Tourism in different countries. Dress code for tourists in different countries of the world

Most tourists, when traveling abroad, rush to buy a souvenir, a gift for friends and family, or some exclusive items at a low price. At the same time, many of them risk becoming victims of dishonest traders. To prevent you from getting hooked by scammers, we will tell you about the most common ways to deceive foreigners in different countries.

China

This country is known throughout the world as the birthplace of most fakes, so if you are not a fan of buying replicas, then you need to be extremely careful. In China, tourists most often get caught with fake pearls and silk. However, only those who do not know how to identify non-original. For example, with pearls you need to look closely at the hole - you can see what is hidden under the coating, or throw the pearl on the table, if it is real, it will bounce off like a ball. With silk, you need to find a protruding thread at the edge of the product, cut it and set it on fire. The artificial thread will melt, not burn, and the ash rubbed in your fingers will smell like chemicals, not burnt wool.

Singapore and Hong Kong

Since tourists in these countries love to buy various equipment, scammers are most active in this area. First of all, always check that the product inside the purchased box is the same one. And secondly, do not give money until the gadget you need is in your hands and has been tested. So, a common deception here is a scheme where they first take payment from the buyer, and only then allegedly go to the warehouse to buy the goods. At this time (in the hope that you will get tired of waiting) they tell you about the advantages of a completely different model, which is actually worse and is in less demand. And you can wait forever for a person to return from the warehouse, because in most cases what you ordered is simply not in this store.

Thailand

In Thailand, merchants on the streets offer travelers to buy a scattering of precious stones cheaply. Of course, stones can be either real or fake. There are no guarantees here unless you are an experienced expert. However, remember that unprocessed gems cannot be taken out of the country.

India

In India, precious stones are also in demand. In no case should you trust merchants who offer you to buy stones from them cheaply, since they have exhausted their limit and cannot transport them across the border themselves, and upon arrival you will allegedly be met by his partner, who will buy the jewelry from you at a higher price. Of course, in reality there is no partner, and the stones are most likely a handful of glass.

All Asia

In any Asian countries, it is better to always have some change with you, since sellers most often do not have change. You should absolutely not give a large bill to the seller so that he can go change it. Most likely, he will send an assistant whom you will never see again. In such a situation, you should immediately threaten to call the police.

Egypt

In Egypt, a popular souvenir that tourists like to take home is papyrus. However, when choosing a place to buy it, you should never listen to taxi drivers or local street helpers - they will probably recommend a shop where they will sell you a fake. It is best to go to a specialized store and be sure to make sure that they give you a certificate, since they may ask for it at customs.

Czech

In the Czech Republic, foreign guests are deceived no less than in Asia. Best advice here will always check receipts in stores. The cashier may well give you an extra bottle of soda or an item that you didn’t buy at all. And an “inattentive” trade worker can sell you products of a more expensive brand.

Cuba

Cuba is famous for its cigars. However, it is better for you not to buy them if you do not understand the issue at all. There is a big risk that the store will sell you the worst product at the price of the best samples. Also, never buy cigars on the street or cheaply. The most best place to purchase cigars in Cuba there will be a specialized store, mainly at tobacco factories. When purchasing a product individually, be sure to ask that the box be opened in front of you.

Introduction
1. The concept of “tourism”
2. Types of tourism
3. International tourism
4. Main development trends international tourism
5. International tourism in Russia
Conclusion
List of sources used

Introduction

Tourism is one of the largest and most dynamic sectors of the economy. The high pace of its development and large volumes of foreign exchange earnings actively influence various sectors of the economy, which contributes to the formation of its own tourism industry. The tourism sector accounts for about 6% of the world's gross national product, 7% of global investment, every 16th job, 11% of global consumer spending. Thus, these days it is impossible not to notice the enormous impact that the tourism industry has on the global economy. In many countries of the world, tourism is developing as a system that provides every opportunity to get acquainted with the history, culture, customs, spiritual and religious values of a given country and its people, and provides income to the treasury. In addition to being a significant source of income, tourism is also one of the powerful factors in enhancing the prestige of a country and increasing its importance in the eyes of the world community and ordinary citizens.

Tourism activities in various countries are an important source of increasing the welfare of the state. In 1995, the USA from sales tourism services foreign citizens received $58 billion, France and Italy - $27 billion each, Spain - $25 billion.

In Russia, the tourism business is developing with a primary focus on travel. The vast majority of travel companies operating in our country prefer to send their compatriots abroad, and only a small part of them works to attract guests to the Russian Federation - i.e. everything is done in such a way that capital from the tourism business floats abroad. What is the picture of the international market for tourism services now, and how is it changing in the future? In the current conditions, these questions seem relevant, which is why I chose the topic of this essay.

1. The concept of “tourism”

Definition of tourism

Tourism is a type of travel and covers the circle of people traveling and staying in places outside their usual environment, for the purpose of recreation, business or other purposes. At first glance, the concept of “tourism” is accessible to each of us, since we have all traveled somewhere, read articles about tourism in newspapers, watched TV shows about travel, and when planning our vacation, used the advice and services of travel agents. However, for scientific and educational purposes, it is very important to determine the relationship between the constituent elements of tourism as a branch of the national economy. Although in the process of tourism development various interpretations of this concept have appeared, the following criteria are of particular importance in determining this phenomenon:

Change of location. In this case, we are talking about a trip that takes place to a place outside the usual environment. However, persons who travel daily between home and their place of work or study cannot be considered tourists, because these trips are outside their normal environment.

Stay somewhere else. The main condition here is that the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence. In addition, it should not be related to work activity (wages). This nuance should be taken into account, therefore they are classified as tourism. Another condition is that travelers should not stay in the place they visit for 12 consecutive months or more. A person who is staying or planning to stay for one year or more in a particular place is considered a permanent resident for tourism purposes and therefore cannot be called a tourist.

Payment of labor from a source at the location visited. The essence of this criterion is that the main purpose of the trip should not be to carry out activities paid for from a source in the place visited. Any person who enters a country for work remunerated from a source in that country is considered a migrant and not a tourist of that country. This applies not only to international tourism, but also to tourism within one country. Every person who travels to another place within the same country (or to another country) to carry out an activity remunerated from a source in that place (country) is not considered a tourist of that place.

These three criteria, which form the basis for the definition of tourism, are basic. At the same time, there are special categories of tourists for whom these criteria are still insufficient - these are refugees, nomads, prisoners, transit passengers who do not formally enter the country, and persons accompanying or escorting these groups.

Analysis of the above features, characteristics and criteria allows us to identify the following characteristics of tourism:

business trips, as well as travel for the purpose of spending free time, are moving outside the usual place of residence and work. If a city resident moves to it for the purpose of shopping, then he is not a tourist, since he does not leave his functional place;

Tourism is not only a sector of the economy, but also an important part of people's lives. It covers the relationship of a person with his external environment.

Consequently, tourism is a set of relationships, connections and phenomena that accompany the trip and stay of people in places that are not places of their permanent or long-term residence and are not related to their work activities.

2. Types of tourism

The following types of tourism can be distinguished.

Excursion tourism is a trip for educational purposes. This is one of the most common forms of tourism.

Recreational tourism is travel for relaxation and treatment. This type of tourism is very common all over the world. In some countries, it is separated into an independent branch of the economy and operates in parallel with other types of tourism.

Business tourism - trips related to the performance of professional duties. Due to universal integration and the establishment of business contacts, business tourism is becoming increasingly important from year to year. Trips are made to visit objects that belong to the company or are of particular interest to it; for negotiations, for searching for additional supply or sales channels, etc. Appeal to travel companies in all such cases, it allows you to organize a trip at the lowest cost, saving time. In addition, the field of business tourism includes the organization of various conferences, seminars, symposiums, etc. In such cases, construction with hotel complexes special rooms, installation of communication equipment, etc.

Ethnic tourism - trips to meet relatives. In this case, the services of travel companies are resorted to by the heads of sports teams, competition organizers, fans and those simply wishing to attend the competition.

Target tourism consists of trips to various public events.

Religious tourism - travel aimed at carrying out any religious procedures or missions.

Caravanning is a journey in small mobile houses on wheels.

Adventure (extreme) tourism- tourism, associated with physical exertion and sometimes life-threatening.

Water tourism - trips on board a motor ship, yacht and other river and sea vessels along rivers, canals, lakes, seas. Geographically and temporally, this tourism is very diverse: from hour-long and one-day routes to multi-week cruises across the seas and oceans.

All these types of tourism are often closely intertwined, and they are often difficult to isolate in their pure form.

3. International tourism

Economic importance of international tourism

The importance of tourism in the world is constantly increasing, which is associated with the increased influence of tourism on the economy of an individual country. In the economy of an individual country, international tourism performs a number of important functions:

International tourism is a source of foreign exchange earnings for the country and a means of providing employment.

The development of international tourism leads to the development of the country's economic infrastructure and peace processes. Thus, international tourism should be considered in accordance with the economic relations of individual countries.

International tourism is one of the 3 largest industries, behind the oil industry and the automotive industry, whose share in world exports is 11% and 8.6%, respectively.

International tourism in the world is extremely uneven, which is explained primarily by different levels of socio-economic development of individual countries and regions.

International development has received the greatest development in the West. European countries Oh. This accounts for over 70% of the global tourism market and about 60% of foreign exchange earnings.

The World Tourism Organization in its classification distinguishes countries that are primarily suppliers of tourists (USA, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, etc.) and countries that are primarily recipients of tourists (Australia, Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Spain, etc.) etc.).

4. Main trends in the development of international tourism

Over the past 20 years, the average annual growth rate in the number of arrivals foreign tourists in the world amounted to 5.1%, foreign exchange earnings 14%.

According to forecasts of WTO experts (World tourism organization), number tourist trips in the world by 2015 will reach a billion tourist arrivals, of which 1 billion will come from Central and Eastern Europe, including the CIS and Baltic countries, where tourism will develop at a faster pace than the European regions as a whole.

According to various analysts, the development of international tourism is based on the following factors:

Economic growth and social progress have led to an increase in business travel for educational purposes.

The development of interstate ties and cultural exchanges between countries has led to the expansion of interpersonal connections between and within regions.

The development of the service sector stimulated the development of the transportation sector and technological progress in the field of telecommunications.

The most important factor determining the geography of tourism in the world is economic. From the point of view of return on investment, the tourism industry is among the economic forwards, providing an impressive amount of value addition. Tourist services on the world market act as an “invisible” product, the characteristic feature of which is that a significant part of these services is produced with minimal costs on the spot.

Table 1. Factors for the growth of popularity of individual regions of the world

The most popular countries in the region.	Popularity growth factors
South American region
Brazil	1. Widespread development of eco-tours in the Amazon. 2. Exotic nature. 3. Modern architecture and design of the country's capital
European region
France, England, Germany, Finland, Sweden	High concentration of historical and cultural attractions. Simplified visa regime (possibility of a wide range of complex tours). High level of service.
Mediterranean
Cyprus	Favorable tax system. Modern banking network. Well-established telecommunications structure. Simplified procedure for creating offshore companies (10 days). State-provided complete confidentiality in all matters relating to company founders and bank accounts.
Israel Region as a whole	Growth of pilgrimage tourism. Availability of a wide range of health centers. Tours across the four seas. Availability of youth camps. Growth of business connections.

5. International tourism in Russia

In 2000, the Russian tour business strengthened its position: almost twice as many tourists went abroad on vacation as in 1999, moreover, the number of tourists exceeded the pre-crisis level. It became obvious that the crisis contributed to the consolidation and specialization of the Russian tourism market.

Currently, there are more than 15,000 organizations in Russia whose main activity is tourism. With the creation of a new market tourism infrastructure, issues of replenishing the state budget through tourism activities, demonopolization of the industry, stimulating the development of other sectors of the national economy (trade, transport, communications, production of consumer goods), as well as the constitutional rights of citizens to rest are resolved.

Despite the ongoing tourism boom in Russia, the impact of the tourism industry on the country's economy is still insignificant. It is adequate to the state’s contribution to the development of this industry and is constrained mainly by the lack of real investment, the low level of hotel service, the insufficient number of hotel beds, and the shortage of qualified personnel.

According to the most optimistic estimates, only one worker out of 300 is employed in the Russian tourism industry, which is 309 times lower than the similar global figure.

The structure of trips to Russia by foreign citizens according to the purpose of the trip is as follows:

Officials - 2899 thousand people (28.2%)
Tourism -1837 thousand people (17.9%)
Private - 3903.1 thousand people (37.9%)
Transit and transport services – 1651.1 thousand people (16%)

Conclusion

Today we perceive tourism as the most widespread phenomenon of the 20th century, as one of the most striking phenomena of our time, which really penetrates into all spheres of our lives and changes the world and landscape. Tourism has become one of the most important factors in the economy, so we see it as more than just a trip or vacation. This concept is much broader and represents a set of relationships and the unity of connections and phenomena that accompany a person on his travels.

High rates of tourism development and large exchanges of foreign exchange earnings actively influence various sectors of the economy, which contributes to the formation of our own tourism industry. The tourism sector accounts for about 11% of the world's gross national product, 14% of global investment, every 16th job, 22% of global consumer spending. Thus, these days it is impossible not to notice the enormous impact that the tourism industry has on the global economy.

