The role of transport in the development of the tourism industry. Types of transport
Transport is one of the most important parts of the economy of any country.
Many years ago, man used various means to transport people as well as goods. With the advent of the wheel and other methods of transportation, types of transport such as carriages, carts, and steam locomotives began to appear. People began to travel faster over long distances.
Currently, transport, which has a highly developed economic and social base, is one of the mechanisms of the state economy.
Transport is the engine for tourism development around the world. It ensures the normal functioning of the economy and allows for the development of industries such as agriculture, trade, etc.
The role of transport services in tourism is manifested in the organization of tourist and cultural trips, cultural exchange, and solving social problems.
With the development of tourism and increasing demand for travel, transport routes are constantly expanding, which, in turn, has a beneficial effect on the development of transport infrastructure.
Transport services are one of the most important in the tourism business. They account for most of the cost of the tour. Tourists use various modes of transport to travel.
The bulk of the transport services sector belongs to aviation. Tourists traveling long distances use the services of aviation companies. Air transport is not very common among tourists traveling for resort or entertainment purposes.
Automobile transport ranks second among modes of transport used for travel. This type of transport is also called universal transport. It is used from transfers and excursions to intra-route transportation, and is also rented by tourists for personal use. Particularly popular are sightseeing buses. During the excursion program by bus, tourists get to know new cities and countries. But sometimes difficulties arise with parking both in Russia and in Europe.
Main rival bus transportation is the railway. Within our country, it is widespread compared to air or road transport. The advantage of the railway is lower tariffs, and the widespread use of travel tickets and a system of discounts, which allows you to move around the country, saving your own money.
Water river and sea transport provides cruise-type services. Water travel have both advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of water transport include an environment that meets any client needs, the ability to accommodate a large number of people at the same time, implementation various types and tourism purposes, good rest, a full range of life support. The disadvantages of water transport include the low speed of movement Vehicle, high tariffs, limited mobility.
12.2. Use of different modes of transport in the hospitality industry
Water transport. The first means of transportation on water appeared in ancient times. The period of the birth of water transport can be considered the transition to the Neolithic - the new Stone Age, when people already knew stone tools and knew how to process wood. Proof of this can be found in the canoes made of oak about 40 centuries ago, which were found by archaeologists. Scientists estimate the age of the canoe, found on the shores of Lake Ladoga, to be 4 thousand years old. The oak boat found during excavations in the city of Izyum in Ukraine is more than 2 thousand years old.
The oldest large ocean-going vessels were the Chinese imperial ships, which, judging by the available archaeological data, were quite capable of going on long voyages for many months.
Since ancient times, the design and equipment of sea and river vessels have been improved. With the advent of developed sailing equipment, navigation aids, and equipping ships with ancient weapons, ships became not only a means of delivering goods, but also one of the main methods of warfare, as well as a method of expansion of ancient states. Such outstanding examples of ancient shipbuilding as Greek triremes and Roman triremes (from lat. triremis, from tres, tria- “three” and remus- “oar”) - combat rowing vessels with three rows of oars, located one above the other in a checkerboard pattern, and with a displacement of over 200 tons.
The next and most important revolution in water transport after the invention of the sail was the creation of the steamship.
The first steamboat was created by Robert Fulton. In 1807, he built the Clermont, a ship equipped with a steam engine and a paddle wheel. Subsequently, he made voyages along the Hudson River from New York to Albany. The speed of the first steamship was approximately 5 knots (or 9 km/h).
In Russia, the first steamship was built in 1815. It made trips between St. Petersburg and Kronstadt.
Modern water transport is a strategically important industry for the economy. Possessing undeniable advantages of reliability and safety, a high level of comfort, this type of transport forms the basis for an entire sub-sector in the hospitality industry - water tourism.
The share of water transport in domestic and international transport is small. This is primarily due to the high cost of sea tours and cruises, as well as the displacement of this type of transport by other, cheaper and faster means of delivering tourists.
In Russia, according to Rosstat, the share of water transport (inland waterway, sea, international) in 2007 was only approximately 0.1% of all passenger transportation. However, aquatic and mainly cruise tourism remains an elite form of recreation.
Water modes of transport can be classified according to different indicators:
3) the purpose of the vessel.
Depending on the level of comfort and service on board, and the technical equipment of the ship, ships are distinguished:
1) river;
2) sea;
3) oceanic.
Cruises, along with sightseeing and pleasure cruises, are the main types of tourism based on the use of water transport.
Cruise is a complex of services, including accommodation, three meals a day, maintenance and entertainment programs on a boat. The cost of such a tour may include excursions and other activities in port cities.
Equipped for sea travel, ships of the highest ranks (luxury and super-luxury) are real “floating cities” with five to six decks, dozens of shops, bars, restaurants, several swimming pools, sports and health complexes. Thus, on one of the most expensive liners in the world, “The World” of the American company “Residence”, sailing around the world, there are swimming pools, tennis courts and even golf courses. The residential part of the ship includes 110 apartments ranging in size from 70 to 300 m2 for permanent residence and 88 cabins that can be rented for a period of three days.
The world's largest liner, Queen Mary 2, is as tall as a 21-story building and belongs to Cunard Lines. Even a force ten storm does not interrupt the operation of the casino and entertainment centers. On board there is a winter garden and an auction where paintings are put up for auction, including works by Pablo Picasso and other famous masters, including Russian artists.
In terms of duration, experts distinguish around the world voyages (over 14 days), sea voyages (10–14 days) and week-long cruises. Weekly sailings are the most popular among clients, accounting for about half of all cruise travel. There are two types of cruises: trips with a call at sea ports(the so-called European system, which provides for excursions and other events in port cities) and the American system, which allows tourists to relax on the beaches when the liner enters the port along the route.
Recently, short-term cruises without calling at ports have also become increasingly popular. The duration of such trips usually does not exceed several days.
The main regions of marine tourism are Caribbean Islands(winter season), the Mediterranean (summer, autumn) and cruises around Europe and Scandinavia (summer, autumn).
Cruise companies are classified into four categories:
1) standard, or three stars (Norwegian Cruise Line, Costa Cruises, Royal Caribbean International, Carnival Cruise Line, Princess Cruises, etc.);
2) premium, or four stars (“Azamara Cruises”, “Holland America Line”, “Celebrity Cruises”, “P & O Cruises”, “Oceania Cruises”, etc.);
3) luxury, or five stars (“Crystal Cruises”, “Regent Seven Seas Cruises”, “Cunard Line”, etc.);
4) deluxe suite (“SilverSea Cruises” and “Seabourn”).
River cruises are more accessible and independent from weather conditions and a more intense program of activities for tourists held on the shore. These are excursion programs, discos, relaxation on the beaches, etc. The routes of such trips are rivers, their tributaries, river canals, and lakes. The most popular cruises in Europe are on the rivers Rhine, Danube, Elbe, and Seine. The Russian rivers Volga and Don are also popular and widely used for organizing river trips. Popular cruising rivers include the Nile, Amazon and Yangtze. For river cruises As a rule, relatively small single- and double-deck motor ships with low draft and folding masts are used. This is due to the need to overcome low fixed bridges and shallow rivers.
A distinctive characteristic of pleasure and excursion trips on water vessels is their short duration. It does not exceed 24 hours and can be carried out not only on motor ships, but also on small river vessels, such as boats, sailing yachts, passenger skiffs, hydrofoils (such as “Raketa”, “Meteor”), etc. Tourists are not provided with accommodation in separate cabins, and guests are located on the open decks of the ship, which combine the functions of a cafe-restaurant.
