What is included in the tourism infrastructure. Tourist infrastructure, essence, characteristics

The "Dictionary of Business Terms" defines infrastructure as a complex of economic sectors that provide conditions for the production of goods: energy, communications, transport, education, healthcare. In the dictionary-reference book “Tourism, Hospitality, Service”, infrastructure is defined “as a complex of economic sectors that serve and create conditions for the location and operation of the main production, as well as the life of the population.” That is, infrastructure in the economic sense is understood as a certain set of auxiliary industries (industries), although necessary for the functioning of the main production, but participating in this production only indirectly. The “auxiliary” nature of the use is also confirmed etymologically: the meaning of this term in Latin is derived from infra (below, under) and structure (structure, device). In full accordance with this approach, the “Reference Dictionary” defines tourism infrastructure as “a set of auxiliary industries and institutions that organize and serve tourism industry, tourism activities generally" .

At the same time, such phrases as “social infrastructure”, “production infrastructure”, “industrial infrastructure”, “urban infrastructure”, “transport infrastructure”, etc. have become commonly used. Despite all the substantive differences in the concepts used, infrastructure is understood as a certain system of elements that allows the functioning of some holistic entity. In this sense, “market infrastructure” can be understood as a set of units of the national economy, the functioning of which is aimed at ensuring the normal functioning of the market and its development. The composition of a market economy includes various organizations and institutions (trade, banking, exchange, transport and others) that ensure the activities of various sectors of the economy.

But in the same dictionary-reference book "Tourism, Hospitality, Service" transport infrastructure is interpreted as a "network highways And railway communication, as well as airports and sea (river) ports. A qualitative characteristic of the transport infrastructure is the presence of modern comfortable Vehicle" Here we have a different approach to the definition. Transport is a completely independent branch of the economy, and in the interpretation of the above definition, transport infrastructure is no longer considered as something outside the scope of the main production, but as internal to it, as something that, in fact, , and creates a transportation service.

So what characterizes the term “tourist infrastructure”: a complex of auxiliary industries that support the activities of the tourism industry, or the system of this industry itself? A general idea of ​​the composition of the tourism infrastructure can be drawn up on the basis of the definition of the tourism industry formulated in Federal Law No. 132-FZ "On the fundamentals of tourism activities in Russian Federation". "The tourism industry is a set of hotels and other accommodation facilities, means of transport, facilities for sanatorium-resort treatment and recreation, public catering facilities, facilities and means of entertainment, educational, business, medical and recreational, physical education, sports and other purposes, organizations carrying out tour operator and travel agency activities, operators of tourism information systems, as well as organizations providing the services of tour guides (guides), guides-translators and instructors-guides." Based on the first approach, the tourism infrastructure must include all those enterprises and organizations, activities which is not limited only to the tourism sector.Then the tourism sector will include organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, providing the services of tour guides (guides), guides-translators and instructors-guides, as well as operators of tourist information systems, unless they specialize exclusively in tourism activities. But most of the listed organizations do not themselves provide the consumption of services necessary for tourists, and, thus, are represented in the consumption of the tourist product only indirectly.

Tourist infrastructure is understood as a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, intended for the functioning of the tourism sector, while considering tourism infrastructure as an integral part of the tourism industry.

Tourist infrastructure can be presented as the material basis for the production of a tourism product. The material basis of tourism in a broad sense is formed by a complex set of industries, sub-sectors and activities of material production and the socio-cultural sphere, which either directly satisfy the various needs of tourists or create the necessary conditions for this. Of all its constituent enterprises, only a relatively small part specializes in the production of goods and services intended exclusively for the personal consumption of tourists, while most of them also satisfy the needs of the local population and indirectly contribute to the growth of tourist consumption. Thus, to satisfy the diverse needs of tourists, goods and services of a large number of enterprises and industries that are not technologically interconnected are needed. Some serve mainly tourists, others - tourists and local population, and the third ensure the functioning of the first and second. The mixed functions of these enterprises make their clear, formal organization within a single sector of the economy impossible. The list of main enterprises involved in the production of the tourism product can be presented in the following table.

Table 1 - List of enterprises contributing to the production of tourism products

The list presented is not, and cannot be, complete. But it allows us to form the idea that the concept of “tourism infrastructure” characterizes the material component of the production of a tourism product. Tourism infrastructure must be distinguished from the material and technical base of tourism. “The material and technical base of tourism is the totality of all material elements used in the field of tourism. MTB includes industrial buildings and structures, vehicles, communications, equipment and equipment, all kinds of machines, mechanisms, apparatus, devices, etc.” . In contrast to this material component of the tourism sector, tourism infrastructure characterizes its organizational and production structure.

The development of the hotel industry is directly related to the development of tourism: the era of mass tourism contributed to significant changes in the hotel infrastructure.

Tourist infrastructure is a complex of existing structures and networks for industrial, social and recreational purposes, intended for the functioning of the tourism sector.

Tourism infrastructure is an integral part of the tourism industry, which consists of two elements.

The first element is the hospitality industry, which includes enterprises providing accommodation and food services.

The second element of the tourism industry is the infrastructure component, which is a three-level system.

The first level of tourism infrastructure is represented by production infrastructure - a complex of existing structures, buildings, transport networks, systems not directly related to the production of tourism products (unlike the structures of the next two levels), but necessary for the provision of tourist services - transport, communications, energy, utilities economy, finance, insurance, security.

Second and third levels tourist infrastructure form enterprises and organizations directly involved in tourism activities and the formation of tourism products. The second level includes those structures that can exist without tourists, but whose activities expand when they are in places where tourists stay. These are car rental companies, taxi companies; cafes and restaurants; sports clubs, museums, theaters and cinemas, exhibition halls, circuses, zoos, casinos, etc.

As part of the region's infrastructure complex, tourism infrastructure performs a number of important functions. These include supporting, integration and regulatory functions.

Providing function tourism infrastructure - creating the necessary conditions for organizing services for tourists; integration- organizing and maintaining connections between industry enterprises, forming territorial tourist and recreational complexes. The most important thing is regulatory function tourism infrastructure in the economy: creation of new jobs, impact on consumer demand, development of industries producing consumer goods, promoting the growth of tax revenues to budgets of various levels.

69. System of specific indicators in hotel service.

The main performance indicators of hotels are their one-time capacity and the number of bed days used per year. One-time capacity is determined by the number of permanent beds installed in all rooms and in common rooms; the number of calendar bed days is calculated by multiplying the number of beds in the hotel by the number of days in a given period.

The hotel utilization rate is established based on the actual bed days provided. When determining the occupancy factor of hotels for a certain period of time, factors influencing changes in occupancy are taken into account.

There is a large specialization of hotel enterprises, among which the most common are the following: tourist hotel, hotel for business people, congress hotel, resort hotel, sports hotel, club hotel, transit hotel.

Each hotel, in order to attract and retain its customers, is obliged to guarantee certain standards and conditions of service that would initially be understandable and attractive to them. These standards are fixed by classification systems that are developed by the relevant government bodies or business associations.

Hotel enterprises located in cities and towns differ significantly in basic parameters (size of rooms, results of economic activity) from rural ones. For example, hotels in cities have an average of 55 rooms with 102 beds versus 10 rooms with 28 beds in rural areas.

A special feature of hotel services is their speed of provision. The specificity of hotel service does not tolerate slowness.

One of the conditions for providing hotel services is their safety. The services provided must meet the requirements of maintaining human health, preserving citizens' property, and promoting environmental protection.