An important property of the current stage of tourism development and changes in its organizational forms is the penetration of transport, trade, industrial banking, insurance and other companies into the tourism business.

The intensive development of international tourist relations has led to the creation of numerous international organizations, promoting better organizations, promoting better organization in this area of international economic relations.

List of sources used

1. Markova V. D. Marketing of services.
2. Dobretsov A. Export of services and international tourism.
3. Sirotkin S.P. Economic theory.
4. Lyubushin N.P. Analysis of financial and economic activity of enterprises.
5. Bakanov. M. I. Sheremet A. D. Finance and Statistics Publishing house. 4th
6. Kozyrev V. M. Tourist rent.
Based on materials from the magazine Travel&Toursim
Abstract taken from the site: 2005-2015 BestReferat.ru

Abstract on the topic “International tourism in various regions of the world” updated: April 21, 2018 by: Scientific Articles.Ru

MOSCOW, August 29 – RIA Novosti. On Monday, Indian Minister of State for Culture and Tourism Mahesh Sharma said that foreign tourists are not advised to wear skirts when visiting small towns. Later, representatives of the Russian travel companies, involved in the Indian direction, in a conversation with RIA Novosti did not confirm this information.

Experienced travelers know that in most countries of the world, especially in resort areas, tourists are treated quite loyally and do not require special adherence to rules in wearing clothing, even if local residents are obliged to follow them thoroughly. At the same time, in order to avoid troubles and not antagonize the local residents, before your trip you should inquire about their way of life and pay attention to their customs.

Countries without concessions for tourists

Some Muslim countries in North Africa and most countries in the Middle East are known for the fact that they not only require tourists to comply with the accepted dress code, but can also bring violators to administrative or criminal liability. At the same time, the main restrictions apply specifically to women's outfits.

European women will not be required to cover their faces, and it is not necessary to wear a full hijab, but they will have to cover their heads with a headscarf. There are times when police officers or simply vigilant citizens approach tourists and notice that the scarf has slipped onto their shoulders several minutes ago, and the lady is in no hurry to return it to its place.

It is interesting to observe how many women wear hats in Iran, where a dress code is required for everyone without exception. Their scarves and shawls sometimes do not cover their heads at all, but only indicate their presence, pinned with one pin somewhere on the back of the head.

In Iran, too, it is customary for women to wear clothes that cover their arms to the wrists and their legs to the ankles. At the same time, representatives of the fair sex move freely through the streets in leggings, but always with the lower part of their body covered. Among local fashionistas, trouser suits with long jackets and tunics are very popular, in which it is not at all embarrassing to appear at a party somewhere in a European hotel.

Countries with the most stringent regulations include Saudi Arabia and the majority United Arab Emirates. There, even men are not recommended to expose their arms, legs and necks. Tattoos and piercings are also not welcome, especially for women. There have been cases when tourists were simply not allowed into the country due to numerous punctures on the face.

In most Arab territories, ladies will not be able to get by with leggings and a long shirt - they will have to use a long cape or a skirt that goes all the way to the ground. During your stay in the country, you should also avoid wearing clothes with noticeable prints, especially if they depict any symbols or portraits of celebrities.

Legal measures may be applied to especially visible dress code violators, for example, expulsion from the country and a ban on entry, but more often, unreasonable tourists face aggression from the local residents themselves. Guests wearing inappropriate clothing may not be served in a store or not allowed into a restaurant, although harsher reactions have been reported, especially towards women.

But even in Muslim countries with strict rules, most restrictions cease to apply in resorts and hotels. There, for tourists, there is only a ban on completely exposing the upper part of the body while sunbathing.

In countries such as Iran, where men and women are in principle prohibited from sunbathing together, there are separate beaches for the fair sex, where the eastern Aphrodites can not only flaunt a bikini, but also go virtually without a swimsuit.

Countries of partial tourist loyalty

Yet in many Islamic countries, despite strict morals, tourists are treated quite patiently with their appearance. Perhaps hotel staff, waiters and retail workers have long been accustomed to the liberties of European guests, but, most likely, they are well aware that their government budgets will suffer greatly if tourists do not like excessive restrictions on their freedom on vacation.

In countries such as Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia or Morocco, it would not even occur to non-believers to cover their bodies from neck to toe, and they even cover their heads only to protect them from the sun. But even in such countries, tourists are not recommended to visit dubious areas on their own or to irritate local residents with the particular frankness of their outfits.

There are states where representatives of several religions live, which implies different rules of behavior. For example, in Indonesia, where on islands with a Muslim population, such as Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and others in public places It is better to adhere to the clothing standards accepted there - do not wear short skirts and shorts. But on the islands of Bali and Lombok, where the locals are more inclined towards Hinduism, morals are much freer and few people pay attention to the clothes of tourists.

Tourists mostly encounter clothing restrictions in Muslim countries, but they won’t be able to completely relax in Christian countries either. There are practically no restrictions on the beaches in most European countries, but it is worth approaching a reputable hotel or good restaurant, as the reality of dress codes arises again. Who would let a tourist in shorts and beach shoes into a decent place? And there are also churches, museums, shopping centers, boutiques and other places where you can’t go in a swimsuit. Therefore, there is no need to talk about total loyalty to clothing anywhere.

However, no matter what point globe the tourist has not chosen for his vacation, he should religiously follow simple rules. Always listen carefully to the recommendations of tour operators and local guides, respect the traditions of the people who provide them with hospitality, and do not provoke unpleasant incidents with your appearance or behavior - then even unusual restrictions in clothing will not spoil your vacation.

Moscow, August 8 - “News. Economy". Globalization and the development of travel opportunities have led to an increase in the number of tourists traveling to foreign countries, everything grows every year. Accordingly, the incomes of countries receiving tourists who spend money are also growing. Some countries are more popular with tourists than others, but not all countries are equally dependent on tourist flows. The map above shows what percentage of GDP comes from tourism in different countries around the world. In countries marked in red, tourism accounts for 7% of GDP or more. In countries marked in pink, tourism accounts for between 5% and 7% of GDP. In countries marked in blue, tourism accounts for between 2% and 5% of GDP. And in countries marked in blue, tourism accounts for less than 2% of GDP. Countries with the largest GDP in the tourism industry include the following: 1. USA - $488 million2. China - $224 billion3. Germany - $130.8 billion4. Japan - $106.7 billion5. Great Britain - $103.7 billion6. France - $89.2 billion7. Mexico - $79.7 billion8. Italy - $76.3 billion9. Spain - $68.8 billion10. Brazil - $56.3 billion However, strange as it may seem, these countries are not the most dependent on tourism. Most of the countries most dependent on tourism are poor countries with relatively low populations and therefore small GDPs, a large share of which comes from tourism. Below we will talk about these countries. 1. Malta - 15%

Malta - Island state in the Mediterranean Sea, on the Maltese archipelago. Malta's main economic sector is tourism. The flow of tourists to Malta is constantly growing. Malta is one of the world's largest centers of study in English and accepts students from all over the world. Due to the great diversity of urban and natural landscapes Malta is popular place filming of feature films. Crafts Village is a popular souvenir market among tourists, consisting of many pavilions where you can buy Maltese folk crafts. Malta is famous for its handcrafted colored glass products. In workshops located next to the trading floors, craftsmen can make a small vase or a small rabbit in just a few minutes. All kinds of dishes, vases, figurines of animals, birds, “sleeping woman” (Maltese Venus), flowers, magnets, tiles, jewelry, lamps, watches, photo frames and mirrors can be purchased at factory prices. Products with paintings by world famous artists (Vincent Van Gogh, Gustav Klimt) transferred onto them cost several hundred euros. 2. Croatia - 15%

Croatia is a country in the south of Central Europe, partly in the west Balkan Peninsula. Adriatic coast Croatia and numerous islands - popular destination international tourism. The tourism industry in Croatia is well developed and is one of the important components of the Croatian economy. The Adriatic coast is a popular destination among yachtsmen, divers and windsurfers. The tourist season on the Adriatic lasts from the second half of May to the beginning of October. In regions far from the sea, the most popular among tourists are the Croatian capital Zagreb, the city of Varazdin with a well-preserved baroque ensemble and the Plitvice Lakes National Park. Seven sites in Croatia included in the list World Heritage UNESCO, another 15 are on the tentative list. There are 8 national and 11 natural parks in the country. 3. Thailand - 9.3%

Thailand - state South-East Asia, located in the southwestern part of the Indochina Peninsula and in the northern part of the Malacca Peninsula. Tourism in Thailand is one of the main sectors of the country's economy. Tourism revenue accounts for a significant portion of Thailand's GDP. The Tourism Authority of Thailand was the first organization to actively promote Thailand in global tourism markets. There are currently about 29 local Tourism Board offices in Thailand and more than 21 representative offices around the world. Today Thailand is one of the main tourist centers in Southeast Asia. Tourists from Asia are primarily attracted by the historical, cultural and natural attractions in and around Bangkok, while residents Western countries prefer southern part Thailand with its beaches and islands. A feature of tourism in Thailand is the ever-increasing number of people coming from northern latitudes for long-term “wintering.” They usually stay in Thailand from November to April, which is the most climatically favorable time of the year. 4. Jamaica - 8.9%

Jamaica is an island country in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba, west of Haiti. The main sector of the Jamaican economy is the service sector (more than 60% of GDP and employees). Jamaica's tourism does not stand still and is constantly evolving. Montego Bay is the second largest city in Jamaica and is home to one of the international airports and the center of a huge resort area in the north-west of the island. Almost half of the luxury hotels with excellent sandy beaches are concentrated here. The resort has a great variety of restaurants and a lively nightlife, and in the surrounding area there are some of the best golf courses on the island. The island has a traditionally well-functioning service, because it was here that the all-inclusive system was created. However, guests from the north are looking for Jamaica not only for comfort and service, but, first of all, for a unique, relaxed atmosphere that can only be found on the islands Caribbean. 5. Iceland - 8.2%

The main tourist flows come from the UK, Germany and the USA. Reykjavik is the tourist gateway to Iceland and the center of the metropolitan area with a population of 200 thousand inhabitants. The history of the city is told by the Museum of Folk Art under open air"Arbaejarsafn". In the west of the country you can find all the types of volcanoes found in Iceland, and mineral water It comes to the surface either cool or bursting with hot pillars, as, for example, from the largest spring in Europe - Deildartunguhver, where the water speed reaches 48 l/s. The best indicator of volcanism is the ancient crater Snæfellsjökull, located under a glacier and which is a National Park. The landscape is marked by an abundance of islands, waterfalls, valleys and fjords formed during the Ice Age. The birds living in Breidafjörður Bay attract tourists to their bird markets, three of which are the largest in Europe. Located in the western part, Eyjafjord is popular among skiers. Here you can observe the “midnight sun” - a phenomenon when the luminary does not set, but only touches the horizon and rises again. In the east of the region, the eruption of the Krafla volcano left picturesquely frozen lava flows.

Switzerland

Since the 19th century. foreign aristocracy, mainly from Great Britain, vacationed on the picturesque shores of the numerous lakes of Switzerland. The first tourist group to Lake Geneva organized by Thomas Cook's company in 1863. The British also popularized holidays in mountain resorts, for example, in Zermatt, which was originally built as a mountaineering center. With the introduction of the railway to the Alps in 1870, tourism was further developed: the famous Alpine health resorts- St. Moritz in Switzerland and Bad Ischl in Austria. Summer tourism in the Alps dominated until the 1920s, when winter tourism was first held in Chamonix (France) in 1924. Olympic Games. During this period, ski slopes began to be actively built in Switzerland. Before the Second World War, most tourists came from the British Isles.

Economic crisis and second World War its consequences caused great damage to the tourism business of Switzerland, but despite this, it began to build new tourism centers and until the early 50s occupied first place in Alpine tourism, but in 1955 another Alpine country - Austria - overtook it.

Tourism in Switzerland experienced some stagnation in the 1980s as the industry modernized its hotel and other accommodation facilities. However, modernization was carried out at a slow pace and did not keep up with customer requirements in modern conditions. In addition, warm winters with late and light snow cover have created a number of new problems. Nevertheless winter views sports had a definite growth trend, which enabled the hotel sector to maintain business sustainability, accommodating guests throughout the year and welcoming about 3 million people per month. However, the self-service sector was only loaded during peak seasons.

In the early 90s, despite the fact that summer tourism in Switzerland was losing its popularity, the busiest period of the year was still summer - 57% of the total number of tourist days (both international and domestic) were in the summer months.

Swiss tourism statistics are based on information collected at various tourist destinations, as Switzerland does not collect statistics on arrivals at the border (this is due to the fact that tourists can enter the country via many land routes), thereby making it difficult to estimate the size of different markets. Almost 60% of foreign guest accommodation (13 million people) is in the hotel sector, while 62% of domestic tourism (approximately 2 million people) is in the self-catering sector (private house apartments, chalets, camps).

The hotel sector is also of great importance for accommodating tourists, however, the number of tour days in this sector is distributed unevenly across tourist areas, for example, the most popular mountain resorts, then come the lakes, big cities etc.

Switzerland welcomes guests from both northern and international southern countries, thanks to its specific tourism resources and geographical location. The largest generating market for the country is Germany. Next come the Netherlands, Great Britain, France, Belgium, USA, Japan, Austria, etc.