In our country, marine and river transportation passengers and cargo are controlled by the Ministry of Transport and Federal agency maritime and river transport. The main regulatory legal acts regulating sea and river transportation are the Merchant Shipping Code of the Russian Federation (KTM RF) and the Inland Water Transport Code of the Russian Federation (IWTC RF).
Air Transport. It is generally accepted that the first airplane was invented by brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright and took off in 1903. A.F. Mozhaisky developed a project for a heavier-than-air aircraft and in 1881 received a patent for it. Having difficulty raising money for a prototype, A.F. Mozhaisky built an airplane with two small steam engines, ordered from England (gasoline engines of that time were low-power). During the first test, the plane left the runway and, after flying several tens of meters, tilted and hit the ground with its wing. The inventor was not allocated money to restore the aircraft and refine the prototype. Only ten years later, a more primitive American airplane in design took off and flew 37 m in 12 s.
Having gone through more than a century of development, aviation has become the most effective means of delivering passengers and cargo over long distances.
Using airline services is the best solution for traveling long distances. However, air transport has a number of disadvantages, such as a low level of comfort and high ticket prices. Currently, leading airlines offer a completely acceptable level of comfort and service. Thanks to its rapid development, promotion of aviation services, means the latest systems reservations and sales electronic tickets, increasing the comfort of maintenance and equipment of airliners, aviation maintains its position, gradually increasing its share in the transport services market, effectively competing with other modes of transport.
Modern passenger aircraft can be divided according to various parameters.
Depending on the flight range:
1) long-distance trunk lines (A-380, A-340, A-350, B-787, etc.);
2) medium-haul (B-737, A-320, Tu-154, Il-86, Yak-42, etc.);
3) short-haul routes (Tu-134, An-24, etc.).
Depending on the speed at which the flight is carried out:
1) subsonic;
2) supersonic aircraft.
Passenger aircraft can be distinguished by engine types:
1) with piston engines;
2) turboprop engines;
3) jet engines, etc.
There are many other classification systems passenger airliners, adopted by manufacturing companies depending on the level of comfort, placement of seats in the cabin and other indicators.
The largest airline in the world in terms of the number of passengers carried is the American Delta Air Lines (118.9 million passengers in 2005). Other major world airlines are American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, US Airways, United Airlines, French Air France-KLM, German Lufthansa, Japanese Japan Airlines, British Airways. The largest Russian airlines are Aeroflot, Air Union, Domodedovo Airlines. In total, there are more than 1,300 airlines operating in the world. Their activities are regulated both by national laws and executive bodies, and by international organizations and agreements. The main executive bodies of the Russian Federation that supervise the activities of airlines and compliance with passenger transportation rules are the Ministry of Transport and the subordinate Federal Air Navigation Service (Rosaeronavigatsiya). The procedure for providing air transport services is regulated by the following regulatory legal acts:
1) Air Code of the Russian Federation (AC RF);
2) General rules air transport passengers, baggage, cargo and requirements for servicing passengers, shippers, consignees, approved by Order of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated June 28, 2007 No. 82.
Bilateral agreements are concluded between two states that already cooperate within the framework of broader treaties (such as the European Union, the Commonwealth of Independent States, etc.).
Global agreements include a large number of states that have developed and signed international rules regulating air traffic. The first important document in the field of civil aviation was the “Agreement for the Unification of Basic Rules for International Transport by Air” of October 12, 1929, as amended in 1955 and 1975, also known as the Warsaw Agreement. The rules applied to all air transportation on a commercial basis and preferential options for the provision of services (free use of the services of an air carrier). The Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guatemala Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Protocol of 1975 supplemented the Warsaw Agreement.
The Warsaw Pact for the first time established the carrier's financial liability for damage to the life or property of passengers, but according to this document, the airline's liability was almost always limited to 10 thousand US dollars. For lost luggage, the company was required to pay only $20 per 1 kg of lost luggage and for hand luggage– 400 dollars.
Another important international agreement on passenger air transport was the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, which entered into force on November 4, 2003. Concluded in 1999 thanks to the efforts of ICAO, the Convention abolished fines for airlines established by the Warsaw Convention for causing damage to life and health and property of passengers during the flight, establishing new rules.
The new two-way carrier liability scheme provided for payments of $135,000 to each passenger if the airline was not proven at fault. If the airline was found guilty, the amount of compensation was not limited at all.
"Convention on International Civil Aviation" (Chicago, 1944), along with the "Agreement on International Air Transport" (Chicago, 1944), "Agreement on International Air Transit" (Chicago, 1944), Tokyo " Convention on Offenses and Certain Other Acts Committed on Board an Aircraft" (Tokyo, 1963) standardized international rules for the carriage of passengers and provided the countries party to the agreement with equal rights (flying over the territory without landing, landing with unloading and loading of baggage and passengers and etc.). It was decided to leave a number of issues to be regulated by the national air transportation rules of the participating states (for example, regulation of charter transportation).
The oldest international organization regulating air travel, which has existed since 1947, is ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization. The USSR joined it in 1970. ICAO is part of the United Nations, establishes international rules for the functioning of civil aviation and controls its development in order to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation. It was established by the Convention on International Civil Aviation. The International Civil Aviation Organization is based on the provisions of the second part of the Chicago Convention of 1944. ICAO rules apply worldwide air space was divided into flight information zones, in accordance with the boundaries of which navigation equipment and air traffic control equipment are installed. ICAO's functions include assigning four-letter codes to airports used for the exchange of navigation and meteorological information.
Another major international organization associated with civil aviation, is IATA (International Association of Air Transportation). IATA, the coordinator of all major airlines, regulates the tariff schedule for aviation services and establishes uniform rules and procedures for international passenger traffic. Members of the organization are also travel agents and tour operators who work with it through a special division ITAN (International Travel Agents Network) - associations of airline agents that establish uniform rules for booking air tickets. The organization has established rules for partnership between a travel agent and an air carrier, including, for example, the possibility of purchasing blocks of seats on scheduled aircraft, ordering charter flight etc. Another common option for cooperation between a travel agent and an air carrier is the sale of air tickets by a travel agency, which is a full representative of the airline, for which the latter accrues a commission to the agent’s account. This type of cooperation must be secured by an Agency Agreement for the sale of transportation between the travel agency and the airline.
Automobile transport. The prototype of modern cars were trolleys equipped with steam engines as engines. In Europe in the 1780s. the first invention of this kind was the artillery three-wheeled tractor by J. Cunu, and in Russia around the same time the first self-propelled vehicle was invented by I.P. Kulibin.
Ideas and diagrams of wheeled self-propelled vehicles with a spring drive were discovered among the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci. However, the creation and production of cars had to be preceded by the development of a powerful, efficient and safe gasoline engine. Only in 1885–1886. German inventors G. Daimler and K. Benz built and received a patent for their first self-propelled carriages with gasoline engines. In 1895, K. Benz also built the first bus. In Russia, the first bus with an internal combustion engine was designed in 1903 in St. Petersburg.
Despite the achievements of the modern global automobile industry, road transport is considered the least comfortable and the cheapest among the main modes of transport.
According to statistical data in Russia, domestic and external road transportation accounts for 54% of the total number of transportation by all types of passenger transport.