Service personnel engaged in the field of hotel and restaurant services play a paramount role. How they solve service problems will determine whether the client will be satisfied with the services offered.

When properly organized, the hospitality industry has two types of clientele: those who pay them (customers) and those they pay (employees). The human factor in a hotel company is irreplaceable. Great attention should be paid to the correct professional selection and placement of personnel.

For the hotel and restaurant business (as well as for tourism in general), a series of general characteristics regarding employment can be identified. They are:

1.High percentage of part-time workers

2. High percentage of temporary workers.

3. A significant number of female staff working part-time.

4. A small number of women in responsible positions.

5. Large number of low-skilled specialists.

6.Low wages.

There are also other differences in hotel service. These relate to overtime pay, salary increments, bonuses, days off, etc. It is still a common idea that presence-only work, but necessary in the restaurant and hotel industry, should be compensated for by more working hours .

Improving pay and working conditions has a positive effect on the condition of service personnel and, accordingly, on work performance. There are three main remuneration systems in the hotel business:

1. Payment based on tips and voluntary rewards from customers.

2. Remuneration based on shared participation in the sale of services.

3. Remuneration based on a fixed salary, regardless of the organization's profit.

The term "tourist infrastructure" is a Latin phrase consisting of the concepts "sh fr A" (under) and "sturtura" (structure, location), went through a long development path at the beginning of the 20th century. Infrastructure was understood as a complex of structures that supported the operations of the armed forces - warehouses, military bases, training grounds, etc. In the 40s, the concept "infrastructure" began to be used for a group of industries that ensure the functioning of industrial and agricultural production. S. Yurchenko points out that this term has been widely used in economic literature since the 50s. Infrastructure has come to be understood as a set of industries and activities that serve both the production and non-production spheres of the economy. According to the same opinion. S. Sinko and. M. Skrynko, infrastructure as a component of the economy is a set of subjects and specific objects of extragaloreconomic purposes accumulated in a certain territory, satisfying the material, spiritual and social needs of a person through the provision of a range of services in order to create general conditions for the effective functioning of the process of social reproduction and normal life activity human life of people 45.

In the further development of the concept of “infrastructure,” scientists are paying more and more attention to its division into spheres of human activity: into production infrastructure, necessary for the production process itself, and into social infrastructure (health care, education, culture, consumer services, etc.), providing full life of the population at the local or regional levels. Moreover, the infrastructure is defined as a complex of industries and areas of activity that create general conditions for the functioning of other industrial areas.

Tourist infrastructure in our understanding is a set of enterprises, institutions and establishments whose activities are aimed at meeting the needs of people involved in health or recreation, as well as communications and transport and tourist accommodation facilities that provide conditions for stable functioning. We consider it an integral system, consisting of two subsystems: social and production, which are interconnected and interdependent with respect to the serving entity. In turn, infrastructure to a certain extent shapes tourist regions, contributes to tourism specialization and professional management illustrations, because thanks to the presence of infrastructural connections between individual objects, they determine the quality of service in a particular territory.

infrastructure of a separate territorial-tourist combination researchers. M. Rutinsky and. O. Stetsyuk is considered in this combination of services 46:

On the movement of tourists (both within the region of visit and transit through its territory) various types transport;

Gastronomic (providing tourists with food);

Excursion services (services of guides, translators, accompanying groups);

To satisfy educational, entertaining and everyday interests;

Trading enterprises;

Legal, banking and insurance institutions;

Control and administrative authorities (border, customs, police services, OVIR, etc.)

The development of social infrastructure must meet high standards of service, because a tourist, remote from his permanent place of residence and maximally freed from everyday worries, requires effective service in his free time. An important place here belongs to tourist accommodation establishments, catering, and consumer services. They are the ones who can create quality parameters for a person’s personal consumption while relaxing.

System Catering is formed by restaurants of various classes, bars, cafes and canteens, fast food outlets and self-service. The nutritional structure includes; breakfast, half board, full board n. If the boarding house covers three meals a day, then half board means two meals a day during the tour day.

Tourists view food not only as a physiological need, but as pleasure, a way of learning about the culture and traditions of the people in the host country. After all, national cuisine is unique business card people. For example, Hungarian cuisine, characterized by very spicy dishes, is somewhat reminiscent of the inflammatory nature of this people.

When purchasing a tour, you need to know that many nations have restrictions or even bans on certain dishes. Thus, Christians observe fasts that limit the use of meat dishes, and Muslims do not eat pigs.

Public catering, based on subordination, is divided into chain-linked enterprises and enterprises that operate autonomously 47 . Among existing restaurant chains

(Of course, the USA is the leader here) restaurant chains, whose main products are hamburgers and pizza, are especially growing. Of all restaurant chains, more than 2/5 are sandwiches. According to the existing classification, the category of sandwiches includes: hamburgers at McDonald's restaurants, French sandwiches at Subway and Tex/Mex - Taco Ben 48 .

In recent years, restaurants and cafeterias in large shopping centers, which can also function in popular tourist centers. It is desirable that catering establishments work with a permanent contingent located in tourist hotels, boarding houses, sanatoriums, and with a variable contingent (city restaurants, cafeterias, etc.).

Based on the type of service, food establishments are divided into those where self-service is organized and those where waiters serve. According to the form of ownership, they can be private or rented (Fig. 46.6) 40.

. Rice 46. ​​Catering classification

An important place in the provision of services is occupied by tourist accommodation facilities . To the main ones establishments include hotels and similar establishments, commercial and social accommodation establishments and specialized accommodation establishments (Figure 47) 50.

Tourist accommodation establishments are any facilities where tourists are offered a place to stay overnight. In fact, tourist accommodation is considered the most important segment of tourism. After all, the comfort of such facilities affects the quality of service. The main tourist accommodation establishments are hotels, motels, camp sites, and all others are additional. Hotels are the most common type of accommodation for tourists; flows directly depend on their level of development and the quality of services they provide. The quality of accommodation and service depends primarily on the service personnel, as well as the material and technical base and the services offered to them.

Unfortunately, there is still no single criterion for classifying hotels; a common system for such classification is the number of stars from one star to five used in hotels. France,. Austria,. Hungary, Egypt Petit. China, Ukraine,. Russia and other countries. Letter system (AA, B 9 C, D) used in. Greece, the system of "crowns" or "keys" - c. Great Britain. Point system (from 100 points - the category of one star and up to 290 points, which corresponds to five stars and other classification systems). Yes, the hotel association. The Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Norway) are also built according to the principles of the stars, but the class of the hotel is determined not by the stars, but by the suns and so on. The United States, unlike other countries, does not use an officially approved hotel classification. Americans believe that the expansion of hotel chains with appropriate systems is a guarantee of quality and a guarantee of cost 51 .

By size, hotels are divided into four categories: up to 150 rooms, from 150 to 299, from 300 to 600, from 600 or more rooms. In terms of room rates, there are budget ($25-30), economic ($35-55), midday ($55-95), first-class ($95-195), as well as apartment ($65-125) and luxury ($125-145).

In addition to collective accommodation facilities, which include hotels and similar establishments, as well as specialized institutions, tourist routes Individual accommodation facilities may also be offered - apartments, cottages, mansions, where a tourist can stay on a rental basis or even for free (with relatives.