Switzerland has a large market of day and transit visitors. Approximately one third are guests from Germany, another third from Italy and one fifth from France.

Since the mid-1980s, foreign visitors to Switzerland have reduced the length of their stay in the country due to the strengthening of the Swiss franc relative to other currencies, as well as the relatively high prices of goods and services.

Some of the decline in international tourism in Switzerland is also due to competition from countries in the Mediterranean region, which offer excellent summer rest on the beaches.

International tourism occupies an important place in the Swiss economy: annually it generates almost 13 billion Swiss francs in income, which is 8% of the country's total national income, and at the same time employs about 14% of the country's population. The Swiss themselves love to travel - approximately 60% of travel takes place in the Mediterranean country, while tourists spend about 10 billion Swiss francs abroad. Thus, the income from international tourism is about 3 billion Swiss francs.

Tourism in the country is being actively researched. Thus, even during the Second World War, large educational and research centers were founded, such as the Institute for Tourism Research at the University of Bern and the St. Gallen School of Economics. In addition, the development of tourism is supported by government and public organizations of the country, since it is the only economic alternative to agriculture in mountainous areas. At the same time, it also creates problems for the country's leadership, as it negatively affects the sensitive environment of the Alps and causes inconvenience to the local population.

Austria

In Austria, like in Switzerland, they do not collect statistical data on tourists at the border and the state of tourism is judged by arrival rates at different accommodation sites and the number of tour days spent there. The geographical position of the country - at the intersection of routes connecting the north of Europe with the south, Western Europe with Eastern Europe, as well as its excellent road routes - determine a large number of transit tourists (the bulk of them from Northern European countries are sent to the Mediterranean coast) and day tourists. The number of the latter increased significantly after the removal of the “Iron Curtain” between the socialist camp and the West in the late 80s. In the early 90s, tourists from neighboring Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, as well as from Poland, began to actively visit the country. As a rule, these were shopping tours.

In 1992, foreign tourists spent a total of 99.7 million tourist days in Austria, and domestic tourists (mainly residents of the capital vacationing in the eastern part of the country) - 30.6 million tourist days. Unlike the Swiss, Austrians are not very willing to travel within the country and beyond - 2.6 million trips abroad in 1990, half of them in the Mediterranean. This circumstance cannot but have a negative impact on the structure of placements. Until recently, Austrians rented rooms in the private sector. However, in the early 1990s, the number of self-catering accommodations began to increase in the country, from 7% of all accommodations in 1985 to 11.8% in 1991, due to increased demand from foreigners.

Currently, Austria is a leading tourist destination for winter sports. Accordingly, international tourism is mainly concentrated in the western, mountainous part of the country. In 1992, 70% of guests in Austria spent their holidays in three provinces - Worarlberg, Tyrol and Salzburg.

The main generating countries for Austria are Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. Together they account for almost 80% of the holidays spent by foreigners in the country, and half of all arrivals occur in Germany. Next come the Netherlands, Italy, Great Britain, Switzerland, France, USA, Belgium, Sweden, countries of Eastern Europe and etc.

Austria is more dependent on the German market than Switzerland: in 1992, 64.8% of travel days in all places of residence versus 43.6%. The Italian market for Austrians has recently undergone a sharp jump from 1.6 million tourist days in 1987 to 3.6 million tourist days in 1992.

Tourism in Austria, like Switzerland, has two busiest periods, but the peak seasons in Austria are more precisely defined, with summer peak in August and winter peak in February.

As the popularity of winter tourism grows in Austria, it, like other Alpine states Switzerland, Italy, France, Germany and Slovenia, faces the challenge of regulating the increased impact of winter sports on the ecosystem. In addition, the popularity of summer tourism is declining in all these countries.

Italy

The history of the development of the tourism industry in Italy goes back more than 100 years, during which the country has become one of the leading tourist centers in the world. In 1991, 36% of all tourist arrivals in the Mediterranean basin came from Italy.

In 1983, in order to develop the tourism sector and hotel industry The country has adopted the Basic Law on the development and improvement of tourism. This law defines tourism management bodies at the regional level and the order of their functioning; a definition and classification of the country's hotel industry is given; the conditions under which transport and tourism bureaus and public associations are allowed to engage in tourism activities; the activities of professionals in the tourism sector are regulated; measures to support the tourism industry from the state are determined, etc.

The main tourist resources of Italy - mountains, lakes and cultural values primarily attract foreigners rather than local tourists. Among the main reasons for coming to the country, 45% of foreign guests note its cultural and historical values, 43% - climate, 27% - nature and about 30% - a combination of all the previous ones.

International tourism in Italy is mainly concentrated in the north of the country. For example, in 1990, the share of days spent here by foreigners amounted to 57% of the total number of tour days in the country. The first place in receiving foreign guests is occupied by the city of Veneto - 20% of all arrivals to the country, followed by Tuscany and Alto Adige, each with 13% of all arrivals.

Domestic tourists (about 39 million people) try to spend their holidays mainly at resorts in their region. One of the reasons for this is the lack of a developed network highways, as, for example, in neighboring France. Thus, the population of the northern regions of Italy rests on the nearest seashore, where there is a good summer climate. Thus, densely populated areas of Italy, such as Emilia-Romagna, Veneto and Tuscany, which have access to the sea, as well as the region of Lombardy, where winter sports are developed, receive on average about 10% of domestic tourists each.

The influx of tourists, especially domestic tourists, occurs mainly in two summer months - July and August (during the peak season, the occupancy of accommodation in some areas exceeds 40%). This circumstance creates problems for both cities and coastal resorts, as well as for the country's hospitality industry as a whole, since its number of rooms is small. Most of the country's hotels are concentrated in the northeastern part: 46.1% of all hotels and 40.8% of all hotel beds. The largest number of hotels is concentrated in the Trentino-Alto Adige region, with 18.5 and 13.7% of hotels and hotel beds respectively.

In the coastal regions of central Italy, camp towns are mainly common, and in the south, with a lack of hotel beds, rental premises are used. However, unplanned and uncontrolled development of tourist accommodation and secondary homes has a devastating impact on the environment. In addition, the tourism sector is developing in close proximity to industrial zones in order to connect it with the relatively developed infrastructure these zones.

In the 80s, the European Community began to implement an expensive project to develop the tourism infrastructure of the southern region of Italy - Mezzogiorno (midday country) for a total of 34.9 million ECU. The goal of this project is to develop the tourism industry, create jobs and stop immigration, as well as provide an opportunity for investment in the relatively backward local economy. As a result of this project, 65 thousand additional hotel rooms were created.

Every year, almost 60 million tourists stay in Italian hotels and other accommodations, of which, as a rule, 35% are foreigners. About 85% of domestic and foreign tourists also stay in hotels, which account for almost 75% of their tours. Domestic and foreign tourists spend the largest number of tour days in three-star hotels (85.2 million tour days in 1996).

In Italy, hotels are divided into categories, which are determined by the number of stars: from one to five luxury stars. Other tourist accommodation establishments form a network of additional facilities, including campsites, tourist villages, holiday homes, youth houses, private apartments for rent, alpine shelters, etc.

In 1997, there were 35,870 hotels in Italy, each with an average of 49 beds, 27 rooms only and 25 with baths. One-star hotels accounted for 30.6% of all hotels in the country (accounting for 15.1% of rooms and 14.2% of beds). For other hotels, the corresponding indicators (in%): two-star - 32.4 (25 and 24.4); three-star - 30 (42.3 and 44); four-star - 6.2 (16.3 and 16.4); five-star - 0.3 (0.8 and 0.8).

In Italy, the cost of hotel accommodation and meals depends on the geographical area, season, hotel class and other factors, while it accounts for 60 - 65% of the total cost of the tourist product.

Most tourists coming to Italy are citizens of neighboring countries: Germany, France, Austria and Switzerland, but more than half of them are day visitors or transit passengers.

The Germans lead not only in numbers, but also in length of stay in the country. However, it should be borne in mind that tourists from other countries, for example from the USA and Japan, spend a total of a week in the country, but travel between three cultural centers - Rome, Florence and Venice, which makes it difficult to account for the total duration of their stay. As for the preferences of foreign guests, more than half of tourists from Austria, for example, vacation on the Adriatic coast, a quarter in cities and only 10% in the mountains. The French, for example, visit cities (50%), and 25% of them relax by the sea, etc.

The National Tourism Administration (ENIT), which has a wide network of representative offices abroad, plays a major role in the development of international tourism in the country. In some countries it operates through the state airline Alitalia and other companies. The task of ENIT is to study the conditions of the international tourism market, conduct promotional events and increase the flow of tourists from abroad to the country.

IN last years International tourism in Italy is experiencing a certain decline, but the flow of tourists from Eastern European countries has increased sharply.

Italians rarely spend holidays outside their country. The diversity of Italy's tourism resources allows them to meet their needs at home. Nevertheless, economic growth and the simplification of exchange controls in recent years have given impetus to the development of outbound tourism, for example, in 1991, 14.7 million Italians visited abroad. They mainly travel to nearby countries.

The recent growth in outbound tourism is taking pressure off Italian resorts, and this is also facilitated by a small influx of foreign beach tourism lovers due to competition from other Mediterranean countries. At the same time, the unique character of the historical and cultural monuments of Italy will attract foreign guests for a long time, and therefore their preservation and management of tourist flows to tourist centers are especially relevant.

Germany

In 1990, there were about 255 million travel days in Germany, spent by domestic (this market is 220 million travel days, or 86%) and international tourists (these data are for West Germany). However, the growth of domestic tourism has slowed in recent years as the number of people traveling abroad has increased.

Germans prefer to stay in hotels or other hotel-type accommodations. Until recently, self-catering accommodations also enjoyed some popularity. Most of them are concentrated in Bavaria. In the 90s, there began to be a shortage of international standard hotels in East Germany, so tourism there could not develop properly.

Before unification, West Germany received a large number of tourists from many countries who visited it for different purposes.

The share of vacationers was small, which indicates the relatively high cost of traveling around the country due to the high exchange rate of the national currency (mark) and high standard of living. As for the relatively large share of visits from relatives and friends, especially from the USA and Great Britain, this is due to the presence of NATO troops in the country. There were especially many business visits from countries such as the UK, France, Switzerland and Japan. Numerous international trade exhibitions and conferences held in the cities of Hanover, Hamburg, Dusseldorf, Stuttgart, Munich and others play a big role in this.

Germany is a strategic crossroads towards the Alps, France and the Mediterranean coast. Therefore, there are many transit travelers in the country, some of whom do not even stay overnight. Germany is visited by many one-day visitors from Eastern European countries on shopping trips, especially from neighboring Poland.

As for outbound tourism in West Germany, it is growing steadily (the share of Germans spending their holidays abroad is constantly increasing). The number of tourists taking pokége tours and trips to remote areas is also increasing.

Germans are the most wasteful people on vacation after Americans. Their spending in 1991 amounted to 13% of all tourist spending worldwide. The tourism sectors of many European countries are closely linked to the German market.

The Mediterranean remains the most popular holiday destination for Germans.

At the end of the 80s, they began to prefer holidays in Spain, while Italy lost its former popularity due to the deterioration of the environmental situation in the country (from 1985 to 1989 the influx of Germans decreased by 20%). The number of visits by Germans to other Alpine countries - Switzerland and Austria - amounted to 18.4% of the German market, and to the Scandinavian countries - only 5.1%.

The reunification of Germany, the collapse of the former Yugoslavia, the Desert Storm war and other political events, as well as economic crises, of course, influenced the country's established pattern of outbound tourism. The number of trips to countries such as, (after 1991) and. The number of long-distance trips also increased, and their growth continued even during the economic crisis of 1990-1991. Most of these trips occur in , although with fluctuations associated with constant changes in the ratio of national currencies. Far East is the second most attractive region for the German market. Business tourism is especially developing in countries such as Hong Kong. Many Germans vacation in. Other distant tourist centers for Germans are, etc.

Until the early 90s, the Western and Eastern parts of Germany functioned as separate tourist areas. East Germany, like other countries of Eastern Europe, had a well-organized domestic tourist market, but its international tourism was limited except for arrivals from other countries of the socialist camp and travel of Germans there, especially in coastal areas (for example, the village of Pitsunda on Black Sea coast former USSR). If in 1990 only 25% of East Germans traveled abroad, then already in 1991 their share was 45%. Over the entire post-war period, West Germany was integrated into the tourist flows of Western Europe. However, in the early 1990s, outbound tourism in West Germany declined slightly due to a slight downturn in the economy. On the other hand, the reduction in outbound tourism from the western part of the united Germany is compensated by its increase in the eastern part of the country. Thanks to Germany's powerful economy, it remains one of the main generators of tourism around the world.

The emerging opportunities for tourist flows between West and East can create a new model of tourism for European countries in general and for a united Germany in particular. The new model of domestic tourism developing within a united Germany may in the future be reflected in changes in international tourism models.

France

The French domestic tourism market is different from the domestic tourism market of the rest of Western Europe. Firstly, a very small number of French people spend their holidays abroad (approximately 18% per year). Secondly, there are pronounced peaks in vacation periods: school break in July and August, short Christmas holidays, holidays in February and Easter. Thirdly, the French prefer to travel by car (81% of all domestic tourists). Fourthly, most travelers are city dwellers.