According to the Russian classification, a bus is a vehicle used for transporting passengers with a capacity of more than eight seats. In the minibus class
vehicles with a length of less than 5.5 m are separately distinguished. There are several classification systems for buses depending on their size, number seats, level of comfort in the cabin and destination. A bus, like any vehicle built in Russia or imported from abroad, must undergo a mandatory certification procedure in accordance with UNECE rules. Buses are classified according to type and layout:
1) front-engine;
2) rear-engine;
3) central motor;
4) hood layout;
5) cabover layout;
6) low-floor;
7) high-floor (high-deck);
8) single;
9) articulated;
10) one and a half storeys;
11) double-deckers (“Double deckers”, for example, the “Routemaster” buses that have become a symbol of London);
12) shuttle;
13) terminal;
14) semi-trailers;
15) trailers.
Definition of quality and comfort tourist buses The organization IRU is engaged in - the International Road Transport Union, which has classification committees in 18 countries. Together with member organizations, the IRU practices certifications that assign buses from one to four stars depending on the level of comfort. Certificates are renewed annually after checking the quality of equipment and comfort of tourist buses.
The class is determined by the number of stars (from one to five) marked on the body of the bus at the front door, which serve as indicators of the level of comfort (similar to the hotel star system).
The most important difference tourist types buses from other classes are equipped and comfortable interior. The main indicator of the level of comfort of the cabin is the seats for passengers. The main parameters are: the distance between the seats (68, 72, 77, 83, 90 cm by class, respectively), the height of the seat back (50×70 cm), the mandatory presence, starting from the third class, of two armrests for each seat, as well as dry closet, refrigerator and kitchenette. In the fourth and fifth comfort classes, the bus must have air conditioning, a wardrobe and other means to ensure a comfortable trip. Tourist buses differ from each other not only in their specific level of comfort and equipment (for example, audio and video systems with monitors, a microphone for a guide, personal information panels, etc.), but also in their layout. Tourist buses are usually one-and-a-half and two-deckers. This is due not only to the mandatory provision of 0.5 m2 of space for each tourist’s luggage, but also to improved visibility for passengers. Reputable manufacturing countries and well-known brands of tourist buses: MAN, Mercedes, Neoplan, Setra (Germany); "Alexander", "Autobus", "Caetano", "SCC", "Cannon" (Great Britain); "Carrier", "Durisotti" (France), etc.
International transportation of passengers by road is regulated by national laws, bilateral interstate treaties and global agreements. The most important agreements simplifying international road transport:
1) Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Passengers and Luggage by Road, CAPT, including the Protocol and Additional Protocol to the Convention (Geneva, March 1, 1973);
3) The Hague Declaration of the Interparliamentary Conference on Tourism 1989
Important for international tourism (in particular, for international road transport) was the conclusion within the European Union of the Schengen Agreement, which was signed on June 14, 1985 in Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and Germany. The contract canceled the passport customs control inside the zone and introduced a single visa for all tourists from third countries for free movement throughout the territory of the countries participating in the agreement. It entered into force on March 26, 1995. In 2007, the treaty was signed by 30 states, but with the abolition of border controls, it was in force in only 24 countries. By mid-2008, the Schengen area included such states as Austria, Belgium, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Iceland, Spain, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia , Finland, France, Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia. Switzerland has announced its intention to join the Schengen Agreement by the end of 2008.
The basis for regulating the international road transport of passengers in the states that are part of the CIS is the Convention on the International Road Transport of Passengers and Luggage of October 9, 1997, signed by all member states of the Commonwealth, except Georgia and Turkmenistan. The document determines the procedure for organizing international transportation of passengers and baggage, as well as the responsibility of the carrier. The practical rule for organizing transportation is the annex to the Convention - Rules for the carriage of passengers and luggage by road in international traffic member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
Uniform travel checklists are used for international tourist bus travel. According to the rules approved by the decision of the Ministry of Transport of Russia dated February 7, 1997 No. LSh-6/60 “On the use of a unified set of trip sheets,” they must be on board buses.
When planning bus and car tours, it is important to keep the following factors in mind:
1) speed limits on the territory of different states;
2) the mandatory presence on board the bus of a working tachograph (a device that monitors mileage, driver condition, recording speed, etc.);
3) mandatory availability and correct filling of waybills;
4) tourists have foreign passports with a visa.
When organizing a car tour to European countries, it is necessary to obtain medical and special insurance - a “Green Card”. During a stay in Europe, the tourist's Green Card helps solve various problems arising from road traffic accidents. Insurance is provided in case of harm to life and health and damage to the property of third parties through the operation of the insured vehicle.
Car and bus tours are among the least expensive travel, so they are extremely popular among middle-income clients. Among the features, in addition to price and transport, we can note that seasonality is less pronounced in comparison with others.
Railway transport. The railway, having come a long way of development, is today a strategically important transport sector for any national economy.
The railway line predates steam locomotives. Back in the middle of the 18th century. In the Altai mines, regular tracks and horse-drawn trolleys were used, and the first railway (also for industrial purposes) appeared at the Aleksandrovsky plant in Petrovsk in 1788. Later, a horse-drawn passenger railway was developed. The first rail road between different settlements was built in England in 1801.
The first steam locomotive appeared in 1804. It was designed by R. Trevithick based on the steam engine of J. Watt. The most successful thing in subsequent years was the invention of the steam locomotive, which later became the first locomotive of the passenger railway.
In 1812–1829 J. Stephenson proposed several successful steam locomotive designs, which began to be used on mine railways. Subsequently, it was Stephenson's steam locomotive "Rocket" that became the main locomotive of the road in the direction of Manchester - Liverpool.
Currently the length railway tracks amounts to hundreds of thousands of kilometers, and the designs of modern express trains allow them to reach high speeds (the speed record of 581 km/h belongs to the Japanese Maglev train), trains have become one of the fastest and most comfortable means of travel.
Different countries use different classifications of passenger trains and carriages. In Russia, depending on the speed of travel, the level of comfort, the equipment of the cars and the route, there are fast, long-distance, local and suburban passenger trains regular messages. Irregular (non-constant) trains usually include tourist and charter trains, formed according to pre-orders.
Classification of passenger cars by type and their designation adopted in Russia:
1) L – two-seater soft, SV (nine two-seater compartments);
2) M – soft (luxury car);
3) K – compartment (several types, for example for 36 seats with a double conductor compartment);
4) P – reserved seat (54 sleeping places);
5) O – general (81 seats);
6) C – seating areas. Depending on the model, there are 56, 60, 62 or 64 seats.
Cars increased comfort according to the range of services provided:
1) E – economic;
2) B – business.
Branded trains and exclusive luxury tourist passenger trains are very popular among tourists. Train travel with a high level of comfort is sometimes even called cruises. These are real hotels on wheels. They have everything from air conditioning to marble baths. Passengers are provided with dining cars with a menu of several European cuisines, bar cars, club cars, etc. Excursions and other events are organized during train stops. Such tourist trains have their own names, the most famous of which belong to the Orient-Express company (one of its trains crosses Europe from Paris to Istanbul, another runs along south coast Australia, the third - in Thailand and Malaysia.) The Blue Train takes tourists through the African savannahs and to Victoria Falls. Edinburgh's famous tourist train, The Royal Scotsman, regularly takes tourists through the green valleys and mountains of Scotland.
There are several routes between Moscow and St. Petersburg branded trains, in particular, “Aurora”, “Red Arrow”, “Nikolaevsky Express”, “Grand Express”, “Megapolis”.
