. However, the disadvantage of such methods is that the current system of statistical indicators does not make it possible to test them at the regional level.

Consequently, all of these methods need improvement. At the same time, we emphasize that, first of all, a methodology is needed that would allow us to assess the degree of development of tourism infrastructure at the regional level. In this context, the most important requirement is the use of quality indicators obtained through expert assessments and based on the results of a survey of both tourists and managers of tourism industry enterprises. And of course, this methodology should provide a comprehensive assessment taking into account all structural elements and ensure comparability of the level of infrastructure development in the regions.

In our opinion, these requirements are fully met by the definition of the development index of the region’s tourism infrastructure, which quantitatively characterizes the level of its development and represents the arithmetic average of the indices of the ten blocks of indicators included in it (Fig. 2). These blocks reflect the state of the structural elements of the region’s tourism infrastructure.


Rice. 2. Scheme for assessing the level of development of tourism infrastructure in the region


The sequence of calculating the region's tourism infrastructure development index includes a number of stages (Fig. 3). At the first stage, indicators characterizing various structural elements are presented in the form of normalized data by correlating the actual values ​​with the best ones in the sample. At the second stage, the indices of individual blocks are calculated as the arithmetic mean of the values ​​of the normalized indicators. At the third and final stage, the integral index of tourism infrastructure development is calculated.


Rice. 3. Methodological tools for calculating the tourism infrastructure development index


The value of the region’s tourism infrastructure development index ( I IT) lies in the range from 0 to 1000. Accordingly, the larger the value of this index, the higher the level of development of tourism infrastructure. The boundaries of the group intervals are formed depending on the average value of the index under consideration (Table 2).


Table 2. Interpretation of threshold values ​​of the integral assessment of the level of development of tourism infrastructure



In our opinion, the proposed method allows:

– assess the state and level of development of the tourism infrastructure of a particular region in comparison with other subjects of the federation;

– analyze the state of each element of tourism infrastructure, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of infrastructural development;

– correlate the level of development of tourism infrastructure with the target indicators of long-term planning in the field of tourism in a given territory;

– group territories according to the level of development of tourism infrastructure;

– based on the identified problems, formulate directions for the development of the region’s tourism infrastructure.

2. Assessment of the current state of the region’s tourism infrastructure

In Russia one of the most favorable provisions from the point of view of tourism development, the North-Western Federal District (NWFD) occupies a unique combination of natural and climatic conditions and the largest objects cultural heritage. The incoming tourist flow to the Northwestern Federal District in 2012 amounted to about 14 million visitors (Fig. 4). At the same time, the leaders in terms of the volume of tourist flow over recent years are St. Petersburg, the Republic of Karelia, the Leningrad and Vologda regions. However, in last years tourism is actively developing in the Novgorod and Pskov regions, as evidenced by the increase in the volume of tourist services by 3 and 2 times, respectively (Table 3).


Rice. 4. Tourist flow in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District in 2012, thousand people


The following types of tourism are still the most popular in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District: cultural and educational, active, medical and recreational, business. A high share of cultural and educational tourism (from 35 to 67%) is noted in St. Petersburg and Leningrad region, as well as the Vologda, Kaliningrad, Novgorod, Pskov regions, which is explained by the high historical and cultural potential of these regions.


Table 3. Volume of tourism services provided to the population on the territory of the constituent entities of the North-Western Federal District in 2009–2012, million rubles.


However, with sufficiently good conditions for realizing the tourism potential of the regions in the field of tourism, there are a number of problems. First of all, they are associated with the lack of an effectively operating tourism infrastructure. To assess the level of its development in the regions of the Northwestern Federal District, we will use the methodology presented above.

To do this, first of all, we will calculate the indices of the condition and development of structural elements of the regions’ tourism infrastructure.

Transport infrastructure

The results of the calculations showed (Appendix 1) that the city of St. Petersburg is characterized by good transport availability (I 1 = 801). Next, with a significant gap, follow the Pskov region (I 1 = 439) and other regions of the district. The lowest values ​​of the transport infrastructure development indicator are observed in the republics of Karelia (I 1 = 141) and Komi (I 1 = 245).