During their holidays, the French prefer to stay in other accommodation places rather than hotels. For example, in 1990 there were 2.8 million “secondary” homes in the country. Hotels are relatively little popular among holidaymakers in winter.

About 50% of the French spend their summer vacations on the coast, 25% in the countryside, and 17% prefer mountain resorts. In winter, the picture changes, and only 17% of French people vacation on the coast, 28% in rural areas and 40% go to the mountains.

As for outbound tourism, only 5% of the French travel on pokége tours and 6% by air. In summer, neighboring Spain and Italy are especially popular (together 40% of summer travel). In 1991, Spain received 8 million tourists from France, and Italy received 7.29 million tourists. Recently, the French have been choosing to travel to such remote regions as the STA, Asia, French Islands Caribbean and French Polynesia. The largest number of business trips occurs in Germany and the UK.

Number of foreign tourists in France for 1980 - 1991 increased significantly, from 29 to 55 million people. One of the main generating markets for France is Germany, where about 25% of guests come from, and their number increased from 8.4 to 13.4 million people over the same decade. It is followed by Great Britain, Belgium, Italy, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Spain, etc.

Tourists arriving in France prefer to relax on the French Riviera: 35 million tour days in hotels and tourist camps per year. Next come Paris (15.5 million tourist days in hotels), the Alps, Aquitaine and Languedoc-Roussillon (each 6 million tourist days in hotels and tourist camps).

The French economy, which actively uses government regulation to develop regional economies, has systematically developed the countryside to accommodate visitors, for example in Aquitaine, parts of the Massif Central and Languedoc-Roussillon. However, these projects were supposed to serve, first of all, the development of domestic tourism, not inbound tourism.

In 1967, the French government adopted a plan for the joint development of rural areas and tourism in Aquitaine. Funding for the plan was provided by the private sector, and development coordination was entrusted to a government commission. According to this plan, the coastal area was divided into 16 sectors, of which nine were to be developed for tourism, that is, beaches, recreation areas on lakes and accommodation for water sports were equipped. In the remaining seven sectors, the so-called green zones, it was intended to preserve the landscape and wildlife. This plan included the preservation of existing resorts, such as Arcachon and Biaritz, the renovation and expansion of existing settlements, such as Lacanau, and, finally, the construction of new resorts, such as Moliets. The planning and construction of new accommodation facilities were carried out to meet the needs of domestic tourism in the country. Before 1982, 28% of overnight accommodation was in holiday camps, and the share of hotels and guest houses was only 13%, while 46% were "secondary" homes. With the start of the project, tourism began to develop significantly, even during the years of economic recession in the 80s.

The Languedoc-Roussillon coastline was not developed for tourism and recreation until the 60s of our century. The sand dunes of the coast are separated from the main land by marshes and shallow lagoons rich in mosquitoes. In 1964, the French government developed a regional development program to encourage the development of the region's tourism sector. According to this program, the construction of five tourist settlements, connected by highways and motorways, was envisaged. The northern group of resorts occupies a sandy seashore 20 km long to the south and west historical city Azhua-Morte. In 1990, 24% of all funds intended for the development of tourism in the entire region were allocated for its development. Among the resorts built earlier, Sarnon and Palava are popular among tourists, while the Camargue and La Grande Motte resorts were built relatively recently. The latter is a large resort with its famous yacht club. Another group of resorts under common name Tu is located on a 30 km long sandy shore and includes such relatively old resorts as Sete, Meze and Marseille, and the young resort of Cap d'Adg. Water sports are developed on Lake Tu. This group has a quarter of the beds of the entire region. Next come groups Walras-Groussan, Lucas-Barcares (22% of the berths of the entire region and a good yacht club near the town of Barcares), Canet-Argeles (13% of the berths of the entire region and a yacht club near the main center of the Saint-Cyprien group).

Improving roads, according to the program developers, was supposed to stimulate the growth of tourism. The program was constantly modified (in 1969 and 1972) and its implementation led to a noticeable increase in the number of tourist days in the region from 16 million in 1968 to 39 million in 1979, and the total number of arrivals increased from 30 thousand people in 1960 to 5 million people in 1990. The French government, recognizing the priority of tourism development for the region's economy, made risky investments in the development of the highway network and the environment. However, this scheme does not always give a positive result. For example, the Italian government's attempt to develop tourism in southern Italy by improving roads ended in failure.

The Languedoc-Roussillon region as a whole caters to domestic tourists. Thus, in 1986, 88% of all guests were French; in 1992, the region accounted for 54.1 million tourist days of the domestic market. Foreign guests came mainly from Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands. In 1988, 63% of all placements were “secondary” homes, and 26% were camp towns.

There are indications that in the coming years France may change its domestic tourism pattern and increase demand for accommodation during the longer summer period. The opening of the Channel Tunnel will undoubtedly increase the flow of tourists from the UK and change the current model of inbound tourism.

Spain and Portugal

Spain specializes mainly in mass beach tourism and is one of the main tourist centers in the world. The rapid growth of tourism in the country was observed after the Second World War. Thus, the number of tourists increased from 3 million people in 1950 to 34.3 million people in 1990. Tourism development is focused on Mediterranean coast country and Balearic Islands. The Atlantic coast of Spain is relatively undeveloped for tourism. Belonging to Spain Canary Islands located much further south and therefore many tourists come here in winter to spend their holidays on the beaches.

In the period between the first and second world wars, Spain did not attract tourists, since the country was poor, with its ruins destroyed after the civil war of 1936 - 1939. economics. At this time, the main tourist centers were Italy, the French Riviera and the Alps. In the early 50s, the first wave of car tourists arrived from France on the Costa Brava. Tourism began to develop at an accelerated pace, and the number of tourists in 1959 amounted to 4.19 million people. During this period, the Spanish government recognized the role that the tourism sector could play in the development of the national economy and began to pursue policies to encourage it in various ways, such as providing loans for the construction of hotels.

In 1959, the country's economy was simultaneously opened to foreign investment and the national currency (peseta) was devalued, as a result of which Spain became a more attractive tourist destination than the shores of Italy and France. And the private sector of the Spanish economy responded quickly, and in the early 60s new hotels, apartments and villas were built on the Mediterranean coast without any general plans or coordinating policies. As a result, the number of tourists almost quadrupled over the next 10 years and reached 24 million people in 1970. This growth was subsequently accelerated by the expansion of air transport and the opening of the country to Northern European markets, in particular to the UK. Tourism has played a significant role in Spain's economy, creating new jobs for 500,000 people in the mid-1960s and 1 million in 1975, and generating foreign exchange for the country (tourism accounted for a quarter of Spanish exports in 1975). It is not surprising that the Spanish government continued to actively support the country's tourism sector. However, accelerated and uncontrolled growth caused destruction environment, and the continued concentration of tourism development on the Mediterranean coast has affected the country's demographics, contributing to an influx of population into the region.

In the mid-70s, during a period of rapid growth in tourism, active construction of large modern hotels to meet the demands of mass tourism.

In the 1980s, tourism continued to play an active role in the Spanish economy and provided jobs for 11% of the country's potential labor force, as well as accounting for 33.4% of all Spanish exports and 9% of the country's GDP in 1989. However, within 5 years (1988 - 1992) the total number of foreign tourists remained at the same level - 34 - 35 million people per year. The main generating markets in Spain are France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy, in 1988 - 1990. decreased, but in 1991 - 1992. growth began again. The exception was Great Britain. The number of tourists from this country decreased from 7.6 million people in 1988 to 6.1 million people in 1991. This was due to competition from other tourist centers and environmental problems of many old Spanish resorts, where there was a decline in living standards cycle.

In response to these negative developments, many resort areas, especially those associated with the British market, began to pay special attention to improving the environment. To this end, road traffic was reduced, new parks were laid out, trees were planted, streets and beaches were cleaned, and new recreation areas were built, etc. In addition, new tourist accommodation facilities, as well as entertainment and leisure facilities, were opened and promoted. For example, the resorts of Benidorm, Sa-low, Torremolinos and Balearic Islands were refurbished. In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Olympic Games and Seville hosted the World Expo 92, in addition to which Madrid was recognized as a European City of Culture. All this contributed to enhancing the image of Spain as a major tourist country in the world.

At this time, the Spanish Tourism Agency invested £1.9 million to promote its tourism centers in the UK. This event slightly increased the number of tourists, attracting them with new tourist segments: the number of independent tourists increased significantly compared to those coming on pokege tours.

In the 70s and 80s, domestic tourism also actively developed and citizens of the country began to visit coastal resorts, while the share of vacationers increased from 41% of the country's population to 53.4%. In 1991, the Spanish domestic market as a whole accounted for 22.7 million visits to the country's hotels and camps, mostly concentrated on the Mediterranean coast. In the same year, 12.48 million Spaniards were registered living in various locations in the region. Only the resort of Benidorm was visited by 3.2% of domestic tourists, and Palma de Mallorca - 3%. The province of Valencia as a whole receives 15.7% of all domestic tourists and ranks first, followed by and in second and third places.

Thus, Mediterranean resorts receive both local and foreign tourists, but they are not as congested as in France or in, where international and domestic demand coincide. This is due to the fact that the Spanish domestic market is small by Western European standards.

The rise in domestic tourism has relatively offset the decline in UK tourists to resorts such as the Costa Brava, Costa Blanca and Costa del Sol.

Outbound tourism in Spain is rather poorly developed, and this is shown by the characteristics of a small, but nevertheless growing market.

Firstly, the total number of people leaving the country is relatively small, but outbound tourism to neighboring countries is growing rapidly: the number of tourists leaving for Portugal has increased from 2.5 million people in 1986. to 4.1 million people in 1991, and in France - from 1 million people to 2.8 million people over the same period. Tourism to relatively remote areas of Europe has developed slowly and has been in decline since 1989.

Secondly, the number of people traveling to relatively cheap tourist centers, such as Greece, Morocco, Portugal, Tunisia and Turkey, is rapidly increasing and amounts to 30 - 57%. Growth in outbound tourism to relatively expensive countries such as France, Italy and the UK has been slow.

Thirdly, the number of Spaniards traveling by air, accounts for only 7.5% of outbound tourism, 90% of tourists leave the country by car to neighboring countries. Long-haul flights are mainly carried out by business tourists, of whom 40.7% are to Canada and 44.5% to Japan.

Portugal differs significantly from Spain in the size of its tourism industry, although there are many similarities between them. For example, the tourism sector in both countries is concentrated in small areas - inland and near southern shores(the largest concentration of tourists on the Atlantic coast of the Iberia Peninsula is in the southern part of Portugal - the Algar), and their northern Atlantic shores are half empty. Portugal, like Spain, owns territory in the Atlantic Ocean off the western coast of Africa - this is about. Madeira, which due to its mild climate is especially attractive for winter holiday(Portugal was a major colonial country in the past). In both countries, domestic and outbound tourism is developing rapidly.

However, the volume of domestic tourism in Portugal is still small - and only a third of the country's population spends their holidays in their own country. The northern coastal areas are popular among the Portuguese, unlike foreign guests. As for outbound tourism, it is also still small. For example, in 1986, only 8% of the population traveled abroad.

Portugal welcomes about 20 million visitors annually, but most of them are day tourists from neighboring Spain. However, in the early 90s, only 4 million tourists were registered in various accommodation areas. Foreign tourism in Portugal developed particularly strongly in the 80s and 90s, by an average of 10 - 11%. Particularly large markets for Portugal are, in addition to Spain, the UK (in 1991 its share was 13.5%), Germany (9.1%), France (7.7%), the Netherlands (3.8%), Italy (2.9%) and the USA (1.7%).

Great Britain

The growth of the UK tourism industry throughout its development has depended on changes in the structure of the population and its holiday habits, and not on its size (the population of the UK is 57.2 million people). The British began to travel actively after the Second World War. The oil crisis in the mid-1970s and the economic downturn in the 1980s significantly slowed travel growth, and it was not until the mid-1980s that travel totals significantly exceeded their levels in the early 1970s. During this period, the balance between domestic tourism and overseas travel for Britons has also changed significantly.

The size of the domestic market as a whole reached its pre-crisis level in 1987. However, during this period, the number of traditional two-week holidays taken by Britons to British seaside resorts decreased by 14%, and self-catering holidays in the private sector became more preferable. Only business tourism showed significant growth - from 17 million people in 1978 to 20 million people in 1980, even when domestic tourism was going through difficult times. Of course, these changes in the market structure could not but affect the distribution of funds in the country's tourism industry. For example, the reduction in demand for hotels in resort areas forced owners to use hotels for business tourism on weekdays or as nursing homes, etc. From the 70s to the present day, the number of British trips abroad exceeds the number of foreigners coming to Great Britain, as the British still prefer to spend their holidays in the best resorts in Spain, France, Greece, Cyprus, Portugal, Tunisia and Turkey. Another important factor is the strong national currency, which makes the country expensive for foreign visitors. In the late 1980s, the Desert Storm war and an unstable national currency caused a decline in UK outbound tourism from 31.03 million people in 1989 to 30.5 million people in 1990. However, in the 90s, outbound tourism again began to grow.