The world famous Orient Express train (owned by the Orient-Express company) was designed in 1883 by the Belgian engineer J. Nagelmaekers. Passengers of this fashionable train at one time included Emperor Franz Joseph, Elizabeth II, Charles de Gaulle, N.S. Khrushchev, Agatha Christie and others. Initially, the train ran on the route Paris - Istanbul. Since 1993, after the transfer of part of its carriages to Russia, it has operated as a tourist train between Moscow and Beijing.
In 2004, after restoration, the train returned to the route. The interiors of the carriages were restored from the beginning of the 20th century, combining the historical setting and modern technical equipment.
Currently, national and international transportation in the Russian Federation is regulated by the following regulatory legal acts:
1) Federal Law of January 10, 2003 No. 18-FZ “Charter railway transport Russian Federation";
2) Rules for the transportation of passengers, luggage and cargo luggage on federal railway transport, approved by Order of the Ministry of Railways of Russia dated July 26, 2002 No. 30;
3) Agreement on International Passenger Transport (SMPS) (valid since November 1, 1951), etc.
The main executive body responsible for the regulation and development of railway transportation in the Russian Federation is the Russian Ministry of Railways.
On regular regular trains, tourists travel as ordinary passengers. As a rule, they are used to transport pre-formed tourist groups to their holiday destination and back. Travel agencies must make reservations 45 days before train departure.
The automated seat reservation system “Express 2” has been operating in Russia for more than ten years. She makes it easier tourism organizations reservation of seats on regular passenger routes. To form a separate tourist train (rent a passenger train), the travel agency enters into an agreement with the railway department, which specifies the travel route, travel dates, places and duration of stops, the number and type of cars in the train, the cost of renting cars and other conditions. After concluding the contract and paying for the rental of the train, cancellation of the trip is possible no later than 20 days before the departure of the train.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ .. 3
1. Air transport in tourist transportation.................................. 4
1.1 International organizations regulating air transportation................................................................. ............................................... 7
1.2 Interaction between travel companies and airlines…………… 9
1.3 Air transportation in Russia………………………………. 13
2. Characteristics of the airline " Ural Airlines"………….. 16
2.1 Results of the airline’s activities……………………………… 21
3. Ways to improve the quality of passenger service in air transport……………………………………………………… 27
Conclusion……………………………………………………….............. 29
List of sources used…………………………………….. 30
INTRODUCTION
Transport is one of the most important components material base economy of any country.
Tourism depends entirely on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, and service is important for both tourists and travel organizers.
The relevance of this topic is that air transport is the most popular mode of transport in the world. Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system.
The purpose of this course work: to prove that air transport is popular in tourist transportation, to consider tourist transportation at Ural Airlines and to identify ways to improve the quality of service in air transport.
To achieve the goal in course work it is necessary to solve the following problems:
1. Consider the features of air transportation and identify the reasons for the popularity of air transportation;
2. Study some aspects of servicing tourists by air transport;
3. Consider the work of Ural Airlines;
The object of the study is: Ural Airlines.
The subject of the study is: the place of air transport in the system of tourist transportation in the Ural Airlines airline.
1. AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION
Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any available means to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and somewhat later of various types of engines, man began to correspondingly develop means of transportation: carts, carriages, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes.
international tourism involves the movement of people from country to country. When studying its development, it is very important to determine its relationship with the transport industry. Success in tourism generating markets and adequate transport infrastructure constitute one of the most important prerequisites for the development of any tourist center. For its part, demand in tourism stimulated the rapid development of the transport industry.
Tourism depends entirely on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, service, the use of appropriate discounts and benefits during sales is important for both tourists and travel organizers. The development of tourism is hampered by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries, they do not meet international standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects regarding the construction of new airports, roads and railways require huge investments and time for their implementation.
Less than half of all international travel takes place by land, with the role of air transport increasing every year.
In 1992, only 5% of travelers used the railway system for international travel (mainly within Europe) and 8% traveled by steamships and ferries (for example, between the UK and France, Italy and Greece, Sweden and Denmark), and 40% of tourists got to their destination by plane.
According to statistics, the rate of growth in the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the ever-increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing stable tendency to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (the growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes the tourism business to pay close attention to air transportation.
Airplanes are the most popular form of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism.
And there are a number of reasons for this:
- firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;
- secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;
- thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay travel agencies commissions for each seat booked on the plane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.
Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system.
There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1 thousand airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.
The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American Delta Air lines, Pan American, United, the French Air France, the German Lufthansa, the British British Airways, etc. Major airline The Russian Aeroflot is considered.
However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.
The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries around the world.
1.1 International organizations regulating air transport
Air transport is regulated in three ways:
National regulation - licensing of air carriers operating on both domestic and international routes;
Intergovernmental regulation - when scheduled air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;
International regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines........
LIST OF SOURCES USED
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2. Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house. house "Gerda", 2008.
3. Zorin I.V., Koverina T.P., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism management. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007.
4. Nikolaenko V.N., Skorobogatova L.G. Management of transport services in the tourism sector. V2h. Part 1: Lecture notes. - Ekaterinburg: UrGUPS Publishing House, 2011.
5. Osipova O.Ya. transport services for tourists: Textbook. manual for higher students textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009.
6. Transport support for commercial activities: Textbook. allowance / Ed. G.Ya. Rezgo. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.
7. Russian tourist newspaper. - URL: www. turizm.ru
8. Ministry of Transport Russian Federation. - URL: www. favt.ru/favt_new -
The following types of transport are used in the tourism industry:
air, land and water.
The main means of transport are:
a) air - airplanes, helicopters, hang gliders, parachutes,
paragliders, hot air balloons;
b) ground – trains, buses, cars, motorcycles, bicycles;
c) water – sea and river vessels, boats, yachts, motor boats,
Each of the listed types and means of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristic features (Table 1). To compare modes of transport, the following criteria are traditionally used: speed, comfort, safety and efficiency.
The fastest mode of transport is air. For long distances and transcontinental travel, the advantages of air transport are obvious.
Rail transport is considered the most comfortable and spectacular. This is due not only to the fact that the passenger’s movement is not limited within the compartment or carriage, and any position preferred by the person is possible (sitting, lying, etc.).
Even at the dawn of the development of railway transport, studies were carried out on the influence of train movement on the passenger’s condition.
Dr. K. Grum-Grzhimailo, after a series of studies, published the results in the popular St. Petersburg newspaper “Friend of Health,” which substantiated the beneficial effects of traveling on blood circulation, digestion and the nervous system. railway. Thus, with the beginning of the operation of railways, doctors began to prescribe not only sea and river walks, but also traveling by train.
Traveling by river and sea transport is also spectacular and comfortable. Modern ships offer an unusually wide range modern services: superior accommodation, exquisite food, plenty of entertainment, etc. However, despite modern anti-motion sickness systems, due to the dependence of water transport on weather conditions, sometimes not allowing the liner to enter the port or comfortably deliver tourists to the shore, in general, in terms of convenience, sea and river boats are inferior to modern comfortable trains.
According to long-term statistical studies, road transport is the most dangerous. This is due primarily to the frequency of its use throughout the world and special conditions operation: safety is highly dependent on the qualifications, experience and discipline of all road users, the technical condition of vehicles, road surfaces, weather conditions, etc. At the same time, road transport is the most accessible to everyone and the least controlled.