Main problems

There is a discrepancy in the pace of development in the regions highways sustainable growth of motorization, aging of fixed assets of transport infrastructure and their inefficient use. A significant factor hindering the development of tourist transport infrastructure is the lack of roadside infrastructure. In most regions of the Northwestern Federal District, this sector is poorly developed. There is an urgent need to create places for rest for drivers and passengers (meals, overnight accommodation and short rest on the way), campsites for motorists, etc.

For most regions of Russia, as well as the Northwestern Federal District, the problem of insufficient technological level of development of transport systems is relevant. It is in the transport infrastructure that a significant lag in the application of modern transport technologies and in the informatization of transport is obvious.

Problems such as the low level of river development and air transport, inconsistent quality of transport services, inconsistency of the highway network with traffic needs (both in terms of capacity and technical condition), high tariffs of transport enterprises, lack of highly qualified specialists in all sectors transport system, poor condition of bus stations and railway stations and etc.

Information and communication infrastructure

Development mass communications and information and communication technologies are critical for effective tourism operations. Modern electronic media play a major role: the creation of tourist information portals on the Internet, tourist information centers and terminals on main tourist routes, etc.

Analysis of the information and communication infrastructure index (Appendix 2) allows us to conclude that the leading position in terms of the level of development of this structural element is occupied by the city of St. Petersburg (I 2 = 1000). The index value for all regions is quite high and varies in the range from 629 to 1000.

Main problems

1) backwardness of technical and technological equipment, lack of the required amount of modern telecommunication technologies and information technology;

Transport strategy Russian Federation// Official website of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. – Access mode: http://www.mintrans.ru:8080/pressa/TransStrat_Gossovet_Rab_Groop_6.htm

Infrastructure- is an obligatory component of any integral system of economic system and subsystem. Literally, infrastructure is the basis, foundation, internal structure of an economic system. In the tourism economy I. is considered as a set of industries and types of activities serving the tourism industry, creating a common foundation for it.

Tourist infrastructure is a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, designed for the functioning of the tourism sector. Tourism infrastructure is an integral part of the tourism industry, which includes: two elements.

First element- the hospitality industry, which includes enterprises providing accommodation and catering services.

Second element the tourism industry is an infrastructural component, which represents three-tier system.

First The level of tourism infrastructure is represented by industrial infrastructure - a complex of existing structures, buildings, transport networks, systems not directly related to the production of tourism products (unlike the structures of the two subsequent levels), but necessary for the provision of tourism services - transport, communications, energy, utilities, finance, insurance, security.

Second and third levels of tourism infrastructure are formed by enterprises and organizations directly involved in tourism activities and the formation of tourism products. The second level includes those structures that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in places where tourists stay. These are car rental companies, taxi companies; cafes and restaurants; sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, exhibition halls, circuses, zoos, casinos, etc.

As part of the region's infrastructure complex, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions.

These should include providing, integration and regulatory functions. The supporting function of tourism infrastructure is the creation of the necessary conditions for organizing services for tourists; integration - organizing and maintaining connections between industry enterprises, forming territorial tourist and recreational complexes. The most important is the regulatory function of tourism infrastructure in the economy: creating new jobs, influencing consumer demand, developing industries that produce consumer goods, promoting the growth of tax revenues to budgets at various levels.

Tourist infrastructure has a direct and indirect impact on the economy of the region. The direct impact is the attraction of funds from services to tourism enterprises, material support for tourism workers and the creation of new jobs, and an increase in tax revenues. The indirect influence lies in the multiplicative effect of intersectoral interaction. The greater the proportion of income spent within the region, the greater the multiplier effect.


Taking into account the nature of Russian tourist resources, the state of tourism infrastructure and the readiness of the tourism product are of particular interest for development inbound tourism Our country can mainly be represented by the following types of tourism: cultural and educational, business, as well as specialized tourism (cruise, event, environmental, rural, hunting and fishing, active, including skiing in the future, extreme (adventure), ethnic, educational, scientific, etc.).

It is especially important for the domestic market to develop beach and health tourism.