The hotel business is an independent economic phenomenon. It has occupied its rightful place in the development of tourism since the 90s of the 19th century, when hotels began to be built to accommodate vacationers. At first, like the holiday itself, they were seasonal. But when transport began to develop, the standard of living became higher, and resort and tourist places became year-round, hotels also began to operate permanently. This. Zuma had certain difficulties in filling such facilities, so the administrations began to use their premises for conferences, conventions, various meetings, etc. For the convenience of the hotel business, st. Oren hotel chains- integrated chains of homogeneous hotels and hotel consortiums uniting independent hotels. Integrated hotel chains sell homogeneous services. All hotel chains bear the corresponding names and signs of all integrated chains. USA, and in. Europe - in. France France.

In modern conditions, thanks to the use of telecommunication technologies and electronics, computer reservation systems have been created. Qualitative changes have occurred in the system of purchasing tourism products: the consumer can create a tour package himself, book tickets and a hotel room, and travel with a personally compiled itinerary.

If the catering facility and tourist accommodation are direct participants in serving tourists and are located on the territory of tourist centers consumer services tends more towards the permanent population. This can create certain difficulties in everyday life for those who are on vacation. Therefore, in places where they are concentrated, it is necessary to practice opening reception centers for consumer services with a full range of aftercare services.

In the production infrastructure, a significant segment is considered transport system, formed from the road network, vehicles, devices. The road transport network in tourist regions is predominantly complex, because there are multi-purpose connections - production, labor, tourism, created on the basis of railway, road, water, and air roads.

An important component of tourism infrastructure is railway transport convenient for transporting any categories of tourists, from single tourists to specially organized tourist and excursion trains of local and long-distance traffic. Iron City has been involved in the development of tourism and the formation of tourist passenger flows for more than a century and a half.

The history of the formation of the railway network in countries around the world is closely connected with economic, military and strategic needs. So, laying a railway in. The United States had not only an economic goal, but also a military-strategic goal - to develop the lands of the so-called. Wild. West. By the middle of the 19th century in construction railways unfolded in almost all countries. Europe and in. USA. In Asia,. Africa. In Australia it began in the second half of the 19th century. If the first railway in. England was laid in 1825, then in Ukraine - in 1861 (Przemysl - Lviv). The length of the world's railways in 1913 reached 1 million km. During the global crisis of the 1930s, the growth of the railway network slowed down, and in many developed countries, mostly old lines were even closed and dismantled. Nowadays, there is a tendency to reduce the length of railways. If in the 50s of the 20th century in the world it was 1320 thousand km, then in the mid-90s it was 1180 thousand km - 1180 thousand. km.

At the present stage, railways operate in more than 140 countries around the world. The largest of them are... Trans-Siberian (Moscow - Vladivostok) - 9332 km. Transasian (Istanbul - Tehran - Delhi - Dhaka - Sittachong) - 7 thousand km along the route; Trans-Canada (Prince - Edmonton - Quebec) - 4.9 thousand km; trans-American (Sao Paulo - La Paz - Antofagasta) - more than 3 thousand km and in.

The density of the railway network, which is measured by the number of kilometers railway track per 100 km 2 of territory, the highest in developed countries. In Germany, for example, it is almost 11 km/100 km 2. Japan - more than 7 km/100 km 2. USA - 1.7 km/100 km 2, and in. In Africa, there is 1 km of railway track per 300 km 2. Asia - on 200 km of land surface. In Ukraine, the density of the railway network reaches 3.8 km/100 km 2 . B2. Further development railway transport In order to enhance its importance in the formation of tourist passage flows, it should be developed in the following directions 53:

Laying high-speed highways;

Increasing the comfort of the carriage to the hotel level;

Organization of special tourist trains on railway transport

Introduction. Superfast trains with increased comfort is an extremely necessary event in order to be able to withstand the competition for the modern demanding tourist traveler. The first such train, the ham xansen (ball train), was built in. Japan (1964). average speed its movement reached 210 km/h. In Europe, trains, which were successfully used for tourist transportation, were introduced somewhat later in Vaud. France trains with a speed of 200-300 km/h and increased comfort operate between. Paris and Marcel. Paris and Leon. Paris and Kannami et al. "Eigiviat" 50 km tunnel under. The English Channel is a high-speed highway connecting. Paris s. London in 3 hours. Rail travel is traditionally the most popular among the Germans, British, and Swiss

In recent years, Americans have also become somewhat more interested in rail tourism. Here the most popular routes are: "Trans-Canada" (a ten-day trip from Vancouver to Montreal via Winnipeg and Ottawa), T. Trans-America (12 days from Washington to Los Angeles via Charleston, New Orleans, El Paso, etc.), Trans-Atlantic (from Managua to the southern edge of the South American edge of Western America).

For tourist transportation, special express trains are used. Australia that connect. Sydney s. Perth. There are railway routes in. India,. Indonesia, even in. Africa, laid from. Pretoria in. Cape Town on. This exotic route allows you to get acquainted with all African natural areas.

In Ukraine they will also organize train tours: one-day "snow trains", "mushroom trains" in. Carpathians, short-term (2-3 days) - mainly for excursion and tourist trips of schoolchildren "East - West", "West - East" Multi-day tours are organized much less often (from 5 days, there are rich tourist trips (from 5 days).

At short distances, as well as at excursion routes, road transport seriously competes with rail transport. The role of vehicles transporting tourists without routes, but goods taken away by roads, is very significant. It is especially convenient for transporting tourists over short distances. True, as a result of the construction of modern roads - autobahns - the radius of profitability of transporting tourists is constantly increasing and can reach more than 1 thousand km.

Road transport gained particular popularity among tourists around the world during the period between the two world wars. This was facilitated not only by an increase in the number of cars, but also by the opening of a network of gas stations, repair work, and organized parking. We carried out the reconstruction of old roads and the construction of new ones. In 1937, there were 40 million cars in the world. Over the past 70 years, their number has increased almost 20 times. The length of roads reached approx. 30 million km, and the length of highways specially built for high-speed communication is also constantly growing. For example, in. In the USA, with a total length of highways of 6370 thousand km, highways account for 73.1 thousand km. Japan according to - 1153 and 53.3 thousand km of highways. France - 974.0, including highways - 7.9 thousand km. Germany-656.0, including 11.1 thousand km of motorways. Poland - 377 thousand km, highways 0.24 thousand km. Czech Republic - 128, including 0.39 thousand km of highways. In Ukraine, improved roads amount to over 160 thousand kponad 160 thousand. km 54.

Developing countries (Africa, Central and South America, most countries in Asia) lag significantly behind developed countries in terms of the length of paved roads, but road transport dominates here, which is successfully used to transport tourists over short distances. The greatest obstacle to further such use road transport, including over long distances, is due to the insufficient number of modern roads and the high cost of their construction. True, in recent years, developing countries have paid special attention to the construction of international highways (autobahns). So, in. America is being built. The Pan-American Road that will connect. Canada, countries. Central. America s. Argentina and Chile. They are building intensively. Trans-Amazon communication route. Brazil. Peru,. Colombia. Venes Ueli and other regions.

V. Azy has a developed road system connecting. India s. Turkey and European countries. In Africa, an asphalt road was laid through the desert. Sugar that connects. Algeria with countries. Gulf of Guinea 55.

A promising project for the construction of a planned highway. Lisbon -. Kyiv with a branch in. Kharkov and. Moscow, and then - through. Kazakhstan,. Mongolia before. China. Important for transporting tourists to half the day will be the meridian roads that connect the northern countries with the coast. Mediterranean and Black Sea.