A significant place in outbound tourism in the UK is occupied by trips to North America (43%), which depend on fluctuations in the dollar and pound sterling exchange rates. For the British, the American resort of Miami is the most popular in the summer. The rest of the time, this market remains large due to travel to meet relatives and friends. The British also fly long-distance flights on inclusive tours to exotic countries - Thailand, Gambia and the Caribbean.

The number of foreign tourists arriving in the UK increased steadily during the 1970s, despite the oil crisis, and peaked between 1977 and 1979. - about 12.5 million people. However, in the early 1980s, the number of foreign visitor arrivals declined, reaching 11.4 million in 1981. After this, the figure increased and in 1992 amounted to 18.1 million people. Tourism receipts also grew fluctuatingly during this period, from £2,797 in 1979 to £7,630 in 1992, although the average length of stay for overseas visitors fell.

The purposes for which tourists come to the UK are very different: holidays are in the lead (43%), followed by business travel (21%) and visiting relatives and friends (21%). About 50% of foreign guests come from European Union countries, of which 40% are holidaymakers and 26% are business tourists. Another important generation market is North America.

The bulk of foreign visitors to the UK are business travelers to large cities where cultural tourism is also concentrated, for example, in London (49% of all arrivals to the country and 63% of receipts).

Benelux countries

Three European countries - Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, which signed the Benelux Economic Union Treaty in 1958, are popular tourist destinations.

In Belgium, the domestic tourism market in 1990 amounted to 23.9 million tourist days. Its main part - 59% - is concentrated in the coastal areas of the country, in the traditional resorts of Ostendle, Knokkle and Blankenblrgle. Belgians prefer to vacation in the self-service sector (one third of tourists live in camp towns, half of tourists prefer other types of self-service sector - villas, apartments, etc.) After the coastal zone, the second popular vacation spot for Belgians is the Ardennes Mountains, which account for 6 % of the country's summer domestic tourism.

In 1991, 12.17 million overnight stays were registered in Belgian accommodation. Guests mainly came from the UK, Germany, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, the USA and France. In 1992, 3.2 million tourists visited the country. The average length of stay of tourists in the country is only 2 days.

The bulk of tourists visiting Belgium are business travelers and officials of various pan-European organizations. Brussels is not only the capital of Belgium, but is home to many of the head offices of the European Union, NATO and many multinational companies. Such guests, as a rule, stay for a short period of time in expensive hotels.

The next category of tourists are travelers who want to get acquainted with the historical and cultural attractions of cities. There are at least nine cities in Belgium with well-preserved medieval quarters. Particularly popular among foreign tourists are Antwerp, Bruges and Ghent, which account for 85% of all tour days in cities other than Brussels.

Bruges- Beautiful medieval city, built on numerous channels. In some ways it resembles Venice, thanks to its narrow streets, ancient bridges and buildings. For example, in Bruges there are Belfi and Close Hall, built in 1248, Tone Hall - in 1376, as well as numerous cathedrals of the 12th - 13th centuries. The city has many museums, including the Groening Museum, rich in masterpieces of world art.

Another medieval city, Ghent, is famous for its flower fairs. In its center stands the church, built in 1180, Belfi and Close Hall, built in 1300, and Sant Bravo Cathedral, built in the 15th century.

Antwerp is not only famous for its medieval sites, but is also a major center for the diamond business. Therefore, business tourism is developed in the city. The main square of the city was built in the 16th century, and the giant gothic cathedral stands out among the numerous churches and towers.

Brussels is also one of the medieval cities and, in addition to business tourism, is a major center of historical cultural tourism. Tourists are especially attracted to it main square- Grand Palace, which was reconstructed in 1696. It houses the Gothic-style city palace, the Maison d'Roy and the Gald Houses buildings.

Almost a third of foreign guests prefer to holiday in the coastal area of Belgium. These are mainly guests from neighboring Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and France. Numerous one-day visitors also come to the country, for example, in 1985 their number was 15 million people.

Belgium is located at a strategically important intersection of many European routes: between the Paris region and northern Germany, between Great Britain and Europe through the cities of Ostendle and Zeebrugge, etc. As a result, a huge number of transit tourists cross the country’s borders, for example, in 1985, 7 million people.

The Belgians themselves prefer to holiday in France (6 million people in 1989), in the Mediterranean resorts of Italy and Spain, as well as in the Alpine countries.

The second state included in the Benelux are Netherlands. The domestic tourism market is very developed here. So, in

1990 14.6 million people spent an average vacation of 7 days in their home country. Most of them stayed in the self-catering sector (there are many camp towns in the Netherlands, especially in the western part).

Recently, a new concept of self-service has become particularly popular in the country. The Center Park company has sports and recreational complexes located in forests and water areas with a total area of 120 - 160 hectares. There are seven complexes across the country, each of which can accommodate 1.5 million guests a year, and two additional ones are located in neighboring Belgium. These complexes include well-equipped bungalows, restaurants, shops, swimming pools, and other sports facilities (tennis, squash, bowling, canoeing, surfing, etc.).

Unlike other European countries, residents of the Netherlands prefer to spend their holidays in recreation areas located in the interior of the country. For example, the coastal zones of the north and south of the country account for only 15.5% of overnight stays, which is explained by two reasons.

Firstly, coastal areas are densely populated. Half of the country's population lives here and, naturally, the residents of the Netherlands themselves prefer to spend their holidays in calmer and more secluded areas.

Secondly, the population living near the coastal zone uses it for day trips.

Among the countries where residents of the Netherlands prefer to travel, Germany is the leader. However, for solo travellers, the most popular destination is France, especially its Massif Central and the Alps, with Austria and Switzerland accounting for 16% of the outbound market.

The main factors that attract tourists from the Netherlands to these countries are their different landscapes and opportunities for winter sports. Mediterranean countries account for only 26% of the Dutch market (the relatively high prices in these countries play a significant role in this).

The Netherlands, due to its small territory, is mainly visited by day-trippers. For example, in 1985, 21 million foreign visitors and another 13 million excursionists arrived for shopping purposes.

The average travel time for foreign tourists is 2.8 days (again due to the small territory of the country). In 1991, 5.8 million tourists visited the Netherlands, with Germany being the main generating market, followed by the UK and then the USA by a wide margin. More than half of the holidays spent in the hotel stock, which is concentrated in the densely populated north and south, as well as in the main European seaports of Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, fall on the business travel market. The major center of international tourism in the Netherlands is the capital, Amsterdam, built around a system of numerous canals. The city has many old (XVII century) and beautiful buildings. It is a cosmopolitan city widely known for its nightlife. The city airport is a major transport hub.

Rotterdam is the largest sea port Europe, and it is not surprising that every year 5 million transit passengers cross the country’s borders.

Luxembourg- the third country in the region - receives relatively fewer tourists than the other two countries. For example, in 1988 it received 760 thousand tourists and 2 million one-day guests. However, tourism is the country's third major economic sector and is heavily dependent on neighboring Belgium and the Netherlands. This dependence is explained by the fact that they are the main generating countries for international tourism in Luxembourg and provide 70% of overnight stays for foreign visitors.

Most tourists coming to Luxembourg are business travelers, as the EU Bank is headquartered here, as well as many other foreign banks. The country is visited by many tourists to spend their holidays in the Ardennes.

Luxembourg has a small population, but the country sends almost 250 thousand tourists abroad every year, who prefer to travel to neighboring countries.

Scandinavia

The population of this region is relatively small, but the countries that make up it are quite famous among the tourism-generating countries of the world.

The duration of vacations for citizens of the countries of the region is long and amounts to five weeks or more. Many potential tourists prefer to holiday in secondary homes located in coastal areas and rural areas near their cities.

As for the outbound tourism market, preference is given to active recreation. For example, 70% of traveling Swedes take part in various sports activities (swimming, kayaking and canoeing, fishing, mountaineering, etc.) and almost the same number go on ski tours.

Since the 80s, business tourism has been developing rapidly in the Scandinavian countries. Almost a third of foreign guests are residents of other Scandinavian countries. This is the result of the active work of local tourist organizations, promoting their own Scandinavian tourism product. Here, of course, cultural differences between different countries in the region and unified national laws play a role.

The other major generating market for the region is North America, thanks to the cultural ties between the two regions established in the 19th century when large emigration from Scandinavia to North America occurred.

Sweden. Tourist centers of this country are scattered throughout the country. Of course, the main center for both international and domestic tourism is the country's capital - Stockholm and its suburbs. The region includes an archipelago of more than 2,000 islands, many of which are accessible by boat. In 1990, for example, this region, together with the city of Upsala, received 17% of all domestic tourists and 24% of foreign ones.

Other most popular tourist region the country is the Gold Coast with a total length of the coastal zone of 400 km and rich in sandy beaches; it accounts for 14% of domestic tourism and 13.7% of international tourism. Next come the Swedish lakes region, the country of Glass (the center of glass production) and the Night Coast, each of which accounts for 10% of the domestic market.

Finland shows differences similar to Sweden between domestic and international tourism. Arrivals of foreign tourists are mainly concentrated in the capital of Helsinki (in 1992, the capital accounted for 38% of all tour days of foreign guests. However, during the same period, only 7.3% of residents of their country visited Helsinki. Most of them (one a third) spend their holidays in the interior of the country on Finnish lakes.The other part (one third) prefers the northern territories, i.e. Lapland and the Finnish Night Coast.

In Norway, the main tourist center for both domestic and international tourism is also the capital Oslo - major center culture and art, rich in maritime and Viking museums. Another major tourist region of the country is the forest region of the Eastern Valley, where about 30% of the total number of rooms is concentrated hotel business Norway. Another 10% of the room stock is concentrated in another popular tourist region - around the city of Bergen. And in the Trondheim area there are 7.4% of the country's room stock.

Denmark, thanks to its close proximity to Germany, fills its inbound tourism market with the latter: 37% of all tour days and 60% of tour days in camp towns. The country is rich in many historical monuments and Viking museums. Its main tourist center is the country's capital, Copenhagen, which in 1990 received 28% of all foreign guests. In addition to its historical monuments, the city is famous for the Tivoli Garden theme park, which annually welcomes about 4 million guests. Another no less famous theme park countries - Legoland welcomes 1 million guests and is especially popular among the British.

For residents of Scandinavian countries, the most popular countries for tourism are European countries, mainly Germany (most popular among the Danes), France, Great Britain, and also Poland. Next come the Mediterranean countries. For example, in 1991, 18% of Scandinavian tourists vacationed on seaside resorts Spain (especially the Canary Islands), Italy, Greece, as well as Cyprus and Turkey. (The last two countries are new tourist centers for tourists in the region and the number of trips in this direction has been growing rapidly in recent years.)

Eastern Europe

Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia split into two sovereign states: the western half (the Bohemia massif) became the Czech Republic, and the eastern half (the elevated zone along with the Tatra Mountains) became the Slovak Republic.

Czechoslovakia was the largest tourist country in Eastern Europe with a well-organized tourism industry. It had a good network of hotels and holiday homes. Until 1989, Czechoslovakia had the largest inbound tourism industry among all the countries of the socialist camp of Eastern Europe. The country received 24.6 million visitors a year, most of whom came from neighboring socialist countries and were classified as excursionists.

The purposes of the visit to the country of guests from non-socialist countries differed significantly from the purposes of guests from socialist countries: only 18% were excursionists, while the majority were travel for pleasure and 17% for business travel.

Outbound tourism in Czechoslovakia was mainly aimed at neighboring socialist countries, and a third of trips were one-day trips. For citizens of Czechoslovakia, the most popular tourist centers were Hungary, East Germany and Poland, among Western countries - Germany and Austria (the number of trips was insignificant and they were mainly made for business purposes).

With the beginning of economic reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1989 - 1991. The country's tourism sector, both domestic and international, began to develop rapidly. For example, outbound tourism increased from 8.5 million trips per year in 1989 to 20.6 million in 1990 to 39.6 million in 1991. Most residents went on day trips and spent little money abroad. Although in 1990 - 1991 the number of people leaving increased sharply, the amount of money they spent during the same period decreased from 636 to 393 dollars. This circumstance clearly demonstrates the difficulties associated with economic transformations.

Two-thirds of the trips made by residents of Czechoslovakia were to Western countries, and, as mentioned above, mainly to West Germany (15.3 million people) and Austria (14.1 million people). During this period, the number of people traveling to neighboring Poland increased sharply (from 1.3 million people in 1990 to 6.L million people in 1991).

Inbound tourism has also undergone significant changes. The number of tourists visiting Czechoslovakia has more than doubled. The majority of guests, namely 41%, were tourists from united Germany. The number of Polish tourists also doubled, and the Austrian market increased significantly - from 1.2 to 11.5%. However, the number of Hungarian tourists has sharply decreased, and the number of Czechs and Slovaks themselves traveling to Hungary has increased slightly, by only 3.8 million people.

Since 1993, large foreign investments have been made in the tourism infrastructure of the countries of the former Czechoslovakia, most of which in the Czech Republic. However, the political and economic problems faced by both countries during the reforms often worry foreign investors and may reduce their number.