Cost-effectiveness when choosing transport is determined primarily by the type of travel and its route. Sometimes, at distances of up to 1000 km, the cost of air travel does not exceed the cost of traveling by rail, while the time gain can be several hours. However, taking into account the procedures for completing formalities at the airport, the time it takes to travel to the airport and back, the time gain may be minimal. Over long distances, the speed advantages of air transport are obvious, because no amount of comfort can brighten up a multi-day trip in a confined space.
To fully characterize air transport, in addition to the listed advantages, its disadvantages should be indicated: the constantly growing cost of air transportation, the remoteness of airports, dependence on weather conditions, the complexity of passport and customs control procedures and special flight safety control, the presence of transits, and inconvenience.
Air transport, namely airplanes, are most often and traditionally used when traveling over long distances, when delivering to a destination. Helicopters – demonstration flights over cities, forests, lakes, jungles (sightseeing and panoramic excursions, air safaris). Balloons are sometimes used for these purposes. Small aircraft and helicopters are used to deliver divers and off-piste skiers (free riders) to the dive and launch site, which may be difficult to access. It is possible to use air transport for travel in the summer and on domestic routes, for example, Moscow-Kostroma, if there are people willing to travel this way.
Road transport, inferior in comfort to railway transport, allows you to make a stop along the way, does not require special stations or tracks, is practically independent of weather conditions, allows you to travel across borders and even, in combination with other modes of transport, make transcontinental travel. Its disadvantages are cost and accident rate. The disadvantages of water transport include low speed and dependence on weather conditions.
Road transport in tourism is used to organize bus tours, excursions, group and individual transfers.
Railway trains are traditionally used to transport tourists to destinations. In addition, there are the concepts of “tourist trains” and “railway tours”. For example, in domestic tourism: health trains for mushroom pickers and fishermen; on the road: “Glasser Express” (Switzerland), “Emperor” (Vienna-Salzburg); in the entry ticket: “Golden Eagle” (Russia).
Thus, a single criterion for choosing a vehicle for tourist travel does not exist, because each journey has its own parameters, and each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we go to Australia, then the plane is the only mode of transport that can take us to our destination. And if - in St.
Petersburg, then the choice between plane, train, or car
carried out by the passenger based on personal preferences or circumstances.
Table 1 - Main characteristics of various types of transport
3.5. The role of transport in the development of the tourism industry
Tourism involves the movement of people from one place to another, both within a country and abroad. The legislation of a number of European countries (for example, France and Italy) classifies transport services as the main services provided to a traveler, along with accommodation services. Within tourism statistics, transportation refers to the means a visitor uses to travel from his or her permanent residence to the destination being visited. However, many transport enterprises and companies not only transport tourists, but also provide transportation of ordinary passengers, mail and cargo not related to tourism. Therefore, the seasonal nature of tourism creates serious problems for transport companies.
Air transport includes: air flights carried out according to air schedules passenger transportation along established routes; unscheduled flights (mainly charter and others not subject to the schedule of air passenger transportation), as well as rental of aircraft with a crew. In this case, charter means any passenger vehicle (aircraft, sea, river, automobile), completely rented from the carrier by a travel agency for the transportation of tourists.
Water transport includes sea and coastal transport, as well as inland water transport.
In maritime transport, cruise ships are of particular interest. The main emphasis when organizing cruises is on obtaining positive emotions from tourists' stay on board the ship, and not on the speed of the tourist's arrival at the destination. In some cases, to attract tourists, ferry ships are also used, carrying not only the tourists themselves, but also their personal cars (vehicles). Land transport is divided into rail, bus and road (accommodating up to 8 people). The movement of land transport must comply with the schedule of regular transportation, but transportation can also be carried out outside the schedule (special tourist trips, long-distance charter or excursion bus trips). There is also specialized road transport that carries tourists along the routes airport - city, station - city (transfer). Renting vehicles is widespread in the host country.
Tourism depends entirely on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, service, the use of appropriate discounts and benefits during sales is important for both tourists and travel organizers. The development of tourism is hampered by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries do not meet international standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects, in particular the construction of new airports, roads and railways, require huge investments and time for their implementation 1 .
1 More details about the importance of transport services in the development of tourism can be found in the work: “Service activities in tourism and hotel business". - Tomsk: Tomsk University Publishing House, 2004.
With the development of tourism, transport routes are constantly expanding, as the increase in demand for travel influences the development of transport infrastructure. Transport, in turn, allows you to expand the geography of travel, i.e. there is mutual influence that is useful and beneficial to both parties.
Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the tour price structure. Depending on the duration and distance of the trip, this share in most cases ranges from 20 to 60%. Despite the current variety of different modes of transport used to transport tourists during travel, neither bus, nor rail, nor water transport over long distances can compete with aviation, therefore the main share in the overall structure of transport services belongs to air transport. The largest number of tourists traveling long distances use aviation services. At the same time, the airplane can be called a transport of individuals, since those traveling for resort, business, entertainment, and educational purposes are individual tourists. And they are the ones who most often use air transport.
According to statistics, the growth rate of the popularity of air transport is higher than the growth rate of this indicator for motor transport, which is due to the increasing expansion of the geography of travel and a steady tendency to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (the growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourism business to air transportation.
Light aircraft, and especially helicopters that do not require a take-off run, are a serious alternative to motor transport. The price of a light helicopter can be comparable to the price of a car, and in conditions of high congestion or simply in the absence of roads, the advantages of light aviation over motor transport are undeniable.
Light aviation has another significant advantage compared to motor transport. Insurance is significantly cheaper. The cost of annual helicopter comprehensive insurance is from 2.8%, light aircraft- 1.2 - 1.8%. The cost of insurance is reduced if the aircraft is equipped with technical safety equipment, if the persons admitted to piloting are highly qualified and have sufficient flight experience, and in other cases.
Aviation tourism
Flights on light motor aircraft and helicopters, which are used for a variety of purposes, including tourism and entertainment, are extremely popular in Europe, the USA, and Australia. Unfortunately, this type of technology has not yet become widespread in Russia.
In addition to light aircraft, flights with serious equipment are becoming increasingly popular. In many countries, aviation tourism programs have long been in stable demand among tourists. Extreme enthusiasts fly almost all types of airplanes and helicopters. A very interesting program is offered by the German travel company Alpha Travel. It begins with training flights in Luftgansa pilot training simulators in Berlin. Then the “cadets” are given the opportunity to fly lightweight aircraft. The culmination of the program is a flight on the legendary Junkers. There are only five such aircraft in working condition in the whole world.
Flights on Soviet and Russian equipment, especially military equipment, are in great demand among tourists. There are many Western companies that offer wealthy amateurs extreme recreation fly on Russian combat aircraft in the Moscow region and even over Moscow. The cost of such programs varies depending on the technology, duration and complexity of the flight from 6-7 to 40 thousand dollars. However, there are more than enough people willing.
The North American company Incredible Adventures, which specializes in extreme sports, claims that since the early 1990s. she managed to give rides to over 2,000 people in jet MiGs, Sushkas and Elks.
In general, aviation tourism in our country is in its infancy. Unlike the countries of Europe and America, its initiators were not travel companies, but flying clubs, which after the crisis of the early 1990s. and the collapse of the DOSAAF system, they were left to their own devices, or, more simply put, abandoned to the mercy of fate. When it became clear that “the rescue of drowning people is the work of the drowning people themselves,” in order to survive, flying clubs began to look for various ways to finance themselves. It all started with familiarization flights, primarily for wealthy foreign tourists. Then the quantity and quality of tourist services increased noticeably. At the same time, wealthy extreme tourists appeared among our fellow citizens. The democratization of Russian society also played a role. The military departments have become more open.