. Bus tourism particularly international, is relatively young. It was founded in the 70s of the XX century. After increased competition between railway and bus companies, an association of bus carriers was created - -. Council "Euroline" lines ("Eurolines "), which united 33 European countries. After the signing of the Schengen agreement, average annual growth bus transportation amounted to 1.5% bv. International weekend city tours have become especially popular. Europe. Bus tours continue throughout the year, since its development is less influenced by climatic conditions

Bus transportation is also carried out on our own buses travel companies, as well as on rented buses from independent transport companies

Traveling using personal transport has become popular nowadays, especially on weekends or holidays. These are usually educational trips to historical and cultural monuments or recreational and recreational trips (outings into nature, to organized recreation areas).

Car rental is very popular, in particular in cultural and health centers where car rental offices operate. Car rental may even be included in the package

Experts consider water transport to be one of the cheapest ways to transport tourist passengers, which is carried out using steamships, ferries, and boats. The repair cruise ship is very popular among tourists, the demand for which is constantly growing. In the world cruise companies exploit hundreds passenger ships. The main technical trend in recent years is an increase in the size of ships to 2 thousand or more for azhiriv-cruisers.

Largest passenger airliner world - American Oasis of the Seas(“Oasis of the Seas”) - can accommodate 2,160 crew members and 6,630 passengers on 16 decks 57 .

The geography of passenger transportation by sea is determined not by the network of routes, as is typical for road and rail transport, but by the location of ports and sea channels involved in cruise routes. The most important channels in the world are. Suez (161 km long). Panama (82 km) and. Kielsky (99 km). There are 2 thousand sea ports in the world. To the pool. Atlantic Ocean accounting for more than 3/5 of the total number of ports, the ports of the basin also differ. Pacific Ocean

The duration of cruise trips varies: from 7 to 14 days or more. Experts believe that the most popular are single-model cruises (about 40% of all cruises). Generally recognized cruise routes according to summer navigation. Europe is considered. Mediterranean and fjord cruises. Norwegian Sea, and in winter -. Caribbean Sea with a visit to the ocean. The winter programs offered by tour operators include the following routes: Japan -. South-Eastern. Asia;. Australia -. New. Zealand. The cruise business on ultra-modern ships has every opportunity for further development.

The popularity of air transport is growing. Thanks to it, travel times are reduced, short-term tours over long distances are growing

There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, 150,000,000 people are transported on air flights every year. More than 1 thousand airports are involved in servicing international air services; 58 American airlines are considered popular among international tourist passengers." Delta Airlines","Pan American","United" French "Air France", German "Lufthansa", British "British Airways", etc.

The international transportation network covers all tourist macro-regions and sub-regions of the world and more than 150 countries.

Regulate air travel. International aviation organizations are the most authoritative of the world's air transport structures. International organization civil aviation(/CAO), which unites 183 states. Famous and akazh. International Air Transport Association (IATA) . Travel agencies participate in international aviation organizations through a special branch. International Organization of Airline Agents, as well as through international organization civil aeropo ortite.

Forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines occur through 59:

Reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through airline agencies;

Reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through reservation systems;

Agreements with airlines for a quota of seats on regular airlines;

Concluding agency agreements and operating an agency to sell air tickets for its tourists;

Organization of charter flights for tourist transportation

Having completed all stages of the contract with airlines, the travel agent must choose the most profitable contract for tourist transportation

The demand for air transport especially increased after the introduction of jet engines in the 50s of the XX century. Thanks to this, Europeans and Americans can relax in the most regions of the world, in particular in tourist centers. Caribbean,. Mediterranean, on the islands. Quiet. Indian Oceans, V. South-Eastern. Asia,. Australia and other regions.

In air transport, the use of wide-body aircraft, which specialize in international flights, is growing rapidly. charter flights and are considered the technological basis of modern tourism. In the rest. Anna years, due to the need to save fuel and protect the environment, the popularity of short and vertical aircraft has grown, thanks to which it will be possible to successfully transport tourists on short (even on one-day routes and intracity flights) and medium distances, increasing competition between aviation and motor transportmm.

Among other infrastructural branches of tourism, the main place is occupied by souvenir production, based on the creation and popularization of artistic samples and taking into account the national characteristics of the territory, where, first of all, international tourist routes are laid.

Features of the definition and structure of tourism potential. A necessary condition for the development of tourism is tourism potential, which can be assessed on different scales: at the level of the world, country, region, etc. Under tourism potential is understood as the entire set of natural, cultural, historical and socio-economic prerequisites for organizing tourism activities in a certain territory. Sometimes tourism potential is the relationship between the actual and maximum possible number of tourists, determined based on the availability of tourist resources, which, according to the authors, is not entirely true.

Very often, tourism potential is understood as the existence in the territory of certain unique or at least interesting not only for local residents objects. Although this is not a completely obligatory sign, but only a desirable option. The tourist potential of a territory is very variable and depends on the characteristics of the sociocultural formation within which it is located. The concept of "tourist potential" includes the concept of "conditions and factors for the development of tourism activities."

E.A. Dzhandzhugazova in one of her works uses the concept " tourist values", by which he means tourist resources or the tourist and recreational potential of territories. By their nature they are heterogeneous, some of them are natural in nature (attractions), some arose as a result of human activity, i.e., created artificially. The border between natural and artificial tourist attractions values ​​are not sharply delineated, since there is a group of attractions created both by human activity and by nature itself (for example, artificial reservoirs, beaches, etc.).However, it should be emphasized that tourist values ​​are determined by the formation of a territory with tourist specialization.[Arefyev V .E. Introduction to tourism. Barnaul: Altai State University, 2002.]

The structure of tourism potential is clearly shown in Fig. 2.1, compiled by the authors of the textbook. You can immediately notice that tourism potential includes tourism resources and tourism infrastructure. The first are divided into three main groups - natural, cultural-historical and socio-economic. It should be noted the dual nature of socio-economic resources. These include elements of tourism infrastructure, as well as labor, information, material and technical, financial resources, controls etc.

Rice. 2.1.

N.I. Panov uses the concept of “tourist and recreational resources” and writes that “under tourist- recreational resources region, it is necessary to understand the natural-climatic, socio-cultural, historical, archaeological, architectural, scientific-industrial, entertainment, religious and other objects and phenomena that can satisfy human needs in the process and for the purposes of tourism and create an organizational, economic and material basis for development tourism".

Tourist and recreational resources are of paramount importance in tourism management and determine the formation of the tourism industry in a particular region. They form the basis for the successful development of the tourism business, determine the specifics of tourism development in the region, and serve as the initial basis for the production of a tourism product; when planning priority areas of investment policy in the region. Tourist and recreational resources include natural, historical, sociocultural, material and technical, and labor.

The position of A.V. is similar. Darinsky, who claims that " tourism potential- these are tourist resources, tourism industry and tourism infrastructure." N.I. Panov uses the concept throughput potential(ecological, tourist, social, household), showing the capabilities of any tourist site in the form of carrying capacity, i.e. the maximum load that a tourist site can have without serious damage to local resources from tourist trips and the emergence of socio-economic problems among the population. [Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. M.; St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund; Gerda, 2007.]

What needs to be taken into account when determining the prospects for the tourism industry in a particular region? Yu.P. Kovalev believes that when conducting such studies, it is methodically correct to highlight the following aspects:

• identification of existing tourism and recreational potential;
• assessment of the existing tourism and recreational potential;
• grade current state use of tourism and recreational potential;
• assessment of possibilities for intensifying the use of tourism and recreational potential;
• assessment of factors constraining the development of tourism in the region;
• preparation and implementation of a promising model of the territorial organization of the tourism and recreational sector of the region.