Hungary is the economically and politically most stable country in Eastern Europe. The country began implementing its program of economic reforms in 1968 and has advanced much further in this direction than neighboring countries of the socialist bloc. In 1989, Hungary's tourism industry was well established and ranked second after Czechoslovakia. The country was especially popular as a tourist center among Czechs, Poles and East Germans. Hungary also attracted Western tourists, especially from countries such as Austria and West Germany, which numbered 2 million a year in the mid-1980s. Another 1.4 million visitors from Western countries took day trips.

In 1988, 17.9 million people arrived in Hungary, of which 30% were tourists from non-socialist countries. The number of foreign guests more than doubled after the 1989 revolution and reached 37.6 million people in 1990. Most of the arriving guests came from Austria, Germany, Yugoslavia and Romania. Arrivals from Eastern European countries fell in 1991, bringing the total number of arrivals down to 33.2 million. However, the number of Western tourists continued to increase despite the international political situation.

In the 80s, the number of trips by Hungarians to the West also increased and reached its peak in 1989. The total volume of outbound tourism to all tourist centers of the world in 1985 - 1988. doubled, but its growth slowed in subsequent years. This situation was markedly different from Czechoslovakia and Poland (see below). This is due not only to the fact that Hungarians’ trips to the West were better organized before 1989, but also to the currency control policy pursued by the Hungarian government starting in 1990. Expenditures by foreign tourists during this period also decreased by approximately 2 times.

For various reasons, the political changes that occurred in the country in 1989 did not have a significant impact on travel patterns either to or from Hungary, unlike other countries in Eastern Europe.

Poland has the largest population in the region, about 38 million people. The country has a high-tech economy but lagging infrastructure. Before the collapse of the socialist camp, it was one of the main generating countries, since Poles could travel freely back in the 70s. Outbound and inbound tourism developed rapidly in 1989, but subsequent economic problems reduced its growth (living standards fell by 30% by 1992). Foreign travel fell from 22 million in 1990 to 20.8 million in 1991, with the majority traveling for trade or work abroad.

On the other hand, high inflation, which stood at 80% in 1991, has made the country relatively cheap for international tourism. For this reason, the number of foreign tourists grew slowly, but from 3.4 million people in 1990 to 3.8 million people in 1991 and 4 million people in 1992. All this applies to day trips, the number of which increased from 8 million people in 1989 to more than 30 million people in 1992.

During this period, the structure of inbound and outbound tourism in Poland also changed significantly. The number of arrivals from Germany, CIS countries and Czechoslovakia has increased, and from other Western European countries it has doubled. Poles traveled as before, mainly to Germany, but the number of trips to other Western European countries increased significantly. At the same time, the CIS countries and Czechoslovakia lost their markets.

Most tourists leave and enter the country for the purpose of trade, business and visiting relatives and friends, who are concentrated mainly in the urban areas of the country. Nevertheless, Poland is rich in both natural and cultural tourism resources, which it can skillfully use in the future for the development of recreation. However, the insufficient number of hotels that meet Western standards of service, as well as the accommodation of foreign guests mainly with their relatives and friends, indicate an underdeveloped tourism industry in the country.

Romania rich in coastal and mountain resources (Carpathians) to meet domestic needs. Outbound tourism to Romania has increased in recent years, but its expenditures have been small (only $114 million in 1991). Most foreign travel was directed to Hungary (9 million people in 1990), followed by Bulgaria (1.8 million people) and Turkey (500 thousand people in 1991). Romania's outbound tourism model is similar to other Eastern European countries, but most trips were day trips.

Before the revolution, the country was visited by relatively few tourists, only 4.5 million people, of which 1 million guests came for one day. This was due to the political situation in the country, although Romania was the only country in Eastern Europe that provided pokége tours for beach holiday on the Black Sea coast for the Eastern European market. In 1990, the country was visited by 6.5 million foreign guests, most of whom were from Eastern Europe: tourists from the former USSR accounted for 2.1 million people, Hungary 900 thousand, and only 13% of arrivals were from other European countries.

Bulgaria until 1989, it had a relatively small, but economically important international tourism sector for the country. In terms of the number of arrivals to the country, it was inferior to Romania, but the share of tourists from Western countries was relatively high (9 -12%), they brought the necessary foreign currency. However, Bulgaria's tourism industry was largely dependent on the Eastern European holiday market: in 1991, 60% of the total 1.5 million holiday market and guests visiting their relatives and friends in Bulgaria came from Eastern European countries, in particular Romania, Poland and CIS countries.

In 1992, this market disappeared as government subsidies to the industry were reduced and economic problems arose in the generator countries. In the period 1990 - 1992. Bulgaria experienced hyperinflation. This meant that few Bulgarians could travel abroad (only 1.5 - 2 million Bulgarians traveled abroad annually) and political freedom was offset by economic restrictions on travel. Naturally, the expenses incurred by Bulgarian tourists abroad were also small.

Bulgaria has sufficient tourism resources to satisfy both domestic and international demand with historical monuments, beach holiday opportunities and picturesque landscapes of the mountains and the Black Sea coast.

Greece and Cyprus

Greece for many years it has concentrated on a narrow segment of tourism - historical and cultural, therefore mass tourism for it is a relatively young sphere. Historical and cultural tourism developed rapidly in the post-war years, attracting mainly tourists from the United States. This continued until 1967, when a military coup took place in the country. Military junta rule has halted Greece's tourism growth at a time when neighboring Mediterranean countries have continued to develop their tourism industries. After Greece again embarked on a democratic path of development in 1974, beach tourism began to rapidly develop in the country (especially on the islands), which competed with well-known resorts in other Mediterranean countries, such as France, Spain, etc.

In the 70s, tourists came to Greece mainly from Great Britain and Germany. However, already in the 80s, in order to remove dependence on specific markets, Greece began to encourage the development of mass and other types of tourism from different European countries. This was facilitated by her convenient geographical position and a stable economic and political situation in the country. However, Greece's tourism industry is still not large enough, with only 9.7 million visitors in 1992.

The main markets for the Greek tourism sector, as mentioned above, are: the British market, which increased by almost 10% over two decades and in the same 1992 its share was more than 22%; then Germany - 19.9%, Italy - 6.4%, the Netherlands - 5.6%, France - 5.6%, etc. As for travel motives, the preferences of tourists from different countries are different. For example, the British mainly come to the country on vacation (62%) and only 3% of them are lovers of cultural and historical monuments. The majority of Spaniards, Japanese and Italians (41, 35 and 25% respectively), on the contrary, prefer cultural and historical tourism. This explains the fact that the directions of movement of tourists around the country are very different for tourists from different countries, for example: Spaniards and Americans stay mainly in the capital, which is rich in ancient monuments of history, architecture and culture; Germans, British, Swedes and the Dutch prefer the islands. Regarding the age distribution, younger tourists, regardless of their country of origin, prefer not to stay in the same place, but to travel around the country and visit several tourist areas at once.

Cyprus Island ranks third among the Mediterranean islands after Sicily and Sardinia. The development of the tourism industry in the country began in the 60s, but in 1974 it was destroyed after the invasion of the island by Turkish troops and its division into two parts: the southern - the Republic of Cyprus and the northern, proclaimed in 1983 by the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( recognized only by Turkey). After these political cataclysms, most of the hospitality industry specialists moved to the southern part of Cyprus from the north, leaving their enterprises there.

After 1983, the situation has relatively stabilized and now the hotel industry in Cyprus is concentrated in the capital of the country - Nicosia, as well as in the resorts of Troodos. At seaside resorts the number of accommodation places is still small.

The Government of Cyprus recognizes the role of tourism in the country's economy and actively subsidizes the construction of new hotels and other infrastructure, actively supports Cyprus Airlines and encourages training for the tourism industry. New development is almost entirely taking place on the south coast in close proximity to the cities of Limassol, Larnaca and Paphos. (The development of tourism in these cities should have begun back in the 70s, having all the prerequisites for this, this only happened in 1984 after the opening of the airport in Larnaca.)

In recent years, two coastal areas have been developing rapidly - the Coral Coast south of Paphos (46% of the total hotel rooms and 42% of apartments built since 1992) and the Ayia Nala - Paralimni area (20 and 35%, respectively).

The city of Limassol remained a major resort in Cyprus for a long time, so by 1992 about 15 thousand beds for tourists had been created there. However, with the development of Ayia Napa, leadership from Limassol passed to it and in 1992 there were almost 15.5 thousand beds there. At the same time, excessive haste in reconstruction resulted in poor quality, for example, unfinished construction, poor infrastructure in some places (unfinished road construction and lack of interchanges), and pollution in some areas. In 1983, strict government control over regional development projects was introduced in order to attract additional investment in infrastructure and improve supplies, which in turn would expand hotel construction.

The Cypriot government has helped transform the country into a prestigious tourist destination for a high-paying market. In the mid-1980s, almost a third of all new tourist accommodation and 40% of hotels were four or five star. This model continued into the 90s, when the share of luxury hotels reached 46%. In this regard, tourism authorities have tried to diversify their tourism product into business travel, leisure (beach tourism and holidays in mountain resorts) and cultural tourism. However, success in this direction was modest due to higher prices than in other Mediterranean countries, Cyprus stubbornly resisted entering the mass market. The situation changed in 1986, when restrictions on charter flights were relaxed. In the early 90s, more than half of tourists arrived in the country charter flights, organized by foreign tour operators.

The explosive growth of tourism in Cyprus in the late 80s and early 90s mirrored the growth of tourism throughout the Mediterranean basin at this time. Cyprus was the only European country with annual growth of more than 10%. Thanks to this, the total number of tourists in the country increased from 1 million people in 1987 to 2 million people in 1992.

Great Britain was a major generating market for Cyprus during the years of rapid tourism development. Thus, in 1987, about one third of foreign guests were British, and in 1992 their share reached 54%. The close dependence on the British market is partly due to the fact that Cyprus remained a British colony until 1968. Another large market, Scandinavia, accounted for 21% in 1987, and in 1992 it dropped to 10%. Next come Germany, Ireland, Austria and Switzerland (the shares of all countries are almost equal). A large number of tourists come from neighboring Lebanon and Greece, with which Cyprus has cultural and political ties.

The tourism industry in Northern Cyprus is underdeveloped and the main generating market for it is Turkey. However, there are a few guests from the UK and Germany. Since 1987, in this part of the island they have been trying to revive tourism in the old seaside resort areas on the shores of Smoking and north of Famagusta.

Malta- one of the European tourist countries in the Mediterranean basin. In the early 90s, it already hosted 1 million guests (more than 60% of these guests were British, 15% were Germans). This dependence of Malta's tourism on the British market, just like Cyprus, is due to the country's long-term colonial dependence on Great Britain (from the beginning of the 19th century until 1964).

Tourism in Malta began to develop in the 70s and amounted to 20 - 30% per year. However, in parallel, some problems arose, such as poor water supply or insufficient quality of construction. Therefore, the Maltese government, assessing the importance of tourism for the country's economy, invested heavily in improving infrastructure (for example, building new terminals at the airport) and environmental protection (for example, cleaning up polluted beaches).

Malta retains its image as a cheap tourist destination, actively encouraging charter flights of tourists to the country. It is increasingly promoting its tourism product - from seasonal tourism to tourism for the whole year, so the accommodation available to the Maltese tourism industry is accordingly modernized and meets modern requirements. In recent years, the number of apartments, holiday homes and self-catering accommodation has increased significantly, as well as the construction of luxury hotels to attract high-paying guests.

In Turkey, tourism statistics are practically non-existent. However, it is known that about 3 million foreign visitors arrive in the country every year, as well as 1.5 million Turks who live outside the country. The main generating markets of Turkey are Germany, whose share in the total number of foreign tourists in the early 90s was approximately 40%, followed by France (12%), Austria (7.5%), Scandinavian countries (6%) , Benelux states (5.5%), Great Britain (5%), Italy (4%), Switzerland (3%), USA (2.5%), etc. This ratio has undergone significant changes in recent years due to the influx of Russian tourists to country. Turkey's domestic tourism numbers approximately 6 million tourists. The number of people traveling abroad is small - 2.9 million people in 1992 versus 50 million residents of the country.

Egypt, Israel, Tunisia and Morocco

IN Egypt the tourism sector is centered around its cultural and historical monuments, famous pyramids, palaces and temples of the pharaohs, which are located along the Nile Valley (from Cairo in the north to the Aswan Reservoir in the south). In the 80s, the Egyptian government adopted a plan for the development of beach tourism along the shores of the Red Sea, according to which the city of Hurgada was to become the main tourist center of the area. The rich underwater world of the Red Sea opens up great opportunities for the development of underwater sports. In the early 90s, seven tourist villages were built in the tourist area to receive tourists from Western European countries.

After the peace agreement with Israel in 1979, Egypt became one of the politically calm countries in its region, and as a result, the country's tourism began to develop rapidly, especially in the 90s. Egypt receives tourists from all over the globe, with the largest generating markets being the USA, Saudi Arabia, France, Germany, Italy and Japan.

Of course, the Desert Storm war also played a role in the growth dynamics of Egypt's tourism. If in the second half of the 80s the country was visited by about 1.8 million tourists a year, then in 1991 their number decreased to 800 thousand people. However, in 1992, the number of foreign tourists increased again to 1.67 million people. On the other hand, periodically recurring terrorist attacks by various extremist organizations have caused fluctuations in tourist flows into the country.