For Russia with its underdeveloped tourism infrastructure and the huge unclaimed tourism potential, the development of specialized tourism as a new alternative destination is of greatest interest from the point of view of attracting sophisticated foreign consumers and diversifying the domestic tourism offer.

Tourism infrastructure is understood as a complex of structures, engineering and communication networks, including telecommunications, roads, related tourism industry enterprises, ensuring normal access of tourists to tourism resources and their proper use for tourism purposes, ensuring the livelihoods of tourism industry enterprises and tourists themselves.

These are both automobile and railways, stations and terminals, road, air, river and sea traffic control systems, heat supply systems, electrical and telephone networks and more.

Tourist infrastructure is a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, designed for the functioning of the tourism sector, ensuring normal access of tourists to tourism resources and their proper use for tourism purposes, as well as ensuring the livelihoods of enterprises in the tourism industry.

Tourist resources are a set of natural and man-made (economic, financial, cultural-historical, labor, social production) objects and phenomena that, given existing technical and material capabilities, can be used to organize tourism activities.

The tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and means, educational, business, recreational, sports and other facilities, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, as well as organizations providing excursion services and services of guide-translators.

In addition to these enterprises, those organizations that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in tourist destinations, are also engaged in serving tourists. These are rental car companies that rent cars; motor transport companies providing buses for excursion services for tourists; taxi companies; restaurants; cafe; entertainment industry - sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, zoos, casinos, exhibition and congress halls, etc.

Tourism infrastructure is an integral part of the tourism industry, which consists of two elements.

The first element is the hospitality industry, which includes enterprises providing accommodation and food services.

The second element of the tourism industry is the infrastructure component, which is a three-level system.

The first level of tourism infrastructure is represented by production infrastructure - a complex of existing structures, buildings, transport networks, systems not directly related to the production of tourism products (unlike the structures of the next two levels), but necessary for the provision of tourist services - transport, communications, energy, utilities economy, finance, insurance, security.

The second and third levels of tourism infrastructure are formed by enterprises and organizations directly involved in tourism activities and the formation of tourism products.

The second level includes those structures that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in places where tourists stay. These are car rental companies, taxi companies; cafes and restaurants; sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, exhibition halls, circuses, zoos, casinos, etc. .

As part of the region's infrastructure complex, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include supporting, integration and regulatory functions.

The supporting function of tourism infrastructure is to create the necessary conditions for organizing services for tourists.

Integration - organizing and maintaining connections between industry enterprises, forming territorial tourist and recreational complexes.

The most important is the regulatory function of tourism infrastructure in the economy: creating new jobs, influencing consumer demand, developing industries that produce consumer goods, promoting the growth of tax revenues to budgets at various levels.

The tourism industry is an interconnected system of enterprises and entrepreneurs that provide tourists with all the tourist services, works and goods necessary for consumption in the tourism process and sufficient for the implementation of the tourism process itself. The rapid development of mass tourism in the world has caused an adequate development of the tourism industry and related sectors of the economy, science and culture, and the education system.

Intermediation services of tour operators and travel agencies,

Transportation services, such as transfers, excursion services, and long-distance transportation by all types of vehicles,

Hospitality industry services (collective and individual accommodation and catering facilities),

Attraction services, including tourist excursions and other leisure and entertainment services,

Services of tourist information and guest centers,

Other special services.

Based on these premises, the tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and means, educational, medical, health, sports, religious, religious, business and other purposes, organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, organizations providing tourist and excursion services and guide-translator services. This definition is given in Art. 1 of the federal law “On the fundamentals of tourism activities in the Russian Federation” (as amended in 1996).

At the present stage of development, regardless of government structure country or territory of a tourist center, in the field of tourism there are several different types of enterprises engaged in tourism activities, namely tourism organizers (tour operators and travel agencies), carriers, hotels and other accommodation enterprises, catering establishments, entertainment attractions, as well as performers other typical and atypical tourist and related services. These include enterprises in the banking sector, insurance services, security, information and others. For special types of tourism, medical and health institutions, educational institutions, sports, etc. are involved. It is important that all these organizations harmoniously complement each other, carry out and provide all the services necessary for the consumer and sufficient in terms of quantitative, qualitative and assortment indicators.

tourist infrastructure Kuzbass