At the same time, significant attention is paid to the use of the concepts “tourist and recreational potential” and “tourist and recreational sphere”. However, the use of these concepts is methodologically not entirely correct. It should be noted that recreation and recreational activities (as mentioned above) include tourism and tourism activities. Therefore, the use of the wording “tourist and recreational” is unjustified, since it obviously contains duplication. The authors recommend separate use of these concepts - “tourist potential” and “recreational potential”.

Identifying the existing tourist and recreational potential is not the most difficult task, since now for almost any long-developed territory there are codes of historical and cultural monuments, natural protected sites, detailed information about objects of the socio-cultural sphere - museums, hotels, restaurants, sanatoriums, recreation centers and etc.

A more difficult aspect is assessing the existing tourist or recreational potential. It must take into account: the uniqueness of existing objects; differences in their availability and density within the region; diversity and complexity of available facilities; their physical condition.

It is no secret that most of the Russian regions are characterized by a low density of tourist and recreational facilities, their poor transport accessibility, poor physical condition and lack of complexity. The only subjects of Russia with high potential include the Moscow, Vladimir and Yaroslavl regions, the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. In all other subjects of the Russian Federation there are features that make it difficult to use or worsen its quality characteristics, which reduces its overall rating.

But, despite this, it is necessary to determine the prospects for using the tourism and recreational potential. Here it is very important to develop a model for organizing the tourism sector of the region, to identify territories that primarily need concentration of efforts and funds for their development, as well as reserve territories and those where the development of tourism infrastructure is inappropriate.

To competently and effectively manage the resource potential of the region, it is necessary to develop and apply the following parameters for its assessment:

• resource quantification;
• assessment of the potential structure, the degree of use of private potentials;
• assessing the possibilities for using resources;
• systematic accounting of the state of tourist and recreational resources and determination of their importance in the development of tourism in the region, which are possible only with the introduction of a system of tourist and recreational cadastres.

There are many methods for assessing the tourism potential of territories. It makes no sense to present all the methods; it is enough just to understand their essence and principles of assessment, as well as the possibilities of practical application.

Assessment of the recreational potential of Russia (according to K.V. Kruzhalin). At the first stage of the study, the main types and forms of international tourism were identified, which are and will be implemented in Russia. First of all, these include educational and entertainment, medical and recreational and sports tourism. These types of tourism determined a set of indicators that formed the basis for assessing recreational potential and subsequent classification of regions.

At the second stage, a series of maps of a comprehensive assessment of natural resources was created for the development of medical and health tourism, types of natural provinces according to the conditions for organizing sports recreation, the dissemination of educational tourism resources, the ecological state of Russian regions, as well as a map reflecting the level of provision of tourist accommodation facilities. The study used a qualimetric approach, the essence of which is the expert assignment of a certain weight coefficient to each indicator characterizing recreational potential, followed by the calculation of a weighted average value reflecting the integral assessment of the recreational potential of each of the 88 constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Of the entire set of Russian regions, varying in area and population, 52 are characterized by high and relatively high level of recreational potential. These regions are located mainly in the European part of the country, and seven of them are beyond the Urals and in Altai, around Lake Baikal and in Kamchatka.

Medium and low A number of old-developed regions of the European part, as well as the Russian North and Far Eastern regions, have recreational potential. It does not follow from the study that the development of international tourism is impossible in regions with low potential, which occupy about 60% of the country’s territory. These regions have unique natural, cultural, historical and archaeological sites that allow the development of certain types of non-mass tourism. This is primarily extreme, ecological, scientific tourism, etc.

An assessment of the economic and geographical factors and conditions for international tourism in Russia allows us to state that they are noticeably diverse and, in combination with recreational potential, can contribute to the development of international tourism or have a restraining effect on it. Further, based on the study of economic and geographical factors influencing the development of inbound international tourism, we can identify the determining factors relating to our country. These include, first of all, complex indicators characterizing the state and prospects for the economic development of regions, their economic weight and overall investment potential.

Of the entire set of regions, 25 are characterized by favorable and relatively favorable economic and geographical conditions for the development of international tourism. Of these, only six are located in the Asian part of Russia, and 2/3 are in the European part of the country and are extended in a kind of chain from the north-west (Kaliningrad and Leningrad region) to the southeast (Republic of Bashkortostan and Chelyabinsk region).

To the group with not favorable enough conditions include 45 subjects, i.e. just over 50%. They occupy most of Siberia and Far East, and are also located in the north and west of the European territory of the country. To the group with unfavorable conditions include 18 subjects, “scattered” throughout Russia, with areas of concentration in the northeast of the country and the south of Siberia.

A comprehensive analysis of the influence of economic-geographical conditions and recreational potential on the development of international tourism allows us to assess the total tourism potential of Russian regions. The conducted research served as the basis for introducing the concept of total tourism potential and allows us to conclude: a region has the best prospects for the development of international tourism if it is characterized by a high level of recreational potential and favorable economic and geographical conditions. In regions with a low level of recreational potential and unfavorable economic and geographical conditions, the development of the international tourism industry is very problematic.

To the first group, characterized favorable conditions for the development of international tourism, and accordingly high total tourist potential, include 21 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, of which only the Novosibirsk and Irkutsk regions are located beyond the Urals. The remaining regions are located relatively compactly in the north-west, center, south and south-east of the European territory of Russia.

In the second group with relatively favorable conditions for the development of international tourism, with a corresponding total tourism potential - 30 regions. This is one of the largest groups in terms of the number of subjects. At the same time, 19 regions are located in a dense ring around the central regions with high tourism potential, which belong to the first group. Six regions are concentrated in the south of Russia and adjacent to the Rostov region and the Krasnodar region. The remaining regions are dispersed along the southern border of the country and are not always adjacent to the regions of the first group.

To the group characterized not favorable enough The total influence on the development of international tourism, and accordingly the average total tourist potential, includes only five regions located in the south of European territory (Voronezh and Volgograd region), on South Western Siberia(Tyumen region) and in the south and center of Siberia ( Kemerovo region and Krasnoyarsk Territory).

To the group characterized unfavorable 32 regions have a cumulative influence on the development of international tourism, and therefore a low total tourism potential. This is the largest group in terms of area (more than 60% of the territory of Russia). Its regions occupy the north, northeast, east and southeast of the country as a single massif. A separate position is occupied by the Bryansk, Tambov, Astrakhan, Kurgan regions, the Republics of Kalmykia, Tyva and Khakassia, and the Chechen Republic.

The study allowed us to conclude that 51 regions of Russia, occupying almost 40% of the country’s territory, have high and relatively high total tourism potential. These are mainly old-developed recreational areas with an established socio-economic infrastructure, possessing sufficiently studied and developed recreational resources and a variety of natural and cultural heritage. In terms of overall investment potential, they belong to the “core” or “satellite” regions and are assessed as large and medium-sized “growth poles” in terms of economic development prospects.

Analysis of the territorial differentiation of foreign tourist flows in accordance with the total tourism potential allows us to draw conclusions about its implementation and determine the prospects for the further development of international tourism in the constituent entities of Russia. Statistics on the arrival of foreign citizens by regions of Russia are not kept at the federal level. In the current circumstances, the State Statistics Committee of Russia in the statistical collection "Tourism in Russia", based on a survey of managers tourism enterprises, published data for 1999 on the number of tourists received, the analysis of which determined the share of visits by foreign tourists to Russian regions in the total number of tourists. On this basis, the subjects of the Russian Federation are divided into three groups.