Now almost anyone who has the necessary amount can make an air trip on any type of aircraft that interests him - from the Yak of the Great Patriotic War model and the “corn truck” to ultra-modern aircraft.
The program may include a very different set of pleasures: simple flights over the airfield, a flight along a specially ordered route or to the aerobatic zone. Naturally, flights outside the airfield require mandatory approval from various departments.
Particularly popular among extreme sports enthusiasts are sightseeing flights on airplanes (in Khabarovsk Yak-52) with complex and aerobatic maneuvers. But this is a real thrill for those who want to feel like a combat pilot.
Today in Russia there are a large number of flying clubs that have the widest range of aircraft. The most famous aviator training center is the Myachkovo airfield near Moscow. The flying clubs “Captain Nesterov”, “Aviatech”, “KVS”, etc. are based here.
IN last years aviation tourism is actively developing in the regions; fortunately, we still have a lot of military airfields and equipment from the times of the Soviet Union.
Use of helicopters
A helicopter is a unique aircraft capable of vertically taking off and landing on a small platform, hovering in the air, and carrying out horizontal controlled flight, including in different directions - forward, backward, sideways, making turns and other aerobatic maneuvers. This is a multi-purpose machine. Due to its inherent advantageous design characteristics, such as: compactness, ability vertical take-off and landing, no need for special airfield sites, the ability to quickly deliver small consignments of cargo and people to hard-to-reach areas, high reliability - determines a wide scope of application for military and civilian purposes. In the field of tourist transportation, helicopters are widely used:
1. For the purposes of transfer from airports, transportation of VIP passengers. Organizing the transfer stage using a helicopter is highly efficient and quite comfortable, it allows you to avoid the need to use vehicles, traffic jams, and improve safety. This was especially evident when flying on supersonic airliners. Is it worth it to use an extremely expensive supersonic aircraft to transport passengers and tourists to save two or three hours of flight time, and then have to wait in line at an immigration official, in a baggage line, or stuck in a traffic jam on the way to the hotel. That is why all ground service operations for passengers on supersonic airliners were organized on the principles of minimizing the operation time or stages, and a helicopter was used for transfer. A helicopter moves 3-6 times faster than a car, because it flies in a straight line and does not get stuck in traffic jams. A helicopter is especially advantageous for flights over distances of up to 300 km: airplanes usually do not fly there, and traveling by car is quite long.
2. Currently, a new tourist service for business representatives is being developed in certain tourist centers - an air taxi. Air taxis within cities and megacities in Russia, according to the plans of the Moscow authorities, for the first time, within the framework of the program, should begin to operate in Central Russia in 2008. True, deputies are concerned about how attractive the program will be for private investors. Small planes will fly between airports in medium-sized Russian cities and transport about 3-4 people at a time.
Air taxis and air taxis are urgent flights on 4-8 seat planes and helicopters to any city with airports and located at distances of up to 800 - 1,000 km. Its main difference from regular and charter VIP flights is that such flights are carried out using small, economical aircraft with low passenger capacity, with a flight time of up to 3 hours and no special services on board. This achieves the necessary compromise between urgency and cost of air transportation. The minimum time required to prepare the aircraft for flight allows tourists to organize their departure within 2 hours after receiving the request. As a rule, such air taxi flights are possible both on light and medium class aircraft, such as Yak-40, Beechcraft King Air 200, Pilatus PC-12, Cessna Bravo and Excel, Learjet 45 and 60, Hawker 700, and Eurocopter AS350 helicopters and model 355, Eurocopter EC120 and 130. Bell 407 and Robinson 44. Delivery of an airplane or helicopter is possible to almost any city where there is an operating airfield. The big advantage of air taxis, compared to commercial airlines, is the absence of lengthy registration and boarding procedures. Serving passengers through VIP terminals allows you to minimize the time required to complete all necessary formalities at the departure airport.
Today, only one airline operates on the Russian aviation market - Dexter, which operates as an air taxi within 500 km from Moscow. The minimum ticket price for this company is at least 6,000 rubles. one way. Despite the fact that the air taxi service today is one of the most expensive, the main thing is that Russia already has a technical fleet of such planes and helicopters, but there is practically no legislative registration of “air taxi”: flights over Moscow are prohibited.
Air taxi is the fastest and, undoubtedly, the most convenient way to overcome distances. Air taxi services have been used by people all over the world for many years.
3. When organizing sightseeing tours in tourist centers. A bird's eye view gives a person a completely different and unusual idea of appearance architectural ensembles, centers of historical or ultra-modern urban development, palace and park buildings, unique natural landscapes. In St. Petersburg during the season from Peter and Paul Fortress There are regular helicopter tours over the city and surrounding areas. Helicopter excursions are organized over Victoria Falls. During polar cruises in the Arctic and Antarctic, the ship always has a landing pad and is equipped with a helicopter that carries out ice reconnaissance and sightseeing tours for tourists. The flight is carried out both on popular pre-prepared routes and on individual routes. Feel air tourist- this is not fantasy, but real reality!
4. to organize the prompt delivery of tourists to remote and hard-to-reach tourist attractions, in areas where there are no airfields or sites for small aircraft. Usually this is a distance of 50-300 km from the tourist center. For example, tourists are delivered by helicopter to the ice in the North Pole region, where they, with a minimum of equipment, cover 20-25 km on skis and with an inflatable boat to the desired point, then the tourist group is picked up by a helicopter and transported back to the continent. It is practiced to deliver tourists by helicopter in the Republic of Karelia to the island. Valaam, on about. Kizhi to the monuments cultural heritage, to the monasteries.
Today, it is no longer uncommon to deliver tourist groups (raftsmen, athletes and others) to the place of rest, the beginning and end of the rafting, tourist route at the request of tourists. For many years, the Khabarovsk Territory has been actively developed by extreme tourists, lovers of fishing, hunting and eco-tourism.
Delivery of tourists to the beginning of the routes, carried out by helicopter, not only reduces the transfer time, but also in some cases allows you to avoid several days of rafting on calm water and pass only the most interesting part of the rivers in terms of sports. For hunters, fishermen, athletes and speleotourists who want to get as far away from civilization as possible, flying in a Mi-8 helicopter is the best solution to the problem. Rafting tours for physically fit tourists involve rafting along mountain rivers with obstacles up to the fifth category of difficulty. At the choice of tourists, it is possible to base a helicopter in the camp throughout the entire tour (fishing), daily transfers of fishermen to fishing spots with a rotation of places, as a result of which there is an opportunity to fish over a significant (up to 45 km) length of the river during a short tour. The services involve transporting tourists to hard-to-reach areas and drop-off (delivery from the final destination of the route). Delivery of speleologists to cave exploration sites with all necessary equipment. Excursion and educational speleological tours are carried out in caves specially equipped for excursion display. In such caves, tourists move along specially laid paths or by transport (for example, on mini-electric locomotives), they have lighting, and the routes are accompanied by qualified guides. Visiting equipped caves does not require special physical training.