Other popular tourist countries in North Africa with access to the Mediterranean are Morocco and Tunisia. The tourism sector of the latter mainly consists of beach tourism (90%). The main accommodation locations are concentrated in tourist villages away from cities.

Inbound tourism Tunisia dependent on the European mass tourism market (83%). Most Europeans (about 80%) flew into the country on charter flights. The total number of European arrivals before the Desert Storm war did not grow as fast as the Tunisian authorities would like (from 1.5 million people in 1987 to 1.7 million people in 1990). During the war, their number decreased by 3 times. (In the Desert Storm war, Tunisia took a pro-Iraqi position, thereby alarming European tourists.)

Until 1990, France remained the main generating market for Tunisia, since Tunisia was its colony until 1965. However, Germany then overtook France. The third important market for the country is the UK. Tunisia is also actively visited by tourists from neighboring countries. Arab countries for the purpose of shopping and meeting with relatives and friends, especially from Algeria and Libya.

Morocco has beach resources both on the Mediterranean coast and offshore Atlantic Ocean. In the 70s and 80s, the country's government encouraged luxury tourism for wealthy clients, but later it switched to encouraging mass family tourism and the country began to compete even with Spain through its pricing policy.

The main market of the state for Morocco, which, like Tunisia, was a colony of France, is this country and accounts for about 28% of the total market. Next come: Spain (20%), whose tourists arrive in Morocco through the Strait of Gibraltar, Germany and the UK each account for 11% of the market. The country is also actively visited by tourists from neighboring Algeria for shopping purposes: their number from 1988 to 1991 increased from 375 thousand to 1.4 million people, and in 1992 it amounted to 2 million people.

Israel- a country with unique cultural values. The Holy Lands of Israel have historical and religious significance for both Jews and Christians. Jerusalem is considered a city of three religions - Christian, Muslim and Jewish. Israeli scientists estimate that about 20% of foreign tourists visit the country for pilgrimage or other religious reasons. The capital of the country is Tel Aviv, located on the shore Mediterranean Sea, is a major tourist center, as the city has monuments of modern culture, as well as excellent beaches. In recent years, the popularity of the resort of Eilat, located on the shores of the Red Sea, has increased significantly. However, beach tourism plays an important, but not the main role in the country's tourism. So, in the 80s, the number of such tourists reached only 300 thousand people, mainly from the Scandinavian countries, Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands.

In the early 1980s, Israel received more than 1 million foreign visitors a year, of whom a quarter were Americans. In the structure of visitors to Israel, a large place is occupied by tourists traveling to meet relatives and friends. For example, about 40% of Jewish tourists and 20% of tourists of other nationalities visit the country for such purposes.

Due to political cataclysms (civil war in the 70s), the tourism industry of another Eastern Mediterranean country, the once flourishing tourist Mecca of the East - Lebanon and its capital Beirut, was severely damaged.

United States of America, Canada and Mexico

IN United States of America tourism is mainly concentrated in three regions - Florida, California and the states of the northeastern part. Approximately 40% of the US population lives in this part of the country, which includes the states of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and West Virginia. The population here is concentrated in a long chain of coastal cities centered on New York. The region is popular for tourism due to its diverse tourism resources. Its climate is conducive to organizing summer seaside holidays and winter sports. Although North America is not rich in historical monuments, most of them are located in this region. Pilgrims from Europe landed in this area near Boston in 1620 and their first settlement with a few houses still remains. In some ancient cities, the streets of the 18th century are preserved in their original form. However, the region is primarily famous as a major center of modern culture and business, led by New York.

The strip of beaches begins in Cape Cod in the north and extends as far south as Cape Hatteras. The shores are sand dunes. Between the cities of Norfolk and Long Island there is a chain of sandy beaches and resort towns, such as Virginia Beach, Ocean City, Wildwood and Atlantic City.

The shores north of Long Island are very diverse and therefore convenient for sailing, for example, in the Newport area, where expensive and luxury secondary homes with own beaches many wealthy New Yorkers. Coast pcs. Maine is quite rocky and relatively less developed for tourism. Located here National Park Arcadia is the country's second most popular national park and receives approximately 4 million visitors a year.

Tourism in Florida began to develop in the 70s of the last century as a winter recreation area. Many wealthy Americans built homes here so they could come here in the winter. However, in the 20s of this century, much changed in the state and the region became a major tourist center. So, in 1987 it received 34 million guests. Tourism generated $40.2 billion in state revenue and supported 1.28 million jobs, or 23% of all jobs in the state.

There are numerous resorts along Florida's Atlantic coast from Miami Beach to Daytona Beach. Miami Beach, known as a major recreation and entertainment center, is equipped with a large number of high-rise modern hotels. However, the city also has a developed congress business. Lately, it has become especially popular among Europeans, who prefer to come here via pokége tours. To the north is Palm Beach, built up with luxury villas. The west coast between Fort Myers and St. Petersburg has excellent beaches covered in fine white sand. The main attractions of the state are Disneyland near Orlando and the Space Research Center at Cape Canaveral.

In pcs. Florida has a good system of highways connected to the interstate highway system, and thanks to this, a large number of motor tourists come to the state and prefer to stay in the northern part. Tourists arriving by plane concentrate near airports, in the Gold Coast in the south, between Miami and Palm Beach.

Transit tourism in Florida is small, although it plays an important role in its tourism model. The Port of Miami serves as a gateway for cruise passengers from all over America and handles approximately 1 million tourists a year.

Among the US states in terms of the number of arrivals and the volume of expenses, the state is the leader. California with a population of 28 million people.

More than 90% of the population lives in cities, most of which are located on the coast Pacific Ocean. Although dominated by domestic day and weekend tourism, California remains an important hub for international tourism in the United States.

The coast of California is very diverse: there are also sandy beaches, and rocks, and cliffs. However, there are also excellent places for recreation and travel in the interior of the state. For example, Yosemite National Park is one of the oldest national parks in the country, which welcomes about 3 million guests a year.

The main tourist center of the state is Los Angeles (49.3 million visits in 1987), which is a large conglomerate of individual cities connected by highways. It contains such attractions as Hollywood, where excursions to famous film studios are held, and Disneyland, located near Anaheim. Other major tourist cities in California include San Diego, located south of Los Angeles near the Mexican border (32 million guests in 1987) and San Francisco, located in the north of the state (12.8 million guests).

Near California there are other important tourist centers of the United States - the city of Las Vegas in the neighboring state. Nevada, famous for its gambling business, and the Grand Canyon in the state. Arizona. Las Vegas today is one of the rapidly developing cities in the United States. Thus, in 1987, it was visited by 16.2 million guests, who left $8.6 billion in the city. Huge funds are invested in the development of the city’s hotel industry; the most large hotels world, such as the New York Hotel and the MGM Hotel. The Grand Canyon is located in the valley of the river. Colorado, which crosses a 1,500-meter gorge in the Arizona desert and is a popular national park. There are 3.5 million guests here every year.

Other US states are also rich in tourist attractions. For example, in Texas there is beautiful beaches, in Houston - Space Research Center; The mountain states of Wyoming, Colorado, Montana, Utah and others have rich recreational resources.

Foreign guests are divided into two main groups: guests from neighboring countries - Mexico and Canada, and guests from overseas. The first group accounts for 62% of total arrivals to the country. Most Canadians are drawn to Florida, but New York, Hawaii and California are also important tourist destinations. Most Canadian and Mexican tourists come to the United States by land (77% of Canadians come by car).

The majority of intercontinental visitors to the United States come from Europe (47%) and Asia (31%). Among Europeans, the British prefer to travel to the USA - 2.49 million people per year, and from Asia - the Japanese - 3.3 million people per year. Two-thirds of Japanese visitors visit the US Pacific islands of Hawaii or Guam. Intercontinental visitors visit an average of two states during their national travel.

The main gateways for the US are New York (29% of all intercontinental visitors, mainly from Europe), Miami (11%), Los Angeles and San Francisco. The latter two California cities together host 20% of the country's intercontinental visitors, especially from Asia. The area located near San Francisco, Silicon Valley, is the main center for the development of high technologies and actively attracts tourists from Japan.

The regional distribution of international arrivals shows that the bulk of them are concentrated in the New York City area (New York State, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland and Washington County) and account for 17.9% of all arrivals. Next come the Pacific Coast (19.5%) and Florida, along with the closest coastal states (18.5%).

Despite the large population of the United States, relatively few tourists leave the country; for example, in 1992, 52.8 million people went abroad, most of them went to neighboring Mexico and Canada (16 million and 12 million people, respectively). The number of one-day tourists to these countries is even greater: to Mexico - 50 million people and to Canada - 23 million people per year. In 1992, 25% of outbound tourism came from Europe, 17% from the Far East and 10% from the Caribbean.

The US domestic tourism market is very large, despite the short vacation of Americans (two weeks). It reflects huge size country and its population. The large domestic tourism market is driven largely by the travel that Americans enjoy doing around the country on weekends. Thus, in 1990, 51% of vacations taken in their country lasted three nights or less. The majority of these trips are made by car (80%) over a distance of more than 1.5 thousand km and only 15% by plane. Recently, the popularity of coastal resorts and recreation areas near lakes has been growing among Americans; mountain resorts and large cities have become less visited.

Canada- a neighboring country to the United States, which has the same regional geography and almost similar population distribution throughout the country. However, the population of this country is significantly smaller than the population of the United States - 26.5 million people. The Canadian domestic tourism model resembles the US domestic tourism model with a concentration primarily in the popular tourist centers of the eastern provinces of Ontario and Quebec, as well as on the Pacific coast (Alberta and British Columbia). Canadians are a large generating market for the United States, with 18.9 million arrivals in 1991, especially in the border states as well as California and Florida. A large share of outbound tourism is made up of travel during warm summers and winter resorts southern USA, Mexico and the Caribbean (40%). Canadians travel to Europe, mainly to the UK, to visit relatives and friends (more than 38%).

Inbound tourism to Canada experienced relative stagnation in the early 1990s, fluctuating between 14.8 and 15.4 million people, and began to decline in 1993. The number of tourists from the United States fell significantly from 12.7 million people in 1987 to 11.8 million people in 1992. The growth of the Southeast Asian market (mainly Japan and Hong Kong) provided a high level of arrivals to the country, but since 1990 .and this market has shrunk.

International tourism to Canada targets the same regions of the country as domestic tourism (in 1988, 82% of visitors came from the United States). Other generating markets for the country are the UK and France, where most tourists come to visit family and friends. West Germany and Japan (3.4, 1.5, 1.7 and 2.1% respectively in 1988).

Mexico has many economic problems: huge foreign debt and low GNP. Despite the large population (81 million people), domestic and foreign tourism in the country is poorly developed. Thus, in 1992, the country had 4.3 million foreign arrivals and 38 million domestic tourists. However, the country has enormous tourism resources and great potential for the development of its tourism industry.

Tourism in Mexico relies heavily on the domestic North American market, especially the US market, which supplies about 90% of Mexico's visitors. Approximately 4% of guests come from Canada and the rest from European countries. Tourists making day trips throughout the country, they are mainly concentrated in border towns, which specialize in the production and sale of souvenirs and the gambling business. A clear example of this is the city of Tiwana, bordering California. Tourists visiting Mexico for a longer period are either vacationers by the sea or connoisseurs of the country's cultural heritage.

Tourism plays a significant role in Mexico's economy and ranks second in attracting foreign exchange to the country's treasury, as well as being a major employer in the labor market. More Americans spend foreign currency here than Canadians and Europeans, who stay in the country longer than Americans. Therefore, the country's authorities, aware of the importance of tourism for the receipt of foreign currency, are making every effort to attract as many Europeans as possible to the country. Until recently, they succeeded in part due to the relative cheapness of the Mexican currency in relation to the currencies of other well-known tourist centers in the world with similar tourist resources, for example, in relation to Thailand.

China

China is the main tourist destination on the Pacific Coast. However, until recently, the majority of tourists - 25.6 out of 27.46 million people in 1990 - were ethnic Chinese (called "compatriots" in China) coming from Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. The National Travel Administration of China estimates that in 1990, the number of visitors from Taiwan was 1 million. Only 1.7 million tourists come mainly from Japan, the USA, Great Britain, CIS countries, etc.

The current model of tourism in China is due to political history country and its relationship with the countries listed above. China is one of the oldest civilizations in the world, but its recent history begins in 1840 after the war with Britain and other European countries. The consequence of this war was the transfer for a long time of the island of Hong Kong (now Hong Kong) to Britain, which developed as a trading base and financial center. In 1898, part of the territory of China (Hong Kong - “New Territories”) was leased to Great Britain for a period of 99 years, and Macau became a Portuguese colony during the same period. The political development of China in the first half of the 20th century was characterized by instability, which led to civil war after the Second World War and ended with the victory of the Communists in 1949. The defeated Chinese Nationalists fled to Taiwan and created their own state, the Republic of China, as an alternative to the communist People's Republic of China (PRC). Further, the PRC constantly tried to annex the lost territories. This circumstance and the cooling of relations with the neighboring Soviet Union caused the political isolation of the PRC from the rest of the world in the 60s and 70s. Naturally, travel to and from China was insignificant. However, in the 70s, the country's policies began to change with the implementation of economic and political reforms.