To the first group of subjects, frequently visited by foreigners, with a share of foreign tourists of the total number of tourists (including domestic ones) of more than 50%, there are 20 regions. All of them are peripheral (with the exception of Moscow) and are located along the state border of the country from Kaliningrad region to the Primorsky Territory (within the main settlement zone), which in some cases contributes to intensive cross-border business tourism and shopping tourism. This group also includes Moscow and St. Petersburg - traditional leaders in terms of attendance by foreign citizens.

In the second group of subjects with average attendance and with a share of foreign tourists of the total number of 10-50%, 18 regions fall, located both along the state border and adjacent to the regions of the first group. Some of the regions of this group, such as Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir and a number of other regions, are developed tourist areas. The third group of subjects, rarely visited, with the share of foreign tourists from the total number of less than 10%, includes 44 regions. They occupy the interior geographical position, and there are no clearly defined patterns in their placement.

Thus, a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation are characterized by a high overall tourism potential and frequent visits by foreign tourists. This is typical primarily for Moscow, St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Samara, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk regions and some other regions where international tourism is developing at a high pace.

There are regions with a high level of total tourism potential and low share of visits by foreign tourists(less than 50%). These include: Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod, Rostov, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk region, Perm and Krasnodar region, Republic of Tatarstan. This does not mean that the number of foreign citizens received and served in these regions is small. As a rule, these regions are characterized by high absolute rates of receiving both foreign and domestic tourists. The prospects for the further development of international tourism here are high, especially taking into account the fact that the development of domestic tourism contributes to the development of international tourism.

In a number of regions with a low level of total tourism potential, there is still active visits by foreign citizens. This is typical for the Murmansk, Chita, Amur, Sakhalin and Kamchatka regions, the Republic of Karelia, Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, Jewish Autonomous Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories. An analysis of the specifics of these regions gives grounds to assert that the flow of foreign citizens entering them will continue to increase, which is explained, first of all, by the development of business tourism associated with the intensification of trade relations and cross-border economic cooperation with neighboring countries (the creation of joint ventures, shopping tourism , simplification of entry and exit, etc.). The development of business tourism gives impetus to the development of “clean” tourism, the expansion of services offered, and the formation of tourism infrastructure.

The northern and northeastern regions of Russia are characterized by a completely natural combination of a low level of total tourism potential and low attendance by foreign citizens. This does not mean that the development of international tourism here is impossible, since in these regions there are unique natural, cultural and historical sites that are of great interest for the implementation of certain types of non-mass, but highly profitable scientific and environmental tourism.

Assessment of the natural and recreational potential of the territory (according to I.A. Bashalkhanov and L.B. Bashalkhanova). The natural and recreational potential of the territory is one of the leading prerequisites for the development of tourism. A comprehensive analysis of territories with high natural resource potential, based on the use of systemic methodology, suggests the following. In relation to recreational territories, it is important to identify a number of its properties: the level of recreational resources, their potential, natural and socio-economic integrity, demand in the present and future.

The quality of recreational resources reflects a person’s perception of those properties of natural complexes that in an integral form express his most unique consumer properties, including from the point of view of restoring human health, his psychological, physical and emotional state. The assessment is based on the following provisions:

• high quality of recreation is ensured only by a variety of opportunities (therapeutic, sports, educational, aesthetic, etc.);
• pristineness, unusualness, and originality of recreational resources determine their universal value;
• human need to communicate with " wildlife"is natural and must certainly be satisfied;
• natural recreational resources are irreplaceable, exhaustible, have limited opportunities to recovery.

Based on the initial provisions, a methodological approach to assessing the recreational potential of the territory has been developed. At the first stage, a qualitative scoring scale was compiled for each component: relief, climate, surface waters, flora and fauna, hydromineral resources, natural and cultural-historical monuments.

A comfortable or uncomfortable climate favors relaxation or limits a person’s stay in the open air. The greatest potential is in areas with a favorable climate that have no restrictions on the regime and types of outdoor recreation. An increase in climate discomfort, caused by a combination of atmospheric parameters that limit a person’s stay in the open air, leads to a decrease in the recreational value of the territory.

One of the important components of the landscape for humans, which determines the quality of their recreation, is water, both surface and underground. The recreational significance of a particular territory is differentiated depending on the temperature regime of open water bodies, one of the main limiting factors, the area of ​​their water area, natural river obstacles attractive to different types sports, high-quality drinking water and a variety of mineral waters.

When assessing the merits of other natural components, the attractiveness of the landscape was taken into account through the diversity of their forms. In addition, the following were additionally taken into account: when assessing the relief - panoramic and picturesque views, steepness of the slopes; when assessing the flora and fauna - rare and endangered species, including those listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the region, undisturbed vegetation, reserves for the protection of individual animal species and complex, migratory species; when assessing hydromineral resources - their quantity, significance for regional and regional use. Marked unique monuments culture and natural objects national scale: mountain systems, lakes and rivers, specially protected natural areas, considered treasure troves of the gene pool of flora and fauna.

As a result, the most attractive areas are those with the broadest opportunities for the development of recreational services, leaving the right to choose the type of recreation to the individual. The recreational value of the territory decreases as the diversity of landscape components decreases; it is of the least importance with a monotonous topography, a harsh climate that limits time spent in the open air for a long time, with a shortage of water, poorly represented flora and fauna, and the absence of historical and cultural heritage sites. The total quality score (in points) varies in five ranges: up to 50, 51-150, 151-300, 301-600 and more than 600, which corresponds to variations in the attractiveness coefficient from very low (0.2) to very high (1.0 ) and reflects the degree of existing differences in typical landscape, biodiversity, natural monuments and historical and cultural heritage, favorable climate and waters for human recreation.

The assessment basis for determining the recreational potential is based on theoretical calculations of specific capacity, according to N.F. Reimers (1990), - 4 man-days per year per hectare of tourist territory. Such low standards guarantee the quality of recreation, the absence of a negative reaction from the environment and its preservation for a sufficiently long period.

2.2. Tourist resources as the basis for the spatial organization of tourism

Tourism as a branch of the economy has a clear focus on the use of natural, cultural and historical resources. This is manifested in the fact that he:

• causes migration of people to places where tourist resources are concentrated;
• involves previously unused natural and cultural complexes and their elements;
• makes comprehensive use of natural, cultural and historical resources;
• due to the multi-purpose use of natural resources, it places very diverse requirements on natural complexes;
• successfully combines with other types of environmental management - agriculture and forestry, fishing, mining, while placing demands on natural complexes in terms of attractiveness, comfort, diversity and accessibility;
• influences nature and culture through the consumer - tourist;
• characterized by an interest in regulating anthropogenic impacts on natural and cultural complexes;
• as a branch of the economy it is economically effective: the work of tourism workers is aimed not at nature and culture, but directly at the person, at restoring his physical, mental and intellectual strength.

In the USSR, tourism was considered as a type of recreation, one of the types active rest. Therefore, the concept of “tourist resources” was often equated with the concept of “recreational resources”. N.P. Krachilo gives the following definition: "Under recreational resources one should understand the combination of components of nature, socio-economic conditions and cultural values, which act as conditions for satisfying human recreational needs." [Arefyev V.E. Introduction to tourism. Barnaul: Altai State University, 2002.]

Many authors use the concept of “tourist and recreational territory resources“as “a set of natural and man-made objects necessary for the formation of a territory’s tourism product.” This includes natural, historical and socio-cultural objects that can satisfy physiological and spiritual needs, as well as help restore the physical and spiritual health of people. The main properties Tourist resources include: attractiveness (attractiveness); accessibility; degree of knowledge; significance for display (entertainment); landscape, video-ecological and socio-demographic characteristics; potential reserve, capacity; methods of use.

The Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” (as amended on February 5, 2007) gives a different concept, but similar in meaning: “ Tourist resources- natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual and other needs of tourists, help maintain their vital functions, restore and develop their physical strength."

Tourism is based on the targeted and reasonable use of tourism resources, the essence of which are objects of tourist interest that are potentially capable of satisfying the needs of people arising in the process of tourism. Where there are no tourist resources, tourism cannot exist in principle. Some tourist resources involve only tourism on a limited scale, since in this case visiting objects of tourist interest may be associated with danger to human life, or this interest has a short-term resource according to some indicators, most often temporary.

Tourist resources create the opportunity to expand the production of a tourism product, determined by assets, reserves, internal reserves tourist organization, as well as natural and social conditions: a set of natural, health, cultural and other resources that can satisfy the various requests and needs of tourists. Tourist resources are available for review and use regardless of the form of ownership, unless there are restrictions established by law.

They are quantitatively limited and qualitatively differentiated, therefore, they act as an economic good, a product that requires significant costs for reproduction. In economic terms, these are the factors of production of the tourism product, since their differentiation gives rise to differences in the results of economic use.

Tourist resources are a national treasure. However, some of them, which are of particular importance, are classified as objects and monuments of world significance. This list is established and updated annually by UNESCO. All cultural monuments and natural sites are under state protection; UN funds are also allocated for the maintenance and preservation of monuments and objects of world significance.

Tourist resources have a number of common properties. Firstly, they are historical, that is, they can change as tourist needs, technical, economic and social opportunities grow. For example, swamps, industrial enterprises, old machinery, equipment, etc. become tourist resources (objects of tourist display). Secondly, they are territorial, that is, they occupy large areas; recreation as a socio-economic phenomenon already requires territories almost equal to those used by agriculture and forestry. Thirdly, they play an organizing role, contributing to the formation of special tourist destinations, areas and zones that have one or another specialization, a set of tourist enterprises and a system of tourist routes.

The specific properties of tourist resources are integrity, dynamism, capacity, in relation to the conditions of the place of permanent residence of tourists.

Expressiveness- interaction of an object with environment, buildings, structures, nature.

Safety- the condition of the object, its readiness for the organized reception of tourists.

Basic requirements for tourism resources by consumers:

• use of natural values ​​(sightseeing of nature, protected areas, landscape survey);
• use of cultural property (examination of historical, cultural, architectural monuments, visiting museums, exhibitions, theaters);
• the opportunity to engage in sports (hiking, water, skiing, cycling, auto and motorcycle trips, walks, swimming, sports games);
• amateur activities (fishing, hunting).

There are many different classifications of tourism resources. First of all, they are divided into two large groups: direct and indirect. The first group includes mainly natural and historical and cultural resources used by tourists and vacationers themselves (for example, the attractiveness of the landscape, recreational facilities of the area, objects of knowledge). Indirect (socio-economic) resources are attracted for the development and use of direct tourism resources. They are divided into material, technical, financial, labor, etc.

Based on their functionality, tourism resources are divided into health-improving, educational and sports. At the same time, the natural and aesthetic value of the territory, which enhances or, conversely, reduces the functional qualities, is of great importance. The educational properties of the territory are determined by natural and socio-cultural objects (historical and cultural monuments, museums, national characteristics and traditions of the population, unique objects of nature, culture, industry).

N.P. Krachilo divides the entire complex of tourist resources into three groups:

• natural: climate, water resources, mineral springs and therapeutic mud, relief, caves, plant and animal world, natural monuments and reserves, picturesque landscapes, unique natural objects;
• cultural and historical: museums, exhibitions, theaters, archaeological, historical, architectural monuments, ethnographic features, folklore, applied arts centers;
• socio-economic: transport accessibility of the territory and the level of development of the transport network, economic and geographical location, the level of its economic development, modern and promising territorial organization, level of provision of services to the population, labor resources, characteristics of the population.

The classifications of tourism resources proposed by the Polish economist M. Troissy and the French economist P. Defert are popular. The classification of M. Troisy is based on the division of tourism resources into those created and not created by human labor. In his works, he identifies three groups of tourism resources: natural, defined as “potential tourist capital”; created by human labor; "additional" (infrastructure, economic amenities).

Unlike M. Troissy, P. Defert does not classify infrastructure and economic amenities as tourist resources. He divides all tourist resources into four groups: hydrome (water bodies); phytom (earth, nature); lit (created by human labor, for example, architecture); anthropom (intangible types of human activity - customs, holidays, rituals, mores, etc.).

Depending on the purpose of travel, a variety of options can be considered. Natural resources. Tourist area or water area- a geographically defined place of concentration of the most valuable tourist resources, as well as objects of tourist interest, allocated as part of tourist region with indication in registers, cadastres and other types of documentation with the introduction of a regime of priority target operation and use for tourism purposes within its boundaries.

Tourist resources are recorded in cadastre of tourism resources, defined as a generalized (economic or environmental) consumer (cost or point) assessment of tourism resources. It must be presented in regional or thematic forms.

There are also other types of recreational and tourist resources. In particular, we can distinguish such types as natural healing and tourist information. Natural healing resources are intended for treatment and recreation of the population and belong to specially protected natural objects and territories, which have their own characteristics in use and protection. Tourist information resources- information about the territory, its history, culture, nature and people received by tourists during the trip, in preparation for it or after some time.

The basis for the use of tourist resources and tourist sites for tourism purposes are tourist interest and tourist impression.

Tourist interest- the prospect of a tourist receiving objective information, positive emotions and (or) the potential opportunity to satisfy the planned need of a tourist for a specific, partially known tourist service (work), tourist product and tourist product, based on a certain set of tourist resources.

Objects of tourist interest- sights, natural objects and natural-climatic zones, socio-cultural objects of display and others that can satisfy the needs of a tourist in the process of a tourist trip or travel, and the needs of tourist services and (or) a tourist product and (or) a tour, adequately for direct or related purposes tour.

However, in order to actually use these objects for tourism purposes, proper infrastructure and the tourism industry are needed, which will ensure that tourists receive the necessary information about this tourist site, sufficient for confident motivation for choosing travel to this particular area and to this object; comfortable and safe delivery of tourists to this area; placement; nutrition; entertainment.

Under tourist impression one should understand the complex of emotions, usually positive, the mental and physical state of a tourist, which arose or was achieved by him as a result of the consumption of tourist services (works), the purchase of tourist goods, and the consumption of a tourist product.

The tourist impression arises when taking an excursion, viewing beautiful natural landscapes, visiting attractions, restaurants, staying at a hotel. The tourist impression of tourist resources and the tour as a whole consists of many components. Since tourism in its main focus is intended to satisfy a person’s need for recreation and entertainment, the buyer of tourism services naturally plans or intends to receive positive emotions in the process of learning, healing, and adventure.

Tourism is an area that most people associate with new experiences, relaxation and pleasure. It has firmly entered the life of a modern person who strives to explore unexplored lands, monuments of culture, history, nature, as well as the traditions and customs of different peoples.

Today tourism is a powerful industry. It includes a variety of components. One of them is tourism infrastructure and its components.

Basic concept

Tourist infrastructure is a set of hotels, vehicles, catering and leisure, business, educational, sports, recreational and other purposes. But these businesses are not the only ones that serve travelers. This category includes organizations engaged in travel agency and tour operator activities. One of the elements of this area are companies offering excursion services, as well as the services of guides and translators.