5. Helicopter transfer of skiers onto unprepared mountain slopes followed by a puzzling descent - a particularly popular sport today, hely-ski, is becoming increasingly widespread among extreme tourists. The essence of this type of extreme skiing is that tourist skiers are transported to hard-to-reach slopes by helicopter and can enjoy an unforgettable off-piste descent on virgin snow. In a few minutes, a helicopter takes you to the top, and experienced guides accompany tourists throughout the flight and descent. The helicopter crews have extensive experience working in the mountains. You don't have to be a professional athlete to practice hely-ski. A distinctive feature of hely-ski programs is the uniqueness of the descents: each new descent is different from the previous one, taking place on a new, “untouched” slope. During the day, it is possible to make 6 descents or more, the total height difference will be almost 6000 m! The nature of the relief is very diverse - snow fields, ridges and couloirs. Hely-ski tour programs are offered in Kyrgyzstan, Andorra (a tiny triangle sandwiched between France and Spain), Kamchatka with its seven-day program of descents along the slopes of the volcanoes Aag, Arik, Vilyuchinsky, Koryaksky, etc.
6. to organize search and rescue of tourists in case of accidents or natural disasters. Ice fishing in Gulf of Finland And Lake Ladoga Thousands of fishermen are rescued by helicopter every year. An hour of operation of a helicopter of the Ministry of Emergency Situations costs more than a thousand US dollars.
Light aircraft
Light aircraft, baby planes. Most often they are propeller-driven, mono- or biplanes, with a capacity of 1 to 10 people. Used in local, agricultural, postal, sports and private (small) aviation. The latter is historically absent in Russia for political and economic reasons and the legal norms of the Air Code. In the post-perestroika period, the legal position regarding private aviation softened somewhat, but, with the exception of isolated cases, it did not develop. The maximum that homemade inventors are capable of is creating a steam engine or hang glider with a light motor. Nevertheless, certain designs of light-engine aircraft, for example for sporting purposes, are mass-produced in Russia and are considered among the best in the world.
Today, few light aircraft are used in tourism, but a special place is given to a unique aircraft that has proven to be in demand anywhere and at all times - this is the domestic light multipurpose aircraft An-2, which turned 60 years old in September 2007. The An-2 has good takeoff and landing characteristics and a simple and reliable design. It is easy to pilot and maintain on the ground and can be operated from almost any airfield. Thanks to these qualities, the An-2 aircraft began to be used in the national economy not only for chemical treatment of fields and forests, but also for servicing expeditions in the Arctic and Antarctic, carrying out aerial photography and geological exploration, extinguishing forest and peat fires, training parachutists, and transporting passengers. , cargo and mail on local air lines, as well as for medical care of the population in remote areas and other purposes. With the help of the An-2, reconnaissance of animals, birds and fish was carried out to assist hunters and fishermen. Having received the An-2, Aeroflot significantly expanded its network of local air lines. An-2P aircraft have mastered flights to the Far North, to remote areas of Siberia and the Far East.
There are many new models of light-engine aircraft from domestic manufacturers, the use of which in tourism seems very promising. One of these is the Accord-201 aircraft. This aircraft has the legal status of a multi-purpose aircraft, capable of operating in a wide range of geographical and climatic conditions.
In the basic version, the aircraft is equipped with two adjustable seats for a pilot and a passenger (or for two pilots), two double seats and one reclining seat. The second and third rows of seats can be quickly removed to replace them with a cargo safety net, aerial photography equipment, etc. Two large passenger doors on both sides of the fuselage and a large cargo hatch at the rear of the cabin facilitate loading and unloading operations and also provide the opportunity for paratroopers to be ejected. The Accord-201 is also suitable for aviation tourism for small groups of travelers on the “plane with you” principle, which is very popular today all over the world.
It is quite appropriate to call the aircraft an aerial “SUV”, since based on the basic transport model, VIP, cargo, amphibious, ski, patrol, aerial photography, etc. variants have been created. For this, depending on the purpose and wishes of the buyer, in addition to the currently certified version, the aircraft can be equipped with floats, skis, as well as photo and radio scanning equipment, other special research equipment, devices for parachute landing and much more. The float chassis deserves special attention, the design of which includes a remote-controlled drive that allows you to raise and lower the floats in flight. Thanks to this, the Accord-201 can take off from land and land on water, or vice versa.
Another indisputable advantage of the aircraft is that it is easy to transport, having previously dismantled the wing consoles and empennage. This can be done by road, rail, river, sea or air transport. The plane is easy to tow around the airfield, and even a Zhiguli can be used as a tractor.
The Accord-201 will be mass-produced at a specially built aircraft plant in Nizhny Novgorod, equipped with appropriate modern production equipment. Thanks to the new enterprise, additional jobs will appear in the city, which is also important from a social perspective.
A seaplane or seaplane (flying boat, seaplane) is an aircraft designed to take off from and land on water. There are a flying boat (the hull is shaped like a boat; it ensures take-off, landing and maintenance of a seaplane on the water), an amphibian (with a wheeled landing gear for landing on land) and a float-based seaplane (floats are installed instead of wheels). The seaplane has a waterproof streamlined hull and floats on the wings, allowing it to take off from the water surface and land on water. Widely used for transporting tourists to small tropical islands and in lake areas, as well as for flights between islands. In Savonlinna (Finland) on Lake Saimaa there is a seaplane for excursion flights over beautiful lake with a large number of islands, above the city and an ancient fortress. Tourists can look at the area from a bird's eye view and take unique photographs.
Tourists are offered several types of seaplane excursions: a short excursion for aerial photography of the islands and their surrounding lagoons, coral reefs and, if possible, huge stingrays and schools of dolphins; excursions to distant islands and other atolls: visit to a fishing village, uninhabited islands with lunch - barbecue, nearby tourist resorts. Flying over the islands in a seaplane is one of the most exhilarating holiday experiences. Particularly widespread in various areas of tourist activity are Greece (between the Greek islands), the Maldives, Fiji and others. island states.
Typically seaplanes are small propeller-driven designs, but there are examples of seaplanes with turbojet engines. A unique Russian aircraft of the BE series was shown at the air show in Gelendzhik (Russia) in 2000 - this is the Be-103 amphibious aircraft, which is produced by one of the world's leading manufacturers of tactical aircraft - KnAAPO (Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aviation Production Association) . The light multi-purpose, 6-seat amphibious aircraft Be-103 (Beriev) is designed for use on short-haul lines in various areas of the world, especially in coastal and island states South-East Asia, Oceania, Australia, Northern and Latin America with extended coastal areas: regions with a large number of rivers, lakes, small reservoirs, difficult to access by other modes of transport. It is ideal for extreme types of tourism directly related to water.
Today, almost all charter companies are taking a wait-and-see approach to very light jets (VLJs). Even carriers who say they would never fly such planes acknowledge that VLJs could benefit their businesses by attracting more consumers to charter flights.
For big players, extra-light aircraft represent a completely new market segment. From a management perspective, this is good: it means new infrastructure, staff training, maintenance facilities, etc. All this is good for the industry as a whole. However, with regard to charter flights themselves, it should be noted that many of the clients would not like to use particularly light aircraft.
It is worth believing that due to ease of use and the presence of underserved areas, especially light aircraft will still be in demand. Once the people living there get a taste of affordable charter flights, it will be difficult for these people to return to commercial flights. The flow of passengers is growing, and, naturally, some of them will have to use especially light aircraft. Nevertheless, at present the companies do not plan to take control of particularly light aircraft for charter transportation.