In 1978, after a long period of isolation, China began to pursue an “open door” policy. With the beginning of the modernization of the Chinese economy, a flow of foreign guests poured into the country (in 2 years their number increased by 500 thousand people). Most tourists were interested ancient culture countries. Of course, one of the important reasons for this policy was the need for an influx of foreign currency into the country. So in 1983 - 1989. The country generates foreign currency from tourism.

Together with economic reforms in 1978 - 1988. Significant political changes were taking place in China and in its relations with its neighbors. In 1984, the PRC and Great Britain agreed that from July 1, 1997, at the end of the lease of Hong Kong, not only the leased lands, but also the entire colony would pass to the PRC. (Hong Kong, in addition to the island of the same name, consists of 235 islands, part of the mainland called the Kowloon Peninsula and the “New Territories.”) As the PRC integrated into the global political and economic system, international support for Taiwan declined, but its relations with China improved significantly. If mutual travel was practically impossible before 1987, now Taiwan has allowed its citizens to visit relatives in the PRC. However, there is still no direct connection between them, and all these trips are made through Hong Kong. Therefore, the total number of guests who crossed the border of this city with the PRC in 1990 was 20 million people, despite the fact that the population of Hong Kong in the same year was only 5.8 million people.

In the mid-1980s, China experienced a second wave of rapid tourism growth, but the rate of growth slowed slightly towards the end of the decade, possibly due to the country's weak tourism industry and its management, as well as insufficiently developed infrastructure. This circumstance gave impetus to the construction of new middle and upper class hotels with the participation of foreign capital. However, many hotels, especially in Beijing and Shanghai, already in the early 90s began to experience financial difficulties due to the wrong choice of location and pricing policy, i.e. they were unable to fully take advantage of the opportunities of the growing market of “compatriots”. As for infrastructure development, the construction of new airports lags behind the construction of new hotels, and the railway connection is poorly developed and is practically not used by foreign tourists.

The main generating market for China in 1979 - 1988. was Japan, followed by the US, UK and Australia. In 1989, thanks to the policy of “perestroika” and the agreement between the USSR and the PRC on opening borders for trade and commercial activities, the Soviet Union overtook Australia and shared third and fourth place with Great Britain.

The open door policy and increased contacts with the West led to student protests demanding greater democracy, which were suppressed in Tiananmen Square on June 4, 1989. After this event, Western tourists, particularly from the United States, Australia and other Southeast Asian countries , boycotted China. However, after some time, tourist visits from Europe resumed.

Political and economic reforms carried out in the PRC began to have a positive impact on the domestic tourism market, and already in 1987 there were 290 million domestic tourists in the country. The reasons why China has become a major generator for international tourism and a major tourist destination in the world lies in its political evolution. Thanks to the reforms, the number tourist areas accessible to foreigners increased from 122 cities in 1982 to 274 cities in 1986 and more than 500 cities in 1990. Rich tourism resources (the main historical monuments are located in the northeastern and central provinces, where its history began ancient civilization China, and the southern and coastal provinces are located in picturesque areas with many beautiful cities, as well as the largest population in the world, which has radically changed the pattern of tourism in East Asia and the Pacific region as a whole.

In 1997, Hong Kong was transferred to China, which began to pursue the “One Country, Two Systems” policy. Over the previous hundred years, Hong Kong had developed as a major port, trade, financial and tourism center, and became part of the newly industrialized countries of the Pacific region. Tourism for him is the third major generator of foreign currency.

Before joining the PRC, Hong Kong invested heavily in the neighboring Chinese province of Guangdong, with which it was connected by trade and industrial ties. As a result, the level of mutual travel between residents of both regions is very high. Following changes in China's domestic policies and its relations with neighboring countries, Hong Kong's inbound tourism pattern has also changed. In addition to its guests, the country began to accept transit travelers visiting the PRC, and became a kind of gateway to China: there are flights between Hong Kong and more than ten Chinese cities. regular flights, and also laid modern automobile and railways to Guangzhou city. The main generating markets for Hong Kong are Japan, followed by the USA and Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and the UK.

In Hong Kong, tourism is based on shopping, varied nightlife, visiting Chinese cultural attractions (opera, theaters), theme parks (Ocean Aqua Park, Song Dynasty village), sports (equestrian sports) and annual festivals. Hong Kong is also famous as a major center for conferences and fairs, so in 1990, 18 - 29% of Western guests arrived in the country for these purposes. In the 1980s, Hong Kong was a major generator for other Asian countries (from 1 million people in 1981 to 2.04 million people in 1990). The main trips were made to neighboring countries and were short-term. Hong Kong residents primarily take holidays to Thailand (90% of all holidays) and business trips to the Philippines, Indonesia, Singapore and Japan (51%, 26%, 21% and 20% respectively).

Before Tiananmen Square, 28% of Hong Kong residents traveling abroad visited China, but after 1989 this figure dropped to 13%.

Another Chinese territory, Macau (Aomen), which was a Portuguese colony, was transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1999. Macau, which also includes the Macao Peninsula, Taipa Island, Coloane Island and others, is located in the Pearl River Delta near Hong Kong and occupies a territory with a total area of 16.92 km2. Most tourists come here by boat from Hong Kong. For example, in 1992, the total number of guests was 7.85 people, of which the share of guests from Hong Kong was 78.7%. Half of the guests come to spend their holidays here, and the other half come to play in the casino.

Japan and South Korea

The Japanese do not have a tradition of traveling long distances overseas. Before 1964, such travel for recreational or educational purposes was insignificant. In the late 60s, outbound tourism in Japan began to develop rapidly and in 1973 reached 2.2 million trips. However, this figure remained until the end of the 70s and doubled only in the early 80s, in 1984 it was 4.6 million trips. One of the reasons for this was the oil crisis that swept the whole world in 1974. Despite the rapid growth, the number of trips was a small share of the total population of the country - 3.8%. Given this circumstance, the Japanese government adopted the “ten million” program in 1987, according to which it was planned to increase the number of foreign tourists to 10 million people by 1991. To do this, it was supposed to promote the economic growth of other countries, as well as eliminate the payment imbalance between Japan and its trading partners.

The task was completed already in 1990, when 10.99 million foreign trips were recorded (an average increase of about 20% compared to 1986). In 1992, the number of trips was 11.79 million. The relative slowdown in growth was due to the Desert Storm war. Spending by Japanese tourists also increased sharply, from $10.76 billion in 1987 to $35.39 billion in 1992.

The main foreign tourist centers where Japanese tourists went were the Pacific Rim countries - the USA, Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, each of which received about 1 million Japanese tourists a year. Other countries in the region, such as Australia, China, Taiwan, Thailand and Guam, received about 500 thousand Japanese.

Another important tourist region for the Japanese is Europe, which they have been exploring for a long time. Of the European countries, only France has currently crossed the million mark, and Great Britain, Germany and Italy each receive 500 thousand tourists from Japan.

In 1991, the Japanese government began implementing a new program, “Two-Destination Tourism XXI,” which is aimed at promoting outbound and inbound tourism in the 21st century.

In recent years, due to the economic downturn, some regions of Japan need additional investment to implement structural changes. At the same time, the government has developed projects to develop tourism in these regions, both to meet domestic demand and to attract foreign tourists.

At the same time, Japan is actively involved in tourism development projects in many countries and invests large sums both in the form of government assistance and in the form of loans for the development of recreation infrastructure (for example, in countries such as Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, etc.). At the same time, 15.6% of private Japanese companies invested in the purchase of real estate, of which 25% were made in the hotel business.

Inbound tourism in Japan developed weakly due to the high exchange rate of the national currency in relation to the currencies of other countries and was initially associated mainly with the American market (25 - 30%). However, in the 1980s, thanks to the rapid development of the newly industrialized countries of East and Southeast Asia, inbound tourism to the country began to increase and reached 3.58 million people in 1992 against 2 million in 1984. Currently, two thirds of foreign visitors arrive from Asian countries, with countries such as Taiwan and South Korea overtaking the United States.

Tourists from Asian countries and the United States visit Japan to spend their holidays here. Europeans mainly travel on business.

In South Korea, until recently, tourism was poorly developed, and only in 1989 did it begin to develop very quickly; At the same time, the number of Korean tourists traveling abroad increased by 67%. Political changes that took place in the country (the first multi-party elections were held in 1988) and the Olympic Games held in the capital Seoul in the same year contributed to an increase in the number of foreign visitors arriving by 25%. Subsequently, while outbound tourism continued to grow and Koreans' spending abroad increased, the growth of inbound tourism along with the spending of overseas visitors slowed down. This circumstance led to a deficit in the country's international tourism balance, and the government was forced to reconsider its spending on promoting outbound tourism.

The largest partner South Korea neighboring Japan is a tourist exchange destination. Japanese tourists come to spend their holidays here, and Koreans come to Japan for both leisure and business purposes, as well as to visit their relatives and friends. The other major market for outbound and inbound tourism is the United States, but travel is for business purposes or to meet friends and family.

Southeast Asia

Tourism in the region as a whole has grown rapidly and increased from 8.3 million arrivals in 1980 to 20 million in 1991. However, different countries that make up the region have different tourism models. This is most likely due in part to differences in their tourism resources, and partly with their historical and political development.

The largest country in the region is Indonesia, which has 366 different ethnic groups and offers ethnic and cultural experiences.

Singapore- an ultra-modern country with numerous business centers equipped with modern communication means, so the country offers not only recreation, but also business tourism. Both of these countries are significant tourist centers not only in the region, but also in the world, because half of the tourism market of both countries is outside the region. In addition, Singapore is the second most popular tourist destination in Asia after Thailand.

Tourism in Singapore began to develop steadily in 1965 - 1982, reaching a level of 3 million arrivals per year. At the end of the 80s, the annual growth rate was 14 - 15%. After a slight lull in 1991, tourism in Singapore, like in other Asian countries, continued its rapid development (10.6%) and reached almost 6 million arrivals.

The majority of foreign guests are from Asian countries (in 1992 their share was 60 - 65%), followed by Europeans (15 - 19%), then tourists from Australia and New Zealand (12%) and, finally, from the USA (6%).

Fast growing markets for Singapore include countries such as China, Taiwan and South Korea.

Singapore has pursued a policy of actively promoting the country as a top holiday destination, resulting in an average of 66.5% holidaymakers in 1989. The share of business travel accounted for 12.8%, and the share of transit tourists - 15.5%. Tourists from Japan, Taiwan and Germany are more likely to come on vacation, while tourists from Hong Kong and the USA prefer business tourism.

Singapore has the highest population prosperity, so residents can travel extensively, and the country is a major market for other countries. For example, in 1991, 4.8 million trips were made outside the country (3.2 million trips were made to Malaysia alone).

The largest tourist destination for Singapore residents after Malaysia is Indonesia, followed by Thailand and Hong Kong.

Indonesia- another major tourist country in the region also pursued a policy of actively promoting its tourism product, pursuing mainly two goals: providing jobs (about 180 million people live in the country and their number is growing at a rapid pace) and attracting foreign currency, especially after the fall in oil prices in the 80s. (Tourism is the country's fifth major foreign exchange generator, after oil, gas, timber and textiles.)

Inbound tourism began to develop in 1987 after the country's promotion in generating markets increased and reached a level of 20 - 34% in 1987 - 1990. This growth was driven by increased arrivals from South and Southeast Asia (particularly South Korea and Taiwan). In 1992, the total number of foreign visitors to Indonesia reached 3 million, the majority (82%) of whom were holidaymakers. Singapore has long been Indonesia's largest market, but most tourists make repeat, short-term visits. Next come Japan, Malaysia, Australia, Taiwan, USA, Germany, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Korea.

Indonesians travel relatively little. Thus, in 1991, about 450 thousand people traveled abroad, but they spent a lot of money during these trips. This picture is usually typical for countries where domestic and outbound tourism are in the initial stages of development.

Thailand is particularly popular among Europeans due to its independence and political stability, in contrast to neighboring states in the region. For this reason, the country has been able to create a range of different tourism products, including historical, cultural and ethnic tourism, as well as beach tourism. Tourism is an important generator of foreign currency for the country.

Thailand is mainly visited by residents of neighboring Malaysia, and their visits are short (on average 4.4 days), and they spend little money. Japan and Taiwan follow, with tourists staying longer and spending significantly more. After 1990, the Asian and Australian markets declined, while the European market, on the contrary, began to grow. At the same time, the UK took fifth position among the main tourist markets in Thailand. Tourists from Europe stay for a relatively long time (9 - 14 days), but spend little money.

Philippines. Cultural heritage, left over from the Spanish colonialists, open up great prospects for the development of cultural tourism, and natural tourist resources - for such a relevant type of tourism today as environmental tourism. The main countries from which tourists come are the USA and Japan.

The tourism of another country in the region - Malaysia - depends on the region's market, especially Singapore. Thus, in 1991, 58.3% of foreign guests came from there. Other important markets are Thailand (9.3%), Japan (7.1%) and European countries (7%). The number of tourists from China and Taiwan is increasing rapidly.

Thanks to Malaysia's high level of economic development, residents of this country travel a lot. Singapore accounts for the largest number of trips (for example, 9.5 million shopping and entertainment trips were made there in 1991), followed by Thailand and Indonesia.