The infrastructure of tourist sites also includes those organizations whose activities do not directly relate to the area under consideration. However, in those places where a large number of travelers want to go, they offer their services to them as well. This list includes fleets that provide transport for excursion services, enterprises offering car rental services, as well as cafes and restaurants, museums and theaters, sports clubs and cinemas, zoos and casinos.

Composition of tourism infrastructure

Of all the facilities whose work is related to the traveler service sector, two elements can be distinguished. The first element of tourism infrastructure is the hospitality industry. This includes enterprises that provide accommodation and food services for vacationers.

The second element of the tourist infrastructure is represented by a three-level system. Let's take a closer look at it.

At the first level of this system is the production infrastructure. It includes existing buildings and structures, transport networks and systems that are not directly related to the product of this area, but at the same time their presence is necessary to provide services to travelers. These are communications and transport, utilities and energy, security, insurance and finance.

At the second and third levels of tourism infrastructure there are organizations and enterprises whose activities directly affect the formation of the final tourism product. What are they?

The second level includes enterprises that produce products typical for travelers. The result of their activities are recreational goods and means of transportation, souvenirs and excursion services, leisure activities, issuing visas, etc.

At the third level there are enterprises that produce atypical products, as well as services for this area. These are clothing for tourism and recreation, cosmetics, photographic products, and medicines. Services include medical, hairdressing, cultural and educational.

Thus, at the first level of the tourism industry infrastructure there is a group of enterprises with primary tourism products. On the second and third - secondary.

Main components

The elements of the tourism market infrastructure include:

1. Material base owned by specialized business entities. These include travel agents and operators, excursion bureaus and manufacturers producing goods for this area.
2. A system of government bodies that create the legal framework for tourism, as well as control and regulate this area in a particular region. This includes state organizations, enterprises and institutions.
3. A system of commercial and non-commercial business entities, the functioning of which is carried out to develop and support tourism in the region. This list includes a variety of exhibitions, fairs, exchanges, etc.

Main functions

When considering the concept of tourism infrastructure, it becomes obvious that it represents one part of the infrastructure of the entire region. Being part of this vast complex, it is called upon to perform a number of specific functions.

Among them are providing, integrating and regulating. What is characteristic of each of them?

1. The supporting function of the infrastructure of tourist facilities is to create the necessary conditions that facilitate the organization of services for vacationers.
2. Integration serves to create and further maintain connections between enterprises in this field, as well as to form tourist complexes in the region.
3. The regulatory function for tourism infrastructure is the most important. With its help, new jobs are created, consumer demand is influenced, industries that produce consumer goods are developed, and the growth of financial revenues to the budget in the form of taxes is also promoted.

As part of these functions, tourism infrastructure contributes to the following:

• streamlines and accelerates trade turnover, reacting sharply to the slightest market fluctuations;
• provides mutual connections between sellers and buyers of goods, as well as both with financial companies - owners of monetary capital;
• using a system of contracts allows you to form business relationships on an organizational and legal basis;
• provides state regulation with simultaneous support for the organized movement of tourism products;
• exercises legal and financial control over the movement of financial and commodity flows;
• provides auditing, consulting, innovation, marketing and information services, using various institutions of the tourism market infrastructure.

Impact on the economy

The creation and development of tourism infrastructure is beneficial for any state, because this area has a direct impact on the country’s economy, including direct and indirect. The first of them is the attraction of funds by tourism enterprises for the services they provide, as well as material support for people employed in this area, expansion of the labor market, and growth in tax revenues to the budget.

The indirect impact of tourism infrastructure on the economy of the country and region lies in its multiplier effect in the field of intersectoral interaction. The level of this indicator depends on the share of income that will be spent within a certain region.

Hotel industry

When creating tourism infrastructure, it is impossible to avoid the issue of accommodating travelers. Without this, the provision of services in this area becomes simply impossible.

This is the basis of the hospitality system. It includes a variety of options for both individual and collective accommodation of vacationers. Let's look at their varieties in more detail.

Hotels

These enterprises are classic representatives of infrastructure tourism sector. Their difference from other facilities for temporary accommodation of people lies in the rooms provided to visitors. In addition, hotels are enterprises that provide such mandatory services as daily making of beds, cleaning of living quarters and sanitary facilities, etc.

When forming a tourist infrastructure, the need for such institutions is taken into account, on the basis of which both separate enterprises and entire hotel chains controlled by one management and carrying out collective business can be created.

Specialized establishments

In addition to hotels, the tourism infrastructure also includes other accommodation facilities for travelers. These include furnished rooms and boarding houses, as well as other facilities that have rooms and provide certain mandatory services.

There are also specialized establishments for serving vacationers that do not have rooms. The starting unit for them is the collective bedroom or home. Such establishments provide accommodation for the night, but the function of accommodating tourists is not their main function. These are health institutions ( rehabilitation centers and sanatoriums), public transport with sleeping places equipped in it (ships, trains), as well as congress centers hosting conferences, symposia and other events with accommodation for participants.

The list of other collective tourist infrastructure facilities includes house complexes, apartment-type hotels, and bungalows. In addition to an overnight stay, the client is provided with a minimum list of services.

Food industry

This area is one of the most important components of tourism infrastructure. After all, food is an integral part of any tour.

Depending on customer service, such enterprises are divided into:

• working with a permanent contingent (at hotels, sanatoriums, etc.);
• serving a variable contingent (restaurants in the locality).

The public catering system of the tourist infrastructure includes restaurants of various classes, bars, cafes, canteens, self-service and fast food outlets. All of them are designed to meet the needs of travelers arriving in this region.

Types of food

When drawing up an agreement for the provision of tourist services, it must indicate the availability of breakfast or half board, as well as full board (three meals a day). Some expensive service options provide the ability to provide meals in any quantity and at any time.

Leisure organization

Catering establishments included in the tourism infrastructure are called upon to perform not only their direct function related to the preparation of dishes. They should also provide opportunities for visitors to have fun while providing an unforgettable experience.

Thanks to this, many tourists prefer to go on gastronomic and drinking tours, during which they get acquainted with national cuisines different countries.

Tour operators

In the tourism business, there are companies that organize the movements of travelers. These are tour operators and travel agents.

The first of them are legal entities or individual entrepreneurs, whose activities are related to the formation, promotion and sale of the final product in this area. They form tours, creating an orderly and interconnected sequence of services and works, consistent in terms of quality and cost. At the same time, contracts are concluded for the reservation of places, their reservation and provision. Tour operators play an important role in tourism, because their task includes packaging various services.

Travel agents

These tourism infrastructure facilities are legal entities or individual entrepreneurs whose activities are related to the promotion and sale of the final product of the field in question. Such a company acquires the developed products and sells them to the consumer.

In this case, the cost of travel from the place where the group will be formed to the first hotel or other accommodation point, as well as from the last point of the route back, is added to the offered product.

Transport infrastructure

The objects included in it are one of the constituent elements of the tourism industry. Transport tourism infrastructure is a set of transport organizations who transport travelers.

The existing system in each country is formed using the following:

• animals - dogs, donkeys, horses, camels, elephants;
• mechanical ground means- bicycles, cars, buses, trains;
• air vehicles;
• water transport- boats, rafts, sea and river surface vessels.

Based on the stages of work performed, the following are distinguished:

• transfer, which is the delivery of tourists to the hotel from the train station or airport terminal and similarly back at the end of the tour;
• transportation to a destination over long distances;
• transportation during the execution of railway and bus tours;
• cargo transportation for shopping tours.

It is worth noting that the development of tourism directly depends on the development of transport. It takes place, as a rule, with the advent of faster, more comfortable and safe means movement.