Although, as for small operating companies, especially light aircraft will be useful for them, since they can lead to the emergence of a new group of companies capable of working with small airports, the load on which is low. This may mean diversification and expansion of the industry rather than consolidation and consolidation, as the arrival of such aircraft will expand the capabilities of many operators. VLJs are excellent for day trips, which account for up to 65% of total domestic charter flights, so they will fit well into an existing market. In addition, such aircraft will provide charter operators with another option to solve the problem of ferry flights.
Gliding
"Youth - on gliders!" This slogan, popular in the first half of the 20th century, which encouraged young men and women to master aviation technology, is almost forgotten today. And in the 1920s and 1930s. gliding was considered the second step in becoming a pilot. Tens of thousands of people across the country practiced this sport.
The glider is one of the lightest aircraft. Since it does not have a motor, in order to fly, the device must first be accelerated to a certain speed. This is done either by towing it with a cable by another aircraft, or from the ground by a vehicle or a special tensioning device. When the required speed of movement is reached, providing lifting force, the cable is unhooked, and the glider floats freely in the air.
Flying a glider requires certain flying skills, abilities and training of the pilot. Such preparation necessarily includes obtaining a certificate. The maintenance and servicing of gliders, the organization of flights, and the training of pilots are carried out in flying clubs. There are hundreds of gliding centers in the USA and European countries.
In Russia today, glider flights attract only a few enthusiasts. At the same time, in the countries of Western and Eastern Europe, in America, gliding is one of the most popular types of active recreation, the interest in which is constantly growing. And this is not surprising, because almost every person is familiar with the desire to fly. When choosing between an airplane and a glider, you will notice that the latter has a number of advantages. This sport is extreme, but it is relatively safe - the glider cannot catch fire, due to the lack of a propeller, leaving it with a parachute does not cause much difficulty, and the requirements for the landing site of the glider are much less stringent.
Until the early 1990s. Gliding classes mainly include such disciplines as flying at speed, over distance, and along routes. The successes achieved by glider pilots are impressive. For example, the world record for glider flight range is 3000 km - the distance between Moscow and Novosibirsk.
In the last 15 years, a new concept has appeared in gliding sports - “glider aerobatics,” i.e. aerial acrobatics. Today it is the main sports discipline. It may seem surprising, but modern aerobatic gliders - Polish "Swifts", "Foxes" and others - can perform absolutely all complex and aerobatic maneuvers available to sports aircraft.
Currently, the World Glider Aerobatics Championships (WGAC) are held annually. This spectacular event is held by Hungary, Sweden, USA, Spain, and Great Britain. The Russian team traditionally takes prizes at championships. This is not surprising, given the specifics of the training of our glider aerobatic pilots - almost all of them “transferred” to gliders from acrobatic aircraft.
In 2005, WGAC was held for the first time in our country at the Drakino airfield near Moscow, located near Serpukhov. More than 60 athletes from Poland, Hungary, France, Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Italy, Switzerland, and the Netherlands announced their participation in the competition. The organizers of the competition expect that, in addition to purely sporting interest, the event will help strengthen the tourist attractiveness of the Moscow region and develop infrastructure for active recreation. The competition program includes the following events. During the three days before the start of the official championship program, an extensive program of performances by parachutists, light aircraft, air force fighters, and balloon launches are planned. At the airfield in Drakino, construction is underway of a two-story hotel for competition participants for 70-75 people, as well as a house for judges and a catering facility.
The championship will attract the attention of tourists. In the future, on the basis of the updated Drakin and the complex of buildings located on its territory, it is planned to organize a center for extreme technical sports, mainly related to aviation. Trails for cyclists, skateboarders and roller skaters, as well as a wall for training and rock climbing competitions will also be built.
Equestrian and paintball clubs, saunas, gyms and tennis courts will begin operating. Leisure can be combined with a rich excursion and educational program, since the Serpukhov land is rich in historical and cultural monuments.
A very common aircraft is the hang glider. Its flight requires acceleration from a mountain, land or water using towing by a car or boat. In order to expand the possibility of flight and reduce dependence on air currents, light motors with a propeller are often installed on hang gliders.
Paragliding
Paragliding is a sport for the young at heart and fairly financially secure people. Tourist athletes require a lot of special and very expensive equipment: a canopy costing from one to four thousand euros, a suspension system where the athlete stays during the flight, and uniforms - a helmet, overalls, special boots. Full equipment for a beginner paraglider costs at least two thousand euros. Many foreign hotels offer paragliding as a service to tourists.
Currently, world championships in paragliding are being held, including separate ones for women, at which Russians show very good results. The main goal of a paragliding competition is to reach the finish line the fastest, having completed a certain, pre-agreed route of several kilometers. In recent years, paragliding acrobatics have appeared. This requires enormous professionalism from the pilot, but it looks very beautiful and spectacular.
Balloning
A unique, but also expensive type of air travel is ballooning, or tours on balloons. One of the most popular types is airship travel. An airship, unlike a hot air balloon, is equipped with propellers, motors and a complex control system, so flights on it are much more targeted and depend not only on air flows, but also largely on the pilots.
Since the late 1960s. Mass travel by air has become widespread. Dozens of amateur clubs have been created around the world balloons. Every year, balloon festivals are held in many countries. As a rule, the program of such festivals necessarily includes races at this fairly dangerous form transport.
Flights on hot air balloons, airships, gliders, paragliders or hang gliders not only allow you to admire the beautiful views, get unforgettable experience and provide the opportunity to make unique photo and video recordings (for example, flights over waterfalls or volcano craters). They are very often used for various scientific and economic purposes, for exploring places that are practically inaccessible by other means.
In Pereslavl-Zalessky, the traditional ballooning festival “Golden Ring of Russia” is held annually, at which Russian and foreign participants demonstrate hot-air balloon flights over the cities of the Golden Ring. During the festival, night balloon glow shows and the “Air Fiesta” concert and entertainment program are held.
Parachuting
One of the extreme sports and tourism is parachuting, or skydiving. Skydiving is very popular all over the world among various categories of tourists. This sport is available to almost everyone (naturally, with the exception of people with medical contraindications), including the elderly and disabled.
In addition to simple jumps, for example, in tandem with an instructor or from a standard height, there are more extreme species parachute Among them, the most famous are long jumps, jumps from low heights (800 m) with forced deployment of a parachute, etc.
To practice this type sports tourism it is necessary to master the basic techniques and skills of free fall, control and maneuvering of both the parachute and one’s own body in flight and then obtain a license allowing parachute jumping.
New types of parachute entertainment are skysur-fing - free flight using a wide ski from a snowboard, as well as acrobatic stunts and somersaults in free flight. One of the most dangerous, but at the same time beautiful and exciting spectacles is aerial freestyle.
In addition to parachuting itself, the parachute is used in other tours. With its help, groups of tourists land in hard-to-reach areas, such as mountains, jungles, and the North Pole. Parachute jumps are carried out not only from airplanes, but also from high cliffs and mountain slopes.
One of the options for parachuting is paramotoring. In this case, the parachutist attaches a light motor to his back, which, in the presence of powerful air currents, allows him to make fairly long parachute flights.
As you can see, human imagination is limitless - professional designers and enthusiasts have already come up with many ways to travel through the air - in hot air balloons, airships, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, paragliders, paramotors, seaplanes, helicopters, as well as airplanes of various purposes and models (from the "corn maker" to a supersonic fighter) - and almost all of them are used in one way or another in the field of tourism, recreation and entertainment